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Topic: Granular material

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	Method for manufacturing a granular material for producing ignition nuclei in propellants and fuels - Patent 6030473
		The granular material is not subject to aging with regard to its action as a metallic reaction partner in propellants and fuels, as a result of which the efficiency of the granular material is wholly maintained during its entire lifetime.
		The granular material is not subject to aging with regard to its effect as a metallic reaction partner in propellants and fuels.
		In both cases, a granular material with the composition of the alloy is situated in the region of the eutectic point between tin and the solution-activating alloying constituent.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6030473.html (2108 words)

	Granular material - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact (the most common example would be friction when grains collide).
		According to material scientist Patrick Richard, "Granular materials are ubiquitous in nature and are the second-most manipulated material in industry (the first one is water)".
		When the granular matter is driven and energy is fed into the system (such as by shaking) such that the grains are not in constant contact with each other, the granular material is said to fluidize and enter a liquid-like state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Granular_material (554 words)

	[No title]
		A granular material is a collection of distinct macroscopic particles, such as sand in an hourglass or peanuts in a container.
		Although granular materials are very simple to describe they exhibit a tremendous amount of complex behavior, much of which has not yet been satisfactorily explained.
		For example, if a granular material is heaped on an inclined plane, then the large scale state of the system depends on the angle of the plane.
	www.physics.ucsb.edu /~complex/research/granular/images/frontpage.htm (376 words)

	Still Playing In A Sandbox.
		The depth of the material was calculated by the volume of granular material divided by the area of the container's bottom surface divided by the average diameter of the granular material.
		Fourteen different granular materials with differing size [dust to 2.5 mm], shape [circular or irregular], density [1.6-7.9 g/cm3], composition, and coefficient of restitution were analyzed with the shaker system (fig.
		Since granular material's behavior is still open for exploration, a few ideas on further future research include studying the effects of driving at resonant frequencies; relationship of patterns, quasicrystals, and extreme amplitudes, performing computer simulations, investigating higher degrees of waves (f/8, etc.) and multi-frequency forcing.
	oas.ucok.edu /OJAS/97/T97/MTHRA.HTM (5351 words)

	Sand Land
		A fascinating property of binary mixtures of granular media is their tendancy to segregate when shaken, rotated or poured.
		Research at the University of Minnesota's granular material laboratory focuses on two unique, self-segregating phenomena: axial segregation of rotated mixtures of glass beads and avalanche stratification of poured mixtures of sand and sugar.
		Segregation of granular materials is a significant problem for particle processing industries such as pharmaceutical and agricultural firms.
	groups.physics.umn.edu /sand (319 words)

	A Review of Plastic-Frictional Theory (Part. 1)
		Concentrated granular flows are economically important phenomena, e.g., in pharmaceutical industry, corn flow in a silo, coal and flour in a bin, granular material flowing under the action of gravity in a hopper are a few common examples.
		is the angle of repose (or the angle of internal friction of the material).
		Phi is the angle of internal friction of the granular material.
	www.granular-volcano-group.org /frictional_theory.html (2795 words)

	Physics News Update Number 403 - Story CLUSTERING AND COLLAPSE IN GRANULAR MATERIAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Granular materials share some properties with solids (they bear loads), liquids (they pour), and ideal gases (they constitute collections of non-cohesive particles), but they also have peculiar properties of their own.
		In an effort to explore the differences and similarities between granular materials and other types of matter, scientists often tumble and shake grains in various containers.
		Besides wanting to apply knowledge about granular materials in a variety of industrial settings (foodstuffs, paint mixing, pharmaceuticals, agriculture), researchers hope to find more relations among the many things in the universe that clump and condense (atoms, bacteria, galaxies).
	www.aip.org /pnu/1998/split/pnu403-1.htm (286 words)

	Granular Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Real materials, of course, don't conform to neat mathematical definitions but the idea of a granular material might be encapsulated as follows.
		The purpose of studying the mechanics of granular materials is to formulate mathematical models whose properties mimic those of real granular materials.
		Granular material systems are so diverse that they may be viewed in many different ways.
	www2.umist.ac.uk /mathematics/applied/granmat.htm (452 words)

	Critical State Theory (Part. 3)
		is approached, the granular material tend to a fairly constant bulk density, hence consolidation ceases.
		Since, at yield, the granular material suffers density change, it implies that the granular material, as it is deforming, will move from one yield locus curve to another until it finally reached the critical state where it will deform without any further change of volume.
		In this case the granular material is initially at point X, and will not suffer any strain as long as the shear stress is smaller than the threshold value defined by the point Y on its consolidation curve
	www.granular-volcano-group.org /critical_state_theory.html (2539 words)

	Reclaimed Asphalt Concrete - User Guideline - Granular Base
		Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) can be used as granular base or subbase material in virtually all pavement types, including paved and unpaved roadways, parking areas, bicycle paths, gravel road rehabilitation, shoulders, residential driveways, trench backfill, engineered fill, pipe bedding, and culvert backfill.
		In addition, where conventional granular material has been placed over processed RAP (and not homogeneously blended), the coarse granular material (sometimes referred to as float material) tends to ravel under traffic.
		However, blended material that is stockpiled for a considerable period of time, particularly in warm weather, may harden and require recrushing and rescreening before it can be incorporated into granular base applications.
	www.tfhrc.gov /hnr20/recycle/waste/rap134.htm (1954 words)

	Granular Material Simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Granular materials, such as sand and grains, are ubiquitous.
		Simulating the 3D dynamic motion of such materials represents a challenging problem in graphics because of their unique physical properties.
		Granular material is represented by a large collection of non-spherical particles which may be in persistent contact.
	www-sal.cs.uiuc.edu /~yyz/research/granular (160 words)

	Waste Glass - User Guidelines - Granular Base
		Waste glass should be crushed and screened prior to use to produce a material that will be free of sharp edges and glass slivers, and that will meet the requirements of a fine aggregate material, as defined by AASHTO M29.
		Waste glass should be crushed and screened to produce a material that satisfied the grading requirements of granular base specifications, such as AASHTO M147.
		Crushed waste glass (cullet) used in granular base applications should be limited to the replacement of fine aggregate sizes.
	www.tfhrc.gov /hnr20/recycle/waste/wg3.htm (1090 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		In Europe, however, the same material has been in commercial use as a granular base or fill for use in road base and embankment applications for almost two decades.
		Metal removal is necessary to produce a suitable granular material, because ferrous and some nonferrous metals (such as aluminum) are known to produce adverse reactions.
		Durability: MSW combustor ash is not a highly durable material as measured by the Los Angeles Abrasion test method (values approximately 40 to 60 percent), but does exhibit resistance to freezing and thawing as measured by sodium soundness tests (values generally less than 10 percent).
	www.p2pays.org /ref/13/12842/mswca3.htm (1731 words)

	Granular Material
		However, granular matter is ubiquitous; its study is important to industry, shipping and storing everything from grains of food to pharmaceutical powders can benifit from greater knowledge of the granular media.
		Since the particles all start with a random kinetic energy (and their velocities are in a random direction), the simulation begins in a granular analogy to the gas phase allowing for the use of a skeleton of a molecular dynamics program for this project.
		In this, C is a material dependent constant of proportionality, ρ "is the grain packing density near the aperture," D is the aperture's size, d the diameter of a particle, and k a constant which must be determined based on the materials making the silo and particles.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/d/j/djc321/src/granular (4061 words)

	Granular Material Property Changes
		In evaluating the properties of granular materials you are faced with the dichotomy of the same material either manifesting solid or liquid like properties depending upon circumstance.
		A granular material such as simple sodium chloride can be packed into solid form or dry pour flowing like a liquid without change to microstructure of the granular element.
		In attempting to use most material science models to understand and determine the breakpoint for granular materials moving from a solid to liquid like flow state there are several approaches taken — none of which are satisfactory.
	www.isixsigma.com /forum/showmessage.asp?messageID=66543 (436 words)

	The Infography about Granular Material Flows
		Lun, C.K.K., Savage, S.B., Jeffrey, D.J., and Chepurniy, N. Kinetic theories for granular flow: inelastic particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flowfield, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 140: 223.
		Wang, D.G., and Campbell, C.S. Reynolds' analogy for a shearing granular material, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 244: 527-546.
		Savage, S.B. Gravity flow of cohesionless granular materials in chutes and channels, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 92: 53-96.
	www.infography.com /content/903687327124.html (696 words)

	Granular Material -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
		Melo, F.; Umbanhowar, P. B.; and Swinney, H. "Transition to Parametric Wave Patterns in a Vertically Oscillated Granular Layer." Phys.
		Pak, H. and Behringer, P. "bubbling In Vertically Vibrated Granular Materials." Nature 371, 231-233, 1994.
		Pak, H. K.; Vandoorn, E.; and Behringer, R. "Effects of Ambient Gases on Granular Materials Under Vertical Vibration." Phys.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/GranularMaterial.html (152 words)

	IngentaConnect An Interactive Deformation System for Granular Material
		Granular materials occur widely in nature, and therefore it is necessary that CG animations represent ground surfaces composed of a granular material as well as model deformations when the granular material comes into contact with other physical rigid objects (called solid objects).
		In this paper, we propose a deformation algorithm for ground surfaces composed of granular material.
		The deformation algorithm is divided into three steps: (1) detection of the collision between a solid object and the ground surface, (2) displacement of the granular material and (3) erosion of the material at steep slopes.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bpl/cgf/2005/00000024/00000001/art00007 (239 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Through numerical experiments we investigate stress localization in granular material with application to plastic-bonded explosives.
		When an interstitial material is added (a polymeric binder), force fluctuations are substantially reduced under both static and dynamic loading.
		Under dynamic loading, the structure of the stress wave depends upon the material properties of the binder.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=627957 (269 words)

	Caltech Authors - Granular Material Flow in Two-Dimensional Hoppers
		The flow and transport of granular media have been of major importance in commerce and industry for a long time; materials such as coal, ore, cement, grain, soap granules, sugar, sand, gravel, etc., flow in hoppers, bins, chutes, rotating drums, and moving bands.
		Indeed the simplest situation is that in which the interstitial fluid (usually air) has a negligible effect on the equations of motion. The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of experimental data and analysis for the flow of dry granular media through a two-dimensional or wedge-shaped hopper.
		It will be seen that the analytical solution which begins with the constitutive postulates suggested by Jenike and Shield [9] of (i) intergrain Coulomb friction and (ii) isotropy produces results which are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
	authors.library.caltech.edu /59 (326 words)

	Part 3. Critical State Theory
		If you wanna know more just email me or feel free to ask in the Volcano Discussion Forum.
		This general overview should help you to understand the modeling results and their interpretations that will be presented in this Granular Volcano Group Web Site.
		I purposely erased all the bibliographical references and detailed equations to keep the text simple and easy to read.
	www.angelfire.com /extreme/volcano/critical_state_theory.html (2580 words)

	Shearing Granular Material (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Bardenhagen, J. Brackbill and D. Sulsky, A Numerical Study of Stress Distribution in Sheared Granular Material in Two Dimensins, Phys.
		Bardenhagen, J. Brackbill and D. Sulsky, Shear Deformation in Granular Material, Proc.
		A number of researchers are investigating the properties of granular materials.
	www.math.unm.edu /~sulsky/granular/granular.html (73 words)

	Transversal Dispersion of Granular Material on Vibrating Conveyor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Transversal Dispersion of Granular Material on Vibrating Conveyor
		[1] R. Grochowski, P. Walzel, M. Rouijaa, C. Krülle, I. Rehberg, Reversing granular flow on a vibratory conveyor, Appl.
		[2] R. Grochowski, P. Walzel, Dispersion of Granular Material on a Vibrating Conveyor, Chem.-Ing.-Tech.
	aiche.confex.com /aiche/s06/preliminaryprogram/abstract_36606.htm (197 words)

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