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Topic: Granular synthesis

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	Eric Kuehnl's Writing Page: Granular Synthesis
		"Granular synthesis is an innovative approach to the representation and generation of musical sounds" (DePoli 139).
		Pitch-synchronous granular synthesis (PSGS) is an infrequently performed analysis-synthesis technique designed for the generation of pitched sounds with one or more formant regions in their spectra (Roads 191).
		Asynchronous granular synthesis (AGS) was an early digital implementation of granular representations of sound (figure 4).
	music.calarts.edu /~eric/gs.html (1678 words)

	Genetic Algorithms as a Method for Granular Synthesis Regulation
		Granular synthesis uses combinations of short audio objects, known as grains, that can be individually described by various parameters such as amplitude, frequency, waveform, and duration.
		Granular synthesis [Xenakis, 1971; Roads 1978, 1985, 1991] uses combinations of short audio objects, known as grains, that can be individually described by various parameters such as amplitude, frequency, waveform, and duration.
		When using genetic algorithms for granular synthesis regulation, each grain is considered as an individual in a genetic environment with each grain's parameters (frequency, amplitude, etc.) mapped to a chromosome's string of bits.
	www.music.mcgill.ca /~ich/research/ICMC94_paper.html (1577 words)

	Granular synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Granular synthesis is a sound synthesis method for digital musical instruments (synthesizers) that operates on the microsound time scale.
		The result is usable as sound effects or as raw material for further processing by other synthesis or DSP effects.
		The result of his investigations was the theory of granular synthesis, although Greek composer Iannis Xenakis claims that he was actually the first inventor of this synthesis technique (Xenakis, Formalized Music, preface xiii).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Granular_synthesis (294 words)

	Granular Synthesis
		Granular synthesis of sound is the generation of thousands of short sonic grains which are combined linearly to form large scale audio events.
		Granular synthesis is dependent on the generation of thousands of events per minute, and so it is impractical to define a set of characteristics for each grain.
		A practical application of granular synthesis involves the use of a micro-computer to generate a stream of grains to which time varying characteristics can be applied.
	www.homepages.kcbbs.gen.nz /gordon/granular.html (925 words)

	granularsynthesis.com: The Granular Synthesis Electronic Resource Web Site - The Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Granular Synthesis is a method by which sounds are broken into tiny grains which are then redistributed and reorganised to form other sounds.
		Granular synthesis is perceived as a relatively recent development in sound synthesis, but it can also be seen as a reflection of long-standing ideas about the nature of sound.
		Wavelet synthesis can be used for better pitch shifting and reproduction than granular synthesis, but it requires so much analysis that it is much slower to work with in a real-time environment.
	www.granularsynthesis.com /basic.html (902 words)

	[No title]
		Extensions of the technique into formant synthesis such as FOF (Xavier Rodet) and VOSIM (Werner Kaegi) have provided means for modeling vocal and instrumental sonorities that have proved useful for mixed-media compositions.
		Granular synthesis is intended to be an alternative approach to sound synthesis (and analysis).
		The advantage of an algorithmic approach built on a granular conception of music is that different media (e.g., instruments, electronic sounds) can be unified on the basis of the underlying identity of design applied to each.
	www.ai.univ-paris8.fr /~jim99/actes_html/HarleyJIM99.htm (2232 words)

	Types of Synthesis - The Sonic Spot
		Forms of granular synthesis are commonly used to independently change the pitch/frequency or duration attributes of digital audio without effecting the other.
		RM synthesis is used by Vocoders which are often used to effect a human voice's sound signal to create a "robotic" sounding variation.
		Wavetable synthesis in the form of envelopes and modulators are often combined with AM synthesis to add some variation to otherwise repetitive sounding output.
	www.sonicspot.com /guide/synthesistypes.html (983 words)

	Untitled Document
		Granular Synthesis is a synthesis technique that builds up acoustic events, oftentimes referred to as clouds, by generating small sonic entities called grains.
		The resultant timbre of granular synthesis is a determined by a complex interaction between the waveshape and the amplitude envelope.
		There are at least seven parameters the composer may control during granular synthesis: start time and end time of a cloud, grain duration, density of grains (grains/second), bandwidth of cloud, amplitude envelope of grain, waveform of grain, and spatial distribution.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~msimoni/GranSynthTut.html (1236 words)

	[No title]
		The main difficulty with granular synthesis is the specification of the nature of each sonic granule and how it will affect the overall result.
		This synthesis technique can be metaphorically compared with the functioning of a motion picture in which an impression of continuous movement is produced by displaying a sequence of slightly different images at a rate beyond the scanning capability of the human eye.
		The composer Iannis Xenakis is commonly cited as one of the mentors of granular synthesis.
	www.ai.univ-paris8.fr /~jim99/actes_html/MirandaJIM99.htm (2424 words)

	The development of GiST, a Granular Synthesis Toolkit ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The fact that in the case of granular synthesis the same underlying model or representation can be used to operate on these two aspects appeared particularly appealing to us.
		This unpredictability, which is due to the complexity inherent to granular synthesis is sometimes regarded as a defect.
		The development of the granular synthesis toolkit GiST was motivated by the unique capacity of granular synthesis to allow for a unified control over the temporal and spectral organisation of sound.
	viswiz.gmd.de /~eckel/publications/eckel95c/eckel95c.html (3192 words)

	Eric Kuehnl's Writing Page: Granular Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pitch-synchronous granular synthesis (PSGS) is an infrequently performed analysis-synthesis technique designed for the generation of pitched sounds with one or more formant regions in their spectra (Roads 191).
		Granular synthesis is a very powerful means for the representation of musical signals.
		When granular synthesis techniques are used in conjunction with sampled waveforms, the possibilities for new sounds are infinite.
	shoko.calarts.edu /~eric/gs.html (1678 words)

	Csound Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Some examples of granular sounds are the chirping of a chorus of crickets, the rustling of leaves in the wind, a flowing stream of water, traffic on a busy highway and a room full of people talking.
		In Csound granular synthesis is accomplished by generating a large number of sound events.
		Granular synthesis is typically considered as the region somewhere between the two extremes where the broadening of the frequency band becomes noticable to the listener.
	www.csounds.com /ezine/winter2000/synthesis/index.html (550 words)

	Granular Synthesis
		Granular synthesis is the core technology behind the latest time-stretching and pitch-shifting algorithms, but it can also be used to generate extraordinary evolving soundscapes.
		Granular synthesis is a catch-all term for a number of different audio systems that work by using tiny snippets of sound that can be manipulated individually and are recombined to generate the final output.
		Granular synthesis is likely to find its way into many more instruments in the future, and is perfect for those days when you're bored of the same old array of re-created analogue sounds.
	www.soundonsound.com /sos/dec05/articles/granularworkshop.htm (4271 words)

	Granular synthesis - Definition, explanation
		Granular synthesis is a sound synthesis method for digital musical instruments (synthesizers) that operates on the microsound time scale.
		The result is usable as sound effects or as raw material for further processing by other synthesis or DSP effects.
		Canadian composer Barry Truax was one of first to implement real-time versions of this synthesis technique.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/g/gr/granular_synthesis.php (232 words)

	Microsound (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Granular synthesis deals with sound at a 'quantum' level: the sonic atom being the individual sample (any one of the 44100 taken in a second at the standard sampling rate).
		Granular synthesis is concerned with the organization and processing of both samples and grains to create sounds that are often far beyond the range of more traditional methods of synthesis.
		Chapters three to six deal with the theory and practice of granular synthesis, examining everything from the organisation and processing of grains to the implementation of micro-scale transformations.
	www.cheapesttextbooks.com /reviews/0262681544.html (1166 words)

	Granular synthesis
		The initial idea of granular synthesis dates back to Gabor [26], while in music it
		synthesis is not a single synthesis model but a way of realizing many different
		granular synthesis) distributes grains irregularly on the time-frequency plane in
	www.faqs.org /docs/sp/sp-108.html (291 words)

	Music by Arthur Durkee & Friends
		Granular synthesis is a technique that samples the "grains" of a digitized sound-file, at a very fine level, then applies various algorithms to stretch the time, change pitch, and so forth, creating a new piece out of a very short excerpt of the source sound-file.
		Next is a granular synthesis reshaping of an ambient recording of two neighborhood kids playing back-alley basketball in Chicago.
		It is from a series of slow-moving, trancelike pieces that I am working on as time permits, using granular synthesis techniques to create "space music." I hope to compile this series into a CD later.
	www.arthurdurkee.net /music.html (3799 words)

	Granular Synthesis
		Granular synthesis was first suggested as a computer music technique for producing complex sounds by Iannis Xenakis (1971) and Curtis Roads (1978) and is based on the production of a high density of small acoustic events called 'grains' that are less than 50 ms in duration and typically in the range of 10-30 ms.
		The grain is an example of British physicist Dennis Gabor's idea (proposed in 1947) of the quantum of sound, an indivisible unit of information from the psychoacoustic point of view, on the basis of which all macro-level phenomena are based.
		That is, if a granular synthesis texture is played backwards it will sound the same, just as if the direction of the individual grain is reversed (even if it is derived from natural sound), it sounds the same.
	www.sfu.ca /~truax/gran.html (473 words)

	mdeGranular~: granular synthesis external for max/msp
		Interestingly, when it comes to granular synthesis a shift of focus is made from the wavelike properties of sound to the particulate properties, just as we can look at light in terms of waves or particles (photons).
		The granular or quantum technique was first proposed by British physicist Dennis Gabor whose idea was that any sound could be represented by a granular description (Gabor), much in the same way that Fourier postulated earlier that all sound can be described in terms of its constituent sine waves.
		Asynchronous Granular Synthesis is a stochastic process where grains are scattered randomly over a user-determined duration and with user-determined density and frequency content (depending on the waveform used in the grains).
	dionysos.music.ed.ac.uk /michael/software/mdegranular (2832 words)

	Granular synthesis and Chaosynth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The granular synthesis of sounds involves the production of thousands of short sonic particles (for example, 30 milliseconds) in order to form larger sound events [4].
		This synthesis technique is inspired by Denis Garbor's proposition that larger complex sound events are composed of simple acoustic particles, or sonic grains [7]; he suggested that a granular representation can be used to describe sounds with complex morphology.
		It was the composer Iannis Xenakis [9], however, who suggested the first theory of granular synthesis for musical purposes.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Network/6537/ChaosWeb/section1.html (159 words)

	ChaOs and Granular Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This synthesis technique can be metaphorically compared with the functioning of a motion picture in which an impression of continuous movement is produced by displaying a sequence of slightly different images at a rate above the scanning capability of the eye.
		The composer Iannis Xenakis (France) is commonly cited as one of the mentors of granular synthesis.
		The first computer-based granular synthesis system did not appear, however, until Curtis Roads (USA) and Barry Truax (Canada) began systematically to investigate the potential of the technique in the 1970s.
	website.lineone.net /~edandalex/chaosynt.htm (1271 words)

	RTGS-X Introduction
		Granular synthesis is, in a nutshell, the process of creating new sounds using tiny fragments of existing sounds.
		Some early proponents of granular techniques in music are the composer Iannis Xenakis (for example, listen to the great orchestral work Pithoprakta from 1955), Curtis Roads (probably the first guy to perform granular synthesis techniques with computers) and Barry Truax (listen to his seminal work Riverrun from 1986).
		Granular synthesis can be used to generate brand new sounds or to manipulate and distort existing sounds.
	home.planet.nl /~menti049/lownorth/software/software/rtgsx_documentation/introduction.html (1374 words)

	Synthesis Methods - A Brief Review
		The basis of granular synthesis is the construction of sounds from a mass of very short segments of sound.
		Granular synthesis then has a great deal of power to offer the composer, keeping in mind that human sonic perception responds not only to the shape, amplitude and major period of a wave, but also to patterns of pitch change over short periods.
		Asynchronous Granular Synthesis might be said to epitomise granular synthesis, since its approach clearly discards the methodology of linear resynthesis and/or analysis that is in common with the Fourier and wavelet transforms.
	www.themusicpage.org /articles/SynthMethods.html (2048 words)

	some granular synthesis implementations in pd — PD Community Site
		A list of various granular synthesis implementations that people have made and published for pd. This is not necessarily a complete list, although it was compiled with a fairly thorough search of the pd email lists and a quick google.
		Derek Holzer's Particle Chamber is a 32-voice asynchronous granular synthesizer for real-time transformation of a soundfile.
		In the PeRColate library for PD, there are various granular synthesis objects including munger~ (a granulating delay line) and other objects such as the maraca and cabasa shakers that use somewhat granular techniques such as that termed PhISEM (Physically Informed Stochastic Event Modeling) by Perry Cook.
	www.puredata.org /Members/nmariette/granular-implementations (380 words)

	granular synthesis = granular sampling? - NI Forums
		I could imagine a granular synthesizer, with hudreds of oscillators and very short AR envelopes, which would generate the grain cloud, every grain generated by independent osciallator...
		granular sampling is pretty much the same as granular synthesis.
		Granular synthesis can be used as an umbrella term to refer to all sorts of granular techniques, but it specifically refers to techniques using synthetic grains (for instance, grains consisting of sine waves, sawtooth waves, FM waves, etc.).
	www.native-instruments.com /forum/showthread.php?p=165718 (601 words)

	granular audio software on the web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Samples can be turned into granular sounds by chopping them up and then replaying the bits according to the granular paramaters.
		While granular synthesis has been around for a while, it's only recently that desktop computers have become powerful enough to process complex granular sounds in real-time.
		Granular synthesis is implemented brilliantly in several forms, with adjustable modulation of numerous parameters.
	aliasfrequencies.org /son/text/granular.html (1959 words)

	[240] An Object Design for Granular Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Introduction In the "Granular Synthesis" technique, sound is modeled as a large number of simpler elements, called grains, particles, or wavelets.
		The basic features would then be: Base frequency of the sinusoid Duration and shape of the envelope Spatial coordinates of the grin (optional) In an OO design, there would probably be a class that represents a single grain.
		To make it efficient, it may be necessary to simplify the model, possibly using simple structs for the grains, or folding the grain object into the cloud object, so that the cloud would be like a "sum of grains." There are certainly lots of design options, and many potential performance trade-offs.
	www.mat.ucsb.edu /pipermail/240/2003-November/000298.html (363 words)

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