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Topic: Grapheme

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	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for grapheme
		Each grapheme is realized in writing or print by its graphs, such as the different ways of writing and printing an a or a t.
		The smallest unit in the written form of a language, usually a letter or combination of letters representing a single phoneme, such as the b in book, the s in sip, the sh in ship, or the ph in photograph.[From Greek graphema a letter, from graphein to write]...
		Predicting children's word-spelling difficulty for common English words from measures of orthographic transparency, phonemic and graphemic length and word frequency.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=grapheme (1233 words)

	Citations: Dataoriented methods for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion - Bosch, van den (ResearchIndex)
		As is shown in (2a) for example, the grapheme d is pronounced voiceless when it occurs stem finally, but voiced when it occurs stem initially.
		1995) and identification as in grapheme phoneme conversion (Weijters, 1991;
		segmentation as in hyphenation and syllabification [6, 17] and identification as in grapheme phoneme conversion
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/1404033/80068 (4217 words)

	Outliner spec.
		A dropped grapheme is positioned in a new row closest to the position of the horizontal cursor.
		Graphemes representing related concepts appear under the original grapheme in the left column, indented and with a shaded heading explaining which relation was followed.
		Graphemes revealed in drill-down are ordered relative to each other but not removed from their vertical position under the grapheme from which they were navigated to.
	www.maya.com /visage/visage_des/visnote_h1dd3n/99001/99001v1-1.htm (3514 words)

	About CDP - methods
		Grapheme is not an unproblematic term (notice, for instance, that there is no one-to-one relationship between graphemes and phonemes) but it is both defensible and useful, as far as the present study of cuneiform is concerned, at least.
		Graphemes may appear in several different, yet equally valid, forms; these are labelled allographs.
		Even in the highly controlled graphic environment of print there is still a lot of allographic variation: the grapheme /a/, for instance, may be a roman 'a' or an italic 'a', (in most typefaces a completely different form).
	www.cdp.bham.ac.uk /About_CDP/methods.htm (485 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Grapheme
		In typography, a grapheme is the atomic unit in written language.
		In a phonological orthography, a grapheme corresponds to one phoneme.
		Not all glyphs are graphemes in the phonological sense; for example the logogram ampersand (and) represents the Latin word et (English word and), which contains two phonemes.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Grapheme (208 words)

	GRAPHEME (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In spelling systems that are non-phonemic - such as the spellings used most widely for written English - multiple graphemes may represent a single phonemes.
		Not all glyphs are graphemes; for example the logogram ampersand represents the word and, which contains three phonemes.
		It is licensed under the GNU free documentation license.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/gr/Grapheme.htm (138 words)

	UAX #29: Text Boundaries
		Grapheme cluster boundaries are important for collation, regular expressions, and counting “character” positions within text.
		The definition of default grapheme clusters is not meant to exclude the use of more sophisticated definitions of tailored grapheme clusters where appropriate: definitions that more precisely match the user expectations within individual languages for given processes.
		For example, the grapheme cluster “ch” in Slovak is not normally a ligature and, conversely, the ligature “fi” is not a grapheme cluster.
	www.unicode.org /reports/tr29 (6079 words)

	Definition of grapheme - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "grapheme" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "grapheme" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "grapheme" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/graphemes (56 words)

	SRFI ?: Unicode Grapheme and Bogus Character Support for Strings (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A grapheme, in Unicode parlance, is the unit of writing that a user will think of as a minimal unit in their writing system.
		Thus, a given Unicode string may be simultaneously regarded as a sequence of graphemes and as a sequence of their constituent codepoints.
		Second, codepoints are finite in number, while graphemes are infinite in number: the codepoint view is both consistent with an array-like string implementation (with fixed-size elements) and with programming practices such as using bitsets to represent character sets.
	regexps.srparish.net /srfi-drafts/graphemes.srfi (779 words)

	On the Status of Mute Letters in French : Simple Graphemes or Part of Complex Graphemes ?
		Graphemes are commonly defined as the written representation of phonemes (Coltheart, 1978; Henderson, 1985).
		However, because graphemes are defined as the written representation of phonemes it remains to be seen how the system deals with letters that are not pronounced.
		The mute and multi-letters grapheme conditions were matched in number of phonemes (3.4 in each condition) but the simple grapheme condition was systematically one phoneme longer (4.4 phonemes on average).
	cpl.revues.org /document465.html (2922 words)

	Grapheme . English language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Graphemes include letter disambiguation letters, Chinese ideograms, numerals, punctuation marks, and other symbols.
		In spelling systems that are non-phonemic — such as the spellings used most widely for written English language English — multiple graphemes may represent a single phoneme.
		For example, the word ship contains four graphemes s, h, i, and p but only three phonemes, because sh is a digraph.
	www.uk.fraquisanto.net /Grapheme (297 words)

	NMEDIAC : Summer 2005 : Language Beyond the Text
		For example, "bcum" which is phonetically represented /bikam/ drops the initial grapheme because the pronunciation of the grapheme encompasses the sound /e/, the phoneme /a/ replaces the grapheme .
		Another example, "ezi" or "ezy" keeps the initial grapheme , drops the grapheme because it is silent, replaces the ~~with because the grapheme represents the~~ phoneme /z/, and keeps the as the original spelling, or replaces the with an which both can represent the phoneme /I/.
		For example, "howru" uses the homophonic single grapheme for "are" and "you", but keeps the word "how"; "aliwanisu" drops the last consonant off of "all" and "want" and uses homophonic single grapheme for "you"; "hldmecls" drops vowels from "hold" and "close".
	www.ibiblio.org /nmediac/summer2005/text.html (5446 words)

	Research-Based Principles for Adult Basic Education Reading Instruction
		Graphemes are the written letters used to represent phonemes.
		Although each grapheme represents a phoneme, different graphemes may be used to represent the same phoneme.
		The sound corresponding to the grapheme oh may also be represented by the graphemes oe, ough, and ow, for example.
	www.nifl.gov /partnershipforreading/publications/html/adult_ed/adult_ed_5.html (7271 words)

	Grapheme - Definition, explanation
		A grapheme designates the atomic unit in written language.
		Graphemes include letterss, Chinese ideograms, numerals, punctuation marks, and other symbols.
		In spelling systems that are non-phonemic — such as the spellings used most widely for written English — multiple graphemes may represent a single phoneme.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/g/gr/grapheme.php (172 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL)
		The term for the abstract entity represented by a glyph is character: a typographical character may be a grapheme (an element of a writing system), but also a numeral, a punctuation mark, or a pictorial or decorative symbol (such as dingbats, or Unicode's "Miscellaneous Symbols").
		In typography, a glyph is a particular graphical representation of a grapheme, or sometimes several graphemes in combination (a composed glyph), or only a part of a grapheme.
		A character or grapheme is a unit of text, whereas a glyph is a graphical unit.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=glyph (462 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In one common form of synesthesia, known as grapheme â’ color synesthesia, letters or numbers are perceived as inherently colored, while in ordinal linguistic personification, numbers, days of the week and months of the year evoke personalities.
		In one of the most common forms of synesthesia, grapheme â’ color synesthesia, individual letters of the alphabet and numbers (collectively referred to as graphemes), are "shaded" or "tinged" with a color.
		Brightness (the amount of white in a color; as brightness is removed from red, for example, it fades into a brown and finally to fl), saturation (the intensity of the color; firetruck red and sky blue are highly saturated, while grays, white, and fl are unsaturated), and hue may all be affected to varying degrees.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=synesthesia (4736 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : A Hierarchy.
		For example, the /a/ phoneme represented by the grapheme appeared in two words on level 1.0-2.0, seven words on level 2.1-3.0, twelve words on level 3.1-4.0, and eleven words on level 4.1-5.0.
		The purpose of this study was to determine the order of introduction of the common phoneme-grapheme correspondences needed for use in decoding written words introduced in the primary grades of the elementary schools.
		All other graphemic representations of phonemes were assigned to readability levels 1.0-5.0, or above 5.0, depending upon the first level at which the criteria was met.
	www.spellingsociety.org /bulletins/b82/summer/hierarchy.php (777 words)

	Understanding characters, keystrokes, codepoints and glyphs
		Just as the definition we gave for grapheme was dependent upon a given orthography, such that something might be a grapheme in one orthography but not another, so also something may exist as a character in one information system but not another.
		Graphemes and orthographic characters are fairly concrete objects, in the sense that they are familiar to common users—non-experts, who are typically taught to work in terms of them from the time they first learn their “ABCs” (or equivalent from their writing system, of course).
		Graphemes are the units in terms of which users are usually accustomed to thinking.
	scripts.sil.org /cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=IWS-Chapter02 (9747 words)

	Word of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In principle, an alphabetic system presents one spelling (letter, or grapheme) per sound unit (phoneme) in the language.
		Each letter (grapheme) would represent one and only one phoneme.
		The Pronunciation Key used here is loosely based on the Trager Phonemic Inventory of Sounds, and emphasizes the relationship of the letter (grapheme) to the sound unit (phoneme) it represents.
	www.buffalonews.com /services/community/education/WordoftheDay.asp (671 words)

	grapheme - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "grapheme" is defined.
		grapheme : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Words similar to grapheme: character, graphemic, graphemically, graphic symbol, more...
	www.onelook.com /?loc=pub&w=grapheme (140 words)

	Unicode 5.0.0
		Zero width joiner and zero width non-joiner can now be used to encourage or discourage ligation in Bengali; the sequence for Gurmukhi double vowels was determined, and the shaping of ra in Tamil was updated.
		The use of combining grapheme joiner with Latin script diacritics was clarified.
		In UAX #9, "Bidirectional Algorithm," for better interoperability, the algorithm was modified to tighten up the conformance requirements for using mirrored glyphs for characters.
	unicode.org /versions/Unicode5.0.0 (1411 words)

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