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Topic: Grass carp

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	Grass Carp: A Fish for Biological Management of Hydrilla and Other Aquatic Weeds in Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The grass carp was considered for introduction into the U.S. primarily because of its plant eating diet, which was thought to have great potential for the control of aquatic weeds.
		The triploid grass carp is produced in the same way as the diploid, except that fertilized eggs subjected to heat, cold, or pressure shock result in the formation of fish with an extra set of chromosomes for a total of 72.
		The grass carp is primarily a "grazer"; it tends to feed on the surface and in shallow water.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_FA043 (2741 words)

	Grass Carp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Grass carp differ from the common carp with the lack of a sucker-like mouth, and the absence of barbels on the mouth.
		Furthermore, grass carp are usually silvery-white, rather than the brownish-yellow of the common carp.
		Grass carp grow rapidly and attain weights of 100 pounds in their native waters.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /wildlife/Fishing/aquanotes-fishid/grscarp.htm (215 words)

	Langston University Goat Research Extension
		Grass carp are one of the largest members of the minnow family, (Cyprinidae).
		Grass carp are injected with 3-5 mg of pituitary per lb of female or 0.6- 1.0 cc of the prepared solution per 10 lb of brood fish.
		When grass carp have reached a length of three to four inches they should be removed from high density ponds and restocked into ponds at a density of 3,000 to 5,000 fish per acre for growth to a stocking size of eight to ten inches.
	www.luresext.edu /aquaculture/grass_carp_propagation.htm (2220 words)

	KZN Wildlife - Wildlife Management Grass Carp in Weed Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Grass carp are indigenous to south east Asia, living in large slow flowing rivers where special conditions occur to stimulate the fish to spawn and enable their eggs to hatch.
		Grass carp are capable of changing their diet from plants to insects, so the fish do not necessarily die after the plants are removed.
		The stocking density of grass carp per hectare should therefore be determined in relation to the extent of the weed growth and not in relation to the entire surface area of the dam.
	www.rhino.org.za /mngt_fishweed.htm (811 words)

	IID - About IID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Grass carp are sometimes confused with common carp, but the main difference is coloration.
		Grass carp have a greenish back and white abdomen, while the common variety is orange in color.
		Because the grass carp are river-vine fish, their spawning behavior is triggered by springtime conditions: rising water temperatures, changes in water flows and increasing daylight hours.
	www.iid.com /aboutiid/env-weed.html (1310 words)

	Fact Sheet for Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844)
		Grass carp were first reported outside of Arkansas in the Illinois portion of the Mississippi River in 1971 (Greenfield, 1973) and latter in the lower Mississippi (Conner et al., 1980).
		Gorbach, E.I. Fecundity of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.)) in the Amur Basin.
		The morphology of the underyearling hybrids of the bighead Aristichthys nobilis and the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.
	nis.gsmfc.org /nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=182 (3447 words)

	Grass carp as an eradication tool for Eurasian watermilfoil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		grass carp are plant-eating fish from the Amur River Basin and lowland rivers in China and Russia.
		Therefore, grass carp are generally not allowed in waterbodies with salmon or steelhead since these fish need to pass freely between the lake and salt water.
		One concern is that the fish farmers certify that the water that the grass carp are transported in is free from exotic organisms such as zebra mussels or the spiny water flea.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/management/grasscarp_strategies.html (1526 words)

	Grass Carp
		Grass Carp have been used over 700 years for food and to control aquatic weeds in China.
		Grass carp may not be effective for controlling milfoil, water meal, filamentous algae, or pond lilies.
		Grass carp should not be stocked in a new pond until there is a vegetation problem, and applications should start at low initial stocking rates and be increased later as necessary.
	www.butlercountyohio.org /conservation/Urban/Urban_Carp.htm (609 words)

	Grass carp -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Grass Carp, (Ctenopharyngodon idella), also known as the White Amur, is a (additional info and facts about herbivorous) herbivorous, freshwater fish considered especially well suited for aquatic weed control.
		It is a species of (Any of various freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae) carp native to (A vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters) Siberia and northern (A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world) China.
		When used for weed control, often the fish introduced to the pond or stream are sterile, (additional info and facts about triploid) triploid fish.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/grass_carp.htm (356 words)

	Grass Carp
		Grass carp are members of the minnow family.
		Grass carp are slender bodied fish, but with a large and very broad head and a wide mouth.
		Grass carp originated in Asia and were introduced into the U.S. in 1963 to control aquatic vegetation.
	www.angelfire.com /ga/tomcatt14/GrassCarp.html (575 words)

	The Use of Grass Carp in Alabama Fish Ponds
		Grass carp feed almost continuously when water temperatures are between 70 and 80 degrees, and under ideal conditions can eat 2-3 times their body weight in a day.
		Grass carp can grow to over 10 pounds in the first year, and fish over 40 pounds are not uncommon in ponds with a heavy weed infestation.
		In ponds with an established population of adult bass, the grass carp stocked should be at least 8 to 10 inches in length to prevent loss due to predation.
	www.outdooralabama.com /fishing/freshwater/where/ponds/grasscarp.cfm (799 words)

	Grass Carp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Grass carp (white amur) are members of the minnow mily reported to attain weights in excess of 100 pounds and live up to 15 years.
		Grass carp are longer and more slender than the common carp and have no barbels at the corner of their mouths as do the common carp.
		Although cultured in Asia as a source of food, the grass carp is of primary interest in the USA to control aquatic vegetation, especially where it is desirable to avoid the use of chemical herbicides.
	www.soilwater.org /fish/grasscarp.html (555 words)

	Triploid Grass Carp as a Biological Control of Aquatic Vegetation
		The grass carp (or white amur) Ctenopharyngodon idella, is a large (125-centimetre) herbivorous minnow from lowland rivers of Pacific slope drainages of eastern Asia.
		Later, triploid grass carp were produced in-transpecifically, by physically shocking fertilized eggs with heat, cold, or hydrostatic pressure; this stimulated the retention of a set of chromosomes that would normally be expelled during cell division (Clugston and Shireman 1987, Cassani and Caton 1986, and Allen and Wattendorf 1967).
		Grass carp of stocking size may stay near their release points, but as these fish grow and reach sexual maturity (about 650 mm or 3.5 kg), they can undertake extensive migrations that lead to dispersal of grass carp outside the target areas (Rain, Steeger, and Tangedal 1989).
	www.wvu.edu /~agexten/aquaculture/triploid.htm (3043 words)

	The White Amur - Triploid Grass Carp - An Aquatic Plant Management Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The objective of using grass carp to control aquatic plant growth is to end up with a lake that has about 20 to 40 percent plant cover, not a lake devoid of plants.
		In practice in Washington, grass carp often fail to control the plants or all the submersed plants are eliminated from the waterbody.
		To prevent stocked grass carp from migrating out of the lake and into streams and rivers, all inlets and outlets to the pond or lake must be screened.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/management/aqua024.html (1544 words)

	CONTROLLING AQUATIC VEGETATION WITH GRASS CARP
		Grass carp are distinguished from the common carp by its cylindrical body shape, terminal mouth (at the tip of its head), lack of barbels (whiskers), and lack of saw-toothed spines in its dorsal and anal fins.
		Grass carp are legal to stock in Oklahoma without a permit, but some states require sterile triploid fish or outlaw grass carp completely.
		Grass carp fingerlings (8 to 12 inches) are typically stocked at 20 to 100 per surface acre.
	www.luresext.edu /aquaculture/veg.html (1347 words)

	Grass Carp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Grass Carp also known as White Amur, was originally introduced into the UK from China for the purpose of controlling aquatic plants of which it can consume in large quantities.
		Sterile or triploid grass carp are the only type of grass carp that can be legally stocked in many waters in the US and Europe.
		The Grass Carp is not usually fished for as a targeted species but is often caught accidentally when fishing for others.
	www.maggotdrowning.com /fish/grass_carp.htm (339 words)

	Triploid Grass Carp in New York Ponds
		The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the largest members of the minnow family, commonly reaching weights in excess of 25 pounds.
		Grass carp lack the barbels and spiny dorsal and anal fin rays characteristic of goldfish and common carp, bearing a closer resemblance to a large creek chub or common shiner.
		Due to various factors that impact triploid grass carp feeding, it is impossible to precisely predict the exact number of fish to stock to achieve the 20-30% plant coverage target.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/fish/triploidcarp.html (1323 words)

	Polyculture of Grass Carp and Nile Tilapia with Napier Grass as the Sole Nutrient Input in the Subtropical Climate of ...
		Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, a herbivorous species, is a commonly cultured species in many parts of the world, especially in East Asia.
		However, as grass carp are known to feed on a wide variety of plants, the quantity and quality of natural food production derived from recycling of grass carp wastes depend largely on the type and input of forage provided.
		Summer and winter growth of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in a polyculture fed with napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) in the subtropical climate of Nepal.
	pdacrsp.orst.edu /pubs/workplns/wp_10/10FFR3.html (1046 words)

	Grass Carp
		Grass carp are very economical even at $12.00 each and more.
		And an overall view of the data suggests that grass carp have had practically no effect upon total standing crop, shad biomass, numbers of catchable largemouth bass, sunfish, and crappie, or numbers of young-of-the-year sunfish and bass.
		The plant removal by grass carp did appear to improve the condition factor of largemouth bass, bluegill, and redear sunfish.
	www.aquaticmanagement.com /grasscarp.htm (967 words)

	Triploid grass carp: are they a safe biological control agent for nuisance aquatic vegetation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Grass carp (white amur) were introduced to the United States in 1963 for aquatic weed control.
		Grass carp are voracious consumers of aquatic macrophytes, and may eliminate desirable vegetation, compete with native fish and invertebrates, and alter food webs and trophic structure of aquatic ecosystems.
		Grass carp feeding is influenced by water temperature, size of the fish, and vegetation composition (Bowers et al.
	tncweeds.ucdavis.edu /moredocs/cteide02.html (1432 words)

	Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
		Grass carp is one of the largest members of the family Cyprinidae, the carps and minnows family.
		Grass carp was introduced to Alberta in 1987 for research on the control of aquatic vegetation in irrigation canals.
		Grass carp feed extensively on aquatic vegetation, often uprooting large areas of vegetation leading to increased turbidity and poorer water quality.
	www.mnr.gov.on.ca /MNR/fishing/threat.html (2172 words)

	Triploid Grass Carp Permit
		Grass carp are fish imported from Asia for use in controlling aquatic vegetation.
		Cost: Triploid grass carp cost between $5 and $15 each and are usually stocked at three to ten fish per acre, resulting in costs as low as $15 per acre.
		Time: Grass carp usually take six months to a year to be effective in reducing problem vegetation, although they provide much longer term control than other methods, often up to five years before restocking is necessary.
	www.floridaconservation.org /fishing/permits/carp.html (680 words)

	Grass Carp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each Grass Carp is micro – magnetically coded and each shipment of fish is accompanied by the necessary sterility certification and permits as required by the various Provincial Authorities.
		Grass Carp grow rapidly, reach a large size (15 kg.+) and are long-lived.
		Grass carp is an exotic fish species and should be utilized with care.
	www.outdoorarena.co.za /grasscarp.html (713 words)

	Country Fish Farms - Grass Carp
		Grass carp stockers may eat 2-3 times their weight each day in warm water, may gain 5-10 pounds per year and can grow to over 60 pounds.
		Grass carp are attracted to running water and may leave the pond/lake over the spillway during excessive runoff.
		Grass carp become less effective at controlling aquatic vegetation when they reach 20 -30 pounds, usually 4 years after stocking and should be replaced with smaller stockers.
	www.missourifishfarms.com /fish_farm/grass_carp.htm (336 words)

	Grass Carp Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The grass carp's eyes are set lower than other carp and its mouth is noticeably smaller.
		Called a grass carp for its love of aquatic weed, this fantastic fish was introduced into the UK on the advice of local water authorities.
		This is probably the best method of selectively catching grass carp, as being a new stock fish they are very timid alongside a good stock of king carp.
	www.carpuniverse.com /frames_site_navigation_pages/grass2.html (303 words)

	Carp Fishing information at Carp Universe.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Not all carp fishermen started life as carp specialists, but a great number seem to end up totally addicted to the sport and fishing for nothing else.
		I have thought long and hard about just what it is that attracts so many fishing fans, after all catching carp often demands long stays on lake or river banks at hard fished venues, sometimes running into weeks at a time.
		Most serious carp fishermen are men over the age of 20, mostly married with families.
	www.carpuniverse.com (490 words)

	tripoids grass carp
		The Grass Carp is a very hearty fish and can be shipped very easily to most states.
		Grass carp is the best biological control of most aquatic vegetation in ponds today.
		The grass carp have been praised as the ultimate method of controlling most aquatic weed vegetation.
	www.suttlefish.com /grass%20carp.htm (495 words)

	Use of Triploid Grass Carp in Florida
		This is because triploid grass carp are functionally sterile.
		Stocking triploid grass carp in private ponds requires a permit from the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), and it is illegal to possess any grass carp without a permit.
		In conclusion, the FWC uses a permit program to allow citizens to purchase and stock triploid grass carp as a cost-effective means of controlling plants in private waters.
	floridafisheries.com /updates/triploid.html (463 words)

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