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Topic: Gratian (jurist)

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Gratian

Treaty of Verdun

	Gratian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gratian acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, he handed over Italy, Illyria and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Milan.
		For some years Gratian governed the empire with energy and success, but gradually he sank into indolence, occupied himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase, and became a tool in the lands of the Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop Ambrose of Milan.
		Gratian, who was then in Paris, being deserted by his troops, fled to Lyons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gratian (456 words)

	CANON - LoveToKnow Article on CANON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Decretum of Gratian and the Corpus Juris Canonici.
		Gratians collection, for the very reason that it had for its aim the creation of a systematic canon law, was a work of a transi Aft tional character.
		The result of all these supplements to Gratians work, apart from the inconvenience caused by their being so scattered, was the accumulation of a mass of material almost as Decretais considerable as the Decretum itself, from which they of Grego~ tended to split off and form an independent whole, ix.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CANON.htm (13321 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Gratian Gratiangrā´shen, 359-83, Roman emperor of the West (375-83).
		Gratian took Britain, Gaul, and Spain as his own share of the empire and acted as guardian for Valentinian in Italy, Illyricum, and A...
		Valentinian II Valentinian II, 371?-392, Roman emperor of the West (375-92), son of Valentinian I. Upon the death of his father, he was proclaimed emperor with his brother Gratian as coregent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Gratian+(jurist) (508 words)

	Gratian (jurist) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the 11th century, Bologna was the centre of the study of canon law, as well as of civil law, after the Corpus Juris Civilis was rediscovered in western Europe.
		Little is known about Gratian's life, but he was probably born at the end of the 11th century, at Chiusi in Tuscany.
		The date of Gratian's death is not known, but he probably died before 1160.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gratian_(monk) (234 words)

	David Johnston, 'The General Influence of Roman Institutions of State and Public Law' (1997)
		Whatever else the Roman jurists suggested, it was rarely that ius publicum was conceived as a separate branch of the law concerned with the state or its constitution.
		A common theme which does, however, emerge in the jurists' references to ius publicum, at least from the reign of Hadrian, is its connexion with the common good or public interest, utilitas publica [11].
		It might be said that the jurists, having in their practice and study of private law no need or opportunity for exposition of the nature and extent of the powers and jurisdiction of state magistracies, determined to exploit the opportunity to do this in connexion with municipal magistrates instead.
	iuscivile.com /materials/reprints/j-1.htm (6296 words)

	[No title]
		Gratian began his Decretum with a treatise on law and explored the meanings of the the words connected to the concept.
		Ius commune is the term used by jurists of the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries to describe the norms of Roman, canon, and feudal law.
		Her project seems to be to preserve Tuck's distinctions between the thought of the jurists and of Gerson described by Tierney on pp.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/classes/His381/tierney2.htm (5219 words)

	[No title]
		Gratian began Distinction one with the sentence: “The human race is ruled by two things, namely, natural law and usages” (Human genus duobus regitur naturali videlicet iure et moribus).
		The jurists read the texts in the libri legales that described the emperor’s supreme legislative authority and were uncertain how to reconcile the authority of the medieval prince with the powerful tradition of customary law.
		During the course of the twelfth century jurists focused much more on the power of the prince to make new law than on the right of the people to establish and be governed by their own customs.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/PoliticsWesternLaw.htm (7538 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The University of Bologna
		Along with this revival of the Civil Law came the epoch-making compilation of the Camaldolese (or Bendedictine) monk Gratian.
		Bologna was thus in its origin, a "jurist" university.
		The work of Irnerius and Gratian was continued by such men as Odopedus (d.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02641b.htm (1600 words)

	The Spirit of Legal History
		Gratian drew upon a wealth of sources whose breadth and scope may be unequaled in legal history.
		The jurists of the ius commune were also capable of expressing their conceptions of procedural rights in ways that seem to anticipate modern conceptions and language.
		I use these jurists in my legal history classes to demonstrate how fruitful the interplay between the intellectuals of the legal system and legal institutions was in ancient Rome, and, by analogy, how jurists and the courts could create a fruitful dialectic in today's legal systems.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /maxpages/classes/His381/spirit.htm (6477 words)

	MSN Encarta - Natural Law (ethics)
		The 6th-century Spanish theologian St. Isidore of Seville affirmed that natural law is observed everywhere by natural instinct; he cited as illustrations the laws ordaining marriage and the procreation of children.
		The Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius is considered the founder of the modern theory of natural law.
		The German jurist Samuel von Pufendorf, the first to hold a chair of natural law in a German university, more fully developed the concept of a law of nature.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553008/Natural_Law_(ethics).html (716 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Bologna, University of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was a "jurist" university in origin, owing to the organization by Imerius of a school of law, distinct from the arts school in the early 12th century and the adoption of the "Decretum Gratiani" of the Camaldolese (or Benedictine) monk, Gratian, as the recognized text-book of canon law (c.
		The work was continued by such eminent jurists as Odopedus ( died 1300), Joannes Andrea (1270-1348), Saint Raymond of Pennafort (1175-1275), and Ricardus Anglicus (c.1250).
		At the beginning of the 13th century the university is said to have numbered 10,000 students, the foreigners forming two "universities," the Cismontanes comprising 17 nations and the Ultramontanes 18 nations, organized like guilds.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd01350.htm (400 words)

	Treatise on City Government, c. 1330 - Bartolo of Sassoferrato
		Bartolo da Sassoferrato (1314-57) was an internationally renowned jurist of the Middle Ages.
		It pertains to the jurist to investigate which sort of government is better.
		This inquiry is a necessary one for jurists, since universal lords, when they consider the reformation of a city, either consult jurists or entrust the case to them; or, when the jurists are in session, an argument concerning city government may be brought before them.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /bartolo.htm (5293 words)

	Bologna articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is widely regarded as the oldest existing university in Europe, and was an important center of European intellectual life during the Middle Ages, attracting scholars from throughout Christendom.
		A unique heritage of medieval art, exemplified by the illuminated manuscripts and jurists' tombs produced in the city from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, provide a cultural backdrop to the renown of the medieval institution.
		Gratian (jurist)Gratian and Irnerius, two of the formative influences on legal study both taught at the university in the 12th century.
	www.startlearningnow.com /Bologna.htm (1178 words)

	[No title]
		The Civilian population at Bologna began to be threatened while the clerics began to arrive unimpeded from Rome to study the Roman law.
		He was educated at a time when the jurists believed that the Canon law was inferior to the _Corpus Iuris_, a mere collection of various materials of differing authority.
		Vacarius was not the most illustrious jurist of his time, but he shared company with the very greatest, in Italy and England, and his method was their method to a large degree.
	eserver.org /history/dissemination-of-law.txt (3976 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		These roots are present as much in the codes and commentaries of the jurists as in the philosophical and theological works and, thus, in notarized acts and civil statutes and in contracts between merchants and businessmen.
		That which distinguishes the discourse on natural law conducted by the lay jurists from that proposed by medieval theologians is, according to our author, the significant difference between what the former assign to the term nature as opposed to the latter.
		Authors such as the jurist gave themselves the objective of reinterpreting the scriptural propositions and sayings, confronting the absolute character of theological doctrine with the contingency and provisional nature typical of the epistemological rules that define the modern social sciences.
	www.acton.org /publicat/m_and_m/new/scholia_chapter.php?id=17 (5047 words)

	Gratian - Result for Gratian - Meaning of Gratian - Definition of Gratian - Dictionary of Meaning - www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gratian acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of the Gallic Roman province provinces, he handed over Italy, Illyria and Africa (province) Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Milan.
		For some years Gratian governed the empire with energy and success, but gradually he sank into indolence, occupied himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase, and became a tool in the lands of the Franks Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop Ambrose of Milan.
		By taking into his personal service a body of Alans Alani, and appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior, he aroused the contempt and resentment of his Roman military history Roman troops.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Gratian.html (557 words)

	[No title]
		Gratian himself was, as far as I can tell the first jurist to give the maxim its classic form in a dictum of the first recension of his Decretum: "Quia enim necessitas non habet legem, set ipsa sibi facit legem."
		Alanus noted that the sentence was a borrowing from a fairly obscure passage in the section of Justinian's Digest devoted to the Lex Aquilia.
		In "Vt famae" the curial jurist --- who may have been the same one who formulated the phrase in the earlier letter --- formulated a maxim whose thought and language conformed perfectly to the concepts of the Ius commune.
	classes.maxwell.syr.edu /his311/innocentiuscom.htm (5151 words)

	Law
		In the second century A.D. the Roman jurist Gaius was the first to define the Ius gentium as having been established by the natural reason of all humankind (Institutes 1.1).
		From Isidore to the jurist Gratian in the twelfth century there was virtually no discussion of natural law as a norm for human society.
		By the end of the Middle Ages the Spanish theologian and jurist Francisco de Vitoria (1492-1546) put forward the remarkable argument that the right of the majority of people to render their consent in political matters was also a norm of natural law.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Law111/NaturalLaw.htm (2271 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV
		He was looked upon as the greatest jurist of his times both in ecclesiastical and civil matters.
		These most learned writings were unknown and forgotten, at least in the West, until they were set forth in a Latin translation during the time the Council of Trent was sitting, in 1561, and not till 1620 did the Greek text appear in the Paris edition of that date.
		Constantine Harmenopulus was the last Greek jurist, and then Constantinople fell, to the everlasting disgrace of a divided Christendom, into the hands of the Infidel, and the law of the false Prophet supplanted the Roman Law, the Code of Civilization and Christianity.
	www.ccel.org /fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-07.htm (3506 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Sohm took a contrarian view, arguing that Gratian’s Decretum was rather the final masterpiece of non-jurisprudential, non-jurisdictional, "sacramental" law, the ultimate link in a chain first forged around 100 with the passing of the charismatic church.
		But this was not what Gratian had intended: Gratian was a theologian, not a lawyer. To Sohm, Alexander III and the decretists were the revolutionaries.
		In the postwar period, Sohm's ecclesiological theories have continued to attract theologians, not jurists. They play a role even in contemporary discussions of church and state. Despite much effective criticism, it seems that Sohm, however wrong he was in both argument and evidence, still stimulates reflection on canon law in the twelfth century.
	www.wtamu.edu /~bbrasington/melville2001.new.doc (3673 words)

	The University of Bologna
		Towards the close of the eleventh century Pepo is mentioned in connection with the revived study of the "Digest"; but it was Irnerius who began the study of the entire "Corpus Juris Civillis" and organized the school of law as distinct from the arts school (1100-30).
		The "Decretum Gratiani" (q.v.) published about 1140, became at once the recognized textbook of canon law.
		The number of women who taught at Bologna is also remarkable, including Novella, daughter of Joannes Andrea the jurist, Laura Bassi (1711-78), and Maria Agnesi (1718-99), mathematicians, and Clotilda Tambroni (1758-1817), professor of Greek.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/bologna,university_of.html (1621 words)

	Sir Edward Coke & the Safe Shield of the Law
		For English jurist Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634), words were his sword and the law his shield.
		Even today jurists look to Coke for just the right words: “The Court believes that the place to begin this discussion … is in English law and the development of the rights and liberties of the English people.
		As Gratian was to Canon law in the 12
	members.aol.com /alicebeard/law/samples/coke.html (3077 words)

	"G" Famous People
		Gratian (12th-c) Italian jurist and Carmaldulensian monk of Bologna.
		Gratian (359-383) Roman emperor from 375, the son of Valentinian I. Grattan, Henry (1746-1820) Irish statesman, born in Dublin, Ireland.
		Grotius, Hugo (1583-1645) Jurist and humanist, born in Delft, W Netherlands.
	www.jonathanselby.com /Gfam (14299 words)

	Bologna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Toward the close of the eleventh century century Pepo is mentioned in connection with the revived study of the "Digest" of Justinian, but it was Irnerius who began the study of the entire Corpus Iuris Civilis and organized the school of law as distinct from the arts school (1100-1130).
		Along with Irnerius' revival of the Civil Law came the epoch-making compilation of the Camaldolese (or Benedictine) monk Gratian.
		The work of Irnerius and Gratian was continued by such men as St. Raymond of Pennafort (d.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/bologna.htm (1110 words)

	Catholic Citizens
		A jurist by the name of Paucapalea, writing around 1150, linked the emerging judicial process called the ordo iudiciarius with the story of Adam and Eve recorded in Genesis 3:9-12.
		A prince or a judge could condemn him without trial and it was not until later in the century that jurists began to study and debate the rights of defendants.
		The most sophisticated and complete summing up of juristic thinking about the rights of defendants in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries can be found in the work of a French canonist, Johannes Monachus who died in 1313.
	catholiccitizens.org /platform/platformview.asp?c=20412 (3534 words)

	Conclusions on Gratian's Causa 19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gratian began teaching canon law by using the case law method (The Christopher Columbus Langdell of Bologna).
		Gratian was the first jurist to use this methodology for an entire work.
		With the expansion of the Decretum in subsequent recensions Gratian attempted to make his work a comprehensive source of canonical sources.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Law508/GratianCausa19English/Conclusiones.html (95 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294. (ii.xiii.iv)
		The two rectors of the two jurist "universities" gave place to a single rector after the middle of the fourteenth century.
		The jurist, Odefridus of Bologna, announced on one occasion that he would not lecture in the afternoons of the ensuing term because, "the scholars want to profit but not to pay." Professorial appointments were at first in the hands of the student body but afterwards became the prerogative of the municipality.
		Novella dâAndrea, 1312â“1366, the daughter of the celebrated jurist Giovanni dâAndrea, lectured on philosophy and law, but behind a curtain, lest her face should attract the attention of the students from their studies.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xiii.iv.html (1408 words)

	Gratian (jurist) - Result for Gratian (jurist) - Meaning of Gratian (jurist) - Definition of Gratian (jurist) - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gratian (jurist) - Result for Gratian (jurist) - Meaning of Gratian (jurist) - Definition of Gratian (jurist) - Dictionary of Meaning - www.mauspfeil.net
		Since the 11th century, Bologna was the centre of the study of canon law, as well as of civil law, after the '' Corpus Juris Civilis '' was rediscovered in western Europe.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Gratian (jurist).
	www.mauspfeil.net /Gratian_%28jurist%29.html (302 words)

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