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Topic: Gratian (usurper)

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Flavius Gratian

Emperor Gratian

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	Gratian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gratian was born at Sirmium in AD 359, the son of Valentinian and Marina Severa.
		If Gratian appears to have been in the west when his father suffered a heart attack in the Danubian territory, then the Danubian legions wanted to have some say in who was ruler, evidently resenting that the new emperor was with the German legions in the west.
		In response to the catastrophe Gratian recalled Theodosius (his wife's cousin and the son of Theodosius the Elder) from his exile in Spain to campaign on his behalf along the Danube against the Visigoths.
	www.roman-empire.net /collapse/gratian.html (906 words)

	GratianOV
		Gratian 367 - 383 A.D. Flavius Gratianus was born on the 18th of April 359 at Sirmium as the son of the emperor Valentinian I and Marina Severa.
		Gratian's lone reign lasted for a mere five days, after which his brother Valentinian II was hailed CO-Augustus at Aquinicum this happened without the agreement or knowledge of Gratian and his court.
		Gratian sent several legions, but Merobaudes (one of Gratian's leading generals, probably magister peditum) disobeyed and left some legions to guard the borders against the Alamanni, should they decide to attack in the absence of troops.
	www.xs4all.nl /~sp88k/Coin/Traveler/Overviews/GratianOV.htm (1279 words)

	CHAPTER - CIVIL WARS, REIGN OF THEODOSIUS
		Gratian was amused by protestations of doubtful fidelity, and the hopes of a support, which could not be effectual; till the arrival of Andragathius, the general of the cavalry of Maximus, put an end to his suspense.
		Gratian, as he rose from supper, was delivered into the hands of the assassin: and his body was denied to the pious and pressing entreaties of his brother Valentinian.
		Gratian loved and revered him as a father; and the elaborate treatise on the faith of the Trinity was designed for the instruction of the young prince.
	www.godrules.net /library/gibbon/82gibbon_c1.htm (8851 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Gratian
		He agreed that Gratian was not yet able to “endure the dust of Mars,” but stated Gratian’s ability to rule would be based on his sense of justice and the nobility of his character.
		Gratian sent the dux Frigeridus with some legions from Pannonia and his comes domesticorum Richomeres with some Gallic legions, but Merobaudes disobeyed and left some legions to guard the borders against the Alamanni, should they decide to attack in the absence of troops.
		Gratian’s reign was notable for several tendencies, most of which highlight continuing trends in the history of the later Roman empire.
	www.roman-emperors.org /gratian.htm (2246 words)

	DECLINE & FALL
		(5) Among the various arts which had exercised the youth of Gratian, he had applied himself, with singular inclination and success, to manage the horse, to draw the bow, and to dart the javelin; and these qualifications, which might be useful to a soldier, were prostituted to the viler purposes of hunting.
		The behaviour of Gratian, which degraded his character in the eyes of mankind, could not have disturbed the security of his reign if the army had not been provoked to resent their peculiar injuries.
		The brother of Gratian was confirmed and secured in the sovereignty of Italy, Africa, and the Western Illyricum, and some honourable conditions were inserted in the treaty to protect the memory and the laws of the deceased emperor.
	matrix.csustan.edu /XLib/History/Decline/volume1/chap27.htm (14251 words)

	Gratian - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Gratian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On the death of his father, Valentinian I, he became emperor in the western part of the empire (Britain, Spain, and Gaul) and Valentinian II, his half-brother, became emperor of Italy, Africa, and Illyricum, under the regency of his mother, Justina.
		Gratian was defeated and killed by the Spanish soldier and usurper Maximus.
		Gratian fled, but was overthrown near Lyon and killed.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Gratian (196 words)

	The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gratian being now in possession of the empire, together with Valentinian the younger, and condemning the cruel policy of his uncle Valens towards the [orthodox] Christians, recalled those whom he had sent into exile.
		Chapter XI.--The Emperor Gratian is slain by the Treachery of the Usurper Maximus.
		As the emperor marched against the usurper the intelligence of the formidable preparations made by him so alarmed the troops under Maximus, that instead of fighting for him, they delivered him bound to the emperor, who caused him to be put to death, on the twenty-seventh of August, under the same consulate.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txub/socrate5.htm (12256 words)

	Roman Empire (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gratian was then a sixteen-year-old and arguably ready to act as Emperor, but the troops in Pannonia proclaimed his infant half-brother emperor under the title Valentinian II.
		Gratian lost favor with factions of the Roman Senate by prohibiting traditional paganism at Rome and relinquishing his title and faction of Pontifex Maximus.
		Gratian fled from Lutetia (Paris) to Lugdunum (Lyon), where he was assassinated on August 25, 383 at the Age of twenty-five.
	roman-empire.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (8038 words)

	Detail Page
		Having retired to his estates in Hispania, Theodosius was suddenly called back to duty in 378 by Emperor Gratian, in the wake of the disaster at the battle of Adrianople, in which Emperor Valens was killed.
		In 383 Gratian was murdered by the usurper from Britannia, the Spaniard, Magnus Maximus.
		The usurper invaded Italy in 387 and spurned Theodosius' gesture.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME1707 (631 words)

	Church Fathers Volume 25
		The Emperor Gratian recalls the Orthodox Bishops, and expels the Heretics from the Churches.
		The Emperor Gratian is slain by the Treachery of the Usurper Maximus.
		The Usurper Eugenius compasses the Death of Valentinian the Younger.
	www.catholicfirst.com /thefaith/churchfathers/volume25/socrates2506.cfm (9406 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Valentinian
		Valentinian II 371?-392, Roman emperor of the West (375-92), son of Valentinian I. Upon the death of his father, he was proclaimed emperor with his brother Gratian as coregent.
		Gratian, 359-83, Roman emperor of the West (375-83).
		Gratian took Britain, Gaul, and Spain as his own share of the empire and acted as guardian for Valentinian in Italy,
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Valentinian (623 words)

	Fall of the Roman Empire
		Gratian's mother had been discarded by Valentinian in favour of a wife who bore him another son, Valentinian II, whom Gratian immediately named as co-emperor.
		Gratian made haste to pronounce a new emperor in the east to take in hand the Gothic problem.
		Gratian fled, but was overtaken at Lyons, where he was treacherously assassinated, though without any connivance of the British emperor.
	www.pccua.edu /keough/fall_of_the_roman_empire.htm (5871 words)

	Theodosius I - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He remained there until Emperor Gratian chose him to rule the East after the defeat and death (378) of Valens in the battle of Adrianople.
		Theodosius, whom Gratian made co-augustus in 379, took up arms against the Visigoths, who were plundering the Balkan Peninsula.
		In 383, Gratian was murdered; Theodosius was forced to recognize the usurper, Maximus, as emperor in the West outside Italy, where Gratian's brother and legal successor, Valentinian II, held authority.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-theodos1.html (600 words)

	Gratian (usurper) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		407) was a Roman usurper (407) in Roman Britain.
		Following the death of usurper Marcus, Gratian was acclaimed as emperor by the army in Britain in early 407.
		Unhappy with this, the troops killed him and chose Constantine III as their leader.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gratian_(usurper) (201 words)

	St. Ambrose
		Gratian left Triers upon his approach and near Lyons a battle was fought, which continued five days, till Gratian, perceiving part of his army deserting him, fled with three hundred horse.
		Gratian passed the Rhone to meet her; but when he came near, the general leaped out of the litter and stabbed him.
		Valentinian's corpse was buried with Gratian's at Milan, and St. Ambrose pronounced his funeral oration, in which he largely proves that his desire of baptism supplied the want of it, and promises always to remember him in his sacrifices and prayers.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/STAMBROS.HTM (9397 words)

	Theodosius I information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Gothic crisis was bad enough that his co-Emperor Gratian relinquished control of Illyrian provinces and retired to Trier in Gaul to let Theodosius operate without hindrance.
		Gratian sent generals to clear Illyria of Goths, and Theodosius was able finally to enter Constantinople on November 24, 380, after two seasons in the field.
		The administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395, under Theodosius I. After the death of Gratian in 383, Theodosius' interests turned to the Western Roman Empire, for the usurper Magnus Maximus had taken all the provinces of the West except for Italy.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Theodosius_I (1956 words)

	Roman Empire (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The eight-year-old Gratian was chosen as a nominal co-ruler by his father Valentinian and uncle Valens.
		Gratian was then a sixteen-year-old and arguably ready to act as Emperor.
		Gratian fled from Lutetia (Paris) to Lugdunum (Lyon).
	roman-empire.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (6698 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory VI
		Desirous of ridding the See of Rome on such an unworthy pontiff, John Gratian in all good faith and simplicity paid him the money and was recognized as pope in his stead.
		Unfortunately the accession of Gratian, who took the name of Gregory VI, though it was hailed with joy even by such a strict upholder of the right as St. Peter Damian, did not bring peace to the Church.
		Deprived of all clerical rank and considered a usurper from the beginning, Sylvester was condemned to be confined in a monastery for the rest of his life.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06791a.htm (676 words)

	Numbering Systems
		Gratian made the same kind of accommodation with the Salian Franks in Germany.
		This compromise with the Goths and Franks with its resultant loss of homogeny was the harbinger of final decline of Rome.
		In 383, the usurper Maximus went against Theodosius and was killed for his effort.
	www.wesoomi.com /evoluton/he036.html (1033 words)

	Gratian - NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project
		In person he was well made and good looking; in his disposition gentle and docile----possessed of a cultivated understanding and of a ready and pleasing eloquence, he was chaste and temperate, but too yielding and pliant, the influence of others leading him to severities foreign to his own character.
		Gratian, in A.D. 378, married Constantia, daughter of Constantius II and Maxima Faustina, who was born in A.D. 362, and died some years before her husband.
		The coins of this emperor in second and third brass are common; nor are his gold and silver of the usual size very rare.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /NumisWiki/view.asp?key=Gratian (615 words)

	Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 5 ToC: The Online Library of Liberty
		But there was a danger likewise in refusing the empire; and from the moment that Maximus had violated his aliegiance to his lawful sovereign, he could not hope to reign, or even to live, if he confined his moderate ambition within the narrow limits of Britain.
		Yet he might still have reached in safety the dominions of his brother, and soon have returned with the forces of Italy and the East, if he had not suffered himself to be fatally deceived by the perfidious governor of the Lyonese province.
		The influence which Ambrose and his brethren had acquired over the youth of Gratian and the piety of Theodosius was employed to infuse the maxims of persecution into the breasts of their Imperial proselytes.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML-voice.php?recordID=0214.05 (16611 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. II
		And Gratian immediately set out for Gaul, because the Alemanni were ravaging those provinces: but Theodosius, after erecting a trophy, hastened towards Constantinople, and arrived at Thessalonica.
		Gratian thus perished in the consulate of Merogaudes and Saturninus,
		Andragathius, who with his own hand had slain Gratian, understanding the fate of Maximus, precipitated himself into the adjacent river, and was drowned.
	www.godrules.net /library/fathers/pnf02s10.htm (9588 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 996 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is said that he married Helena, the daughter of Eudda, a rich noble of Caersegont (Caernarvon in Wales), but the authority is more than doubtful.
		Maximus is said to have secretly fomented their disaffection, and thus a terrible revolt broke out which led to the accession of Maximus and the ruin of Gratian.
		It is related in the life of Gratian that he was defeated by the usurper near Paris, deserted by his general Merobaudes, a Frankish chief, and finally slain near Lyon, on his flight to Italy, by Andragathius, who pursued him by order of Maximus.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/2104.html (608 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Valentinian II
		Thus, to prevent a possible split of the army, which might have proven disastrous since Valentinian had died in the middle of a campaign against the Quadi and the Sarmatians, the general Merobaudes summoned the four-year-old Valentinian II, who was only 100 miles away with his mother, and proclaimed him Augustus.
		Socrates and Sozomen state that Gratian was upset and only reluctantly recognized the army’s choice, while Ammianus reports that Gratian surprised everyone by graciously accepting his half-brother and even seeing to his education.
		One of the more notable aspects of Valentinian II’s reign was that, like his predecessor Gratian, Valentinian was at the center of the religious controversies of the time.
	www.roman-emperors.org /valenii.htm (1447 words)

	The Emperor Gratian Is Slain By the Treachery of the Usurper Maximus-From Fear of High Justina Ceases Persecuting ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Emperor Gratian Is Slain By the Treachery of the Usurper Maximus-From Fear of High Justina Ceases Persecuting Ambrose
		While the people from their excessive attachment to Ambrose, were offering resistance to those who were charged with taking him into exile, intelligence was brought that Gratian had been assassinated by the treachery of the usurper Maximus.
		Gratian thus perished in the consulate of Merogaudes and Saturninus, in the twenty-fourth year of his age, and the fifteenth of his reign.
	www.ldsmedia.com /3742251 (420 words)

	Magnus Maximus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As Gratian marched his troops west to meet the usurper at Lutetia in battle, his troops simply deserted him and changed allegiance to Maximus.
		Gratian fled, but was caught up with by Maximus' 'Master of Horse' Andragathius who assassinated him.
		Theodosius was no longer tied up in trouble in the east anymore and stood ready to launch an attack on the usurper.
	www.roman-empire.net /collapse/maximus.html (410 words)

	Saint Ambrose of Milan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Valentinian I died in 375, leaving two heirs, Gratian, a boy of sixteen, by his first wife, and a four-year-old, known as Valentinian II, by Justina, his second wife.
		Gratian took as his share the provinces beyond the Alps, turning over to his brother, or, rather, to Justina, as regent, Illyricum, North Africa, and Italy.
		After the murder of Gratian, in 383, the Empress Justina begged Ambrose to go and negotiate with the brutal usurper Maximus and prevail on him not to attack Italy or to jeopardize her young son Valentinian's rights.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/sta07001.htm (2969 words)

	Detail Page
		A usurper and emperor of the West (383–388); of Spanish descent and related to Count Theodosius, father of Emperor Theodosius I. He served under the count in Britain in 369 and later fought in Africa from 373 to 375.
		Deserted by his own soldiers, Gratian tried to retreat to Lugdunum (Lyon) but was put to death by Maximus' Magister Equitum Andragathius in August.
		The usurper threw himsef upon the mercy of Theodosius but was sentenced to die on August 28.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME1036 (261 words)

	Western Roman Empire (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 379, Valentine I's son and successor Gratian had refused to wear the mantle of pontifex maximus and in 382 had rescinded the rights of pagan priests, as well as removing the pagan altar from the Curia.
		In 392 pagan usurpers assassinated Valentinian II and a man named Eugenius was declared emperor until he was defeated in 394 by Theodosius I, who, having ruled both East and West for a year died in 395.
		The instability caused by usurpers throughout the Western Empire helped the barbarians in their conquests, and as the 5th century wore on the barbarians became usurpers themselves.
	western-roman-empire.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (2325 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Ser. II, Vol. II: The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus.: The Emperor ...
		II: The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus.: The Emperor Gratian is slain by the Treachery of the Usurper Maximus.
		Chapter XI.—The Emperor Gratian is slain by the Treachery of the Usurper Maximus.
		The account of Gratian’s death given by Zosimus, though not inconsistent with that of Socrates, does not contain the details given by Socrates.
	www.sacred-texts.com /chr/ecf/202/2020176.htm (466 words)

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