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Topic: Gravitational deflection of light

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Classical tests of general relativity

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	Re: Gravitational Deflection of Light vs Radio? - Astronomy.com Forums
		Fortunately, gravitational reflection is achromatic (it doesn't depend on wavelength) while the Solar corona bends electromagnetic radiation in the radio depending on wavelength.
		It sounds like the color of the transmitted light might be affected and the intensity (number of photons) by the variability of reflective properties of the corona.
		"Gravitational reflection" is not a misprint but probably refers to the delay factor due to the limit that a message can travel..The gravitational waves that propogate from the sun toward us, which earth then senses and "reflects" a similar message back occurs at all frequencies.
	www.astronomy.com /ASY/CS/forums/ShowPost.aspx?PostID=286054 (1224 words)

	Tests of general relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first observation of light deflection was performed by noting the change in position of stars as they passed near the Sun on the celestial sphere.
		The gravitational redshift of light, was predicted by Einstein from the equivalence principle in 1907.
		The deflection of light by the sun is predicted from the principle of equivalence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity (4029 words)

	Gravitational lens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A gravitational lens is formed when the light from a very distant, bright source (such as a quasar) is "bent" around a massive object (such as a massive galaxy) between the source object and the observer.
		The process is known as gravitational lensing, and is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein's general relativity theory.
		The statistics of strong gravitational lenses can also be used to measure values of cosmological parameters such as the cosmological constant and the mean density of matter in the universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravitational_lens (1535 words)

	Gravitational deflection of light
		Theories of the deflection of light by mass date back at least to the late 18th century.
		The first calculation of the deflection of light by mass was published by the German astronomer Johann Georg von Soldner in 1801.
		In the presence of the mass, the light ray is bent, and the light reaches the observer from a slightly different direction.
	www.einstein-online.info /en/spotlights/light_deflection/index.html (963 words)

	Statistical Microlensing as a Probe to Quasar Broad Emission Line Regions
		The possibility that a massive object could bend light rays was discussed by Newton as early as 1704, and the Munich astronomer Soldner predicted in 1804 that a light ray passing near the limb of the sun would be deflected by 0.875''.
		Using his new theory of general relativity, Einstein predicted in 1915 that a ray of light would be bent when close to the limb of the sun by an angle 1.75 seconds of arc.
		Light rays from a distant source will follow different paths through spacetime, and be subject to gravitational fields of different shapes and strengths.
	folk.uio.no /kjetikj/science/master/description.html (1611 words)

	Deflection and Delay of Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The deflection angle is actually very small, and in the figure it has been increased by a factor of nearly 10,000 for clarity.
		Currently the deflection of "light" is best measured using radio astronomy, since radio waves can be measured during the day without waiting for an eclipse of the Sun.
		In a very real sense, the delay experienced by light passing a massive object is responsible for the deflection of the light.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/deflection-delay.html (604 words)

	Physics > Gravitational Force
		Gravitation is the force of attraction that exists between all particles with mass in the universe.
		The gravitational attraction of protons is approximately a factor 10
		Crucial experiments that justified the adoption of General Relativity over Newtonian gravity were the gravitational redshift, the deflection of light rays by the Sun, and the precession of the orbit of Mercury.
	www.physics.teleactivities.net /forces/gravity.html (1438 words)

	Plenum or no? - Objectivism Online Forum
		The bending of light rays, as they pass close by the sun, might be explained also as waves showing the deflection of their ray-normals in the gravitational field extending out from the sun.
		That is; if light is all waves, and not particles at all, it is perhaps not problematical for waves to suffer deflection in such a field.
		The ray curves towards the area closer to the sun, which is shielded from the long reach and build-up of the vibrations in the plenum, by the mass of the sun, which absorbs or reflects these(or such is the speculation, as, for example with the theory of C. Colden).
	forum.objectivismonline.net /index.php?showtopic=798 (3029 words)

	Widefield imaging Project at AIRUB
		Galaxy-galaxy lensing measures the distortion of images of background galaxies caused by the gravitational deflection of light by foreground galaxies.
		We use this deflection to constrain the mass profiles of the dark matter halos of the lens galaxies.
		We find that for early-type galaxies the deflection is stronger and can be detected to larger distances from the centers than for late-type galaxies indicating that the halos of these galaxies are more massive and more extended.
	www.astro.ruhr-uni-bochum.de /widefield/science_lensing.html (175 words)

	Journal of Theoretics - Nonprofit peer-reviewed Journal of scientifically credible theories from all disciplines. ...
		This paper shows how all the experiments claiming the deflection of light by the Sun are subject to very large systematic errors, which render the results highly unreliable.
		The gravity influence on light (electromagnetic radiation) is one of the main principles of the general relativity (GR).
		And the overwhelming majority of physicists is convinced that the deflection of a light ray is confirmed reliably by experiments.
	www.journaloftheoretics.com /Articles/3-5/Strel-light.htm (827 words)

	Research @ IAEF : Areas of Research
		Light rays propagating through a gravitational field are deflected - measuring this gravitational light deflection, most often called gravitational lens effect, allows the study of the properties of the matter distribution causing the deflection.
		Since light bundles are not only deflected as a whole, but subject to differential deflection, the apparent shape (and size) of objects is changed, most visibe in form of giant luminous arcs, strongly distorted images of high-redshift galaxies caused by the deflection near massive clusters of galaxies.
		The gravitational lensing group at the IAEF is involved in many research projects, both from a theoretical point-of-view, as well as in observational projects.
	www.astro.uni-bonn.de /~webiaef/research/index.shtml (575 words)

	Gravitational Lens
		This effect is similar to the gravitational effect of light rays that are bent by a massive, dark object coming between the observer's view and a star.
		The gravitational lens is then moved into position between the 'star', that is the truck lamp, and the video camera, that is the observers eye.
		The deflection of light by a gravitational field is an important prediction of general relativity.
	www.physics.brown.edu /physics/demopages/Demo/astro/demo/8c2040.htm (706 words)

	[No title]
		In a Euclidean (flat) geometry, where the effect of a gravitational field is absent, the shortest path is always the straight line connecting two points.
		The major distinction is that in optics, the farther it is from the optical axis, the more a light ray bends, whereas in the gravitational analog, it is the opposite.
		By observing the extent of deflection (magnification) of light from the source (which is quite often a quasar for the brightness), one can estimate the mass of the lensing body.
	physics.csufresno.edu /akira/GR/Intro.html (1114 words)

	Mass of light
		Spacetime curvature is not the cause of light being deflected.
		Light can be deflected in a uniform gravitational field and such a field has zero spacetime curvature.
		That is not the "mass" of the light, it is in a sense its "potential" mass, or in other words the maximum mass into which that light can be converted into.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=295988 (4157 words)

	Hubble discovers exotic rings and arcs in deep space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		A gravitational lens is created when the gravity of a massive foreground object, such as a galaxy or fl hole, bends the light coming from a far more distant galaxy directly behind it.
		The amount of gravitational lensing in the universe depends strongly on the cosmological constant, a hypothesized repulsive force that indicates the universe is older and larger than without this force.
		This is what is called "gravitational lensing," since the intervening galaxy acts as a lens to focus the image of the distant quasar to a new location.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast14may99_1.htm (1183 words)

	Chapter 3: Mathematical Magic
		The initial postulates of relativity and the constancy of the velocity of light lead directly to length contraction and time dilation simply as new units of measurements, and in several places Einstein gives support to this view by making his observers adjust their clocks.
		It is clear that this account of Einstein's throws some light on the current controversy as to whether or not he was aware of the Michelson-Morley experiment when he proposed the special theory of relativity in 1905; the account also offers insight into many other aspects of Einstein's work on relativity.
		Light propagates through the sea of ether, in which the Earth is moving.
	www.ekkehard-friebe.de /FP_C3_MM.HTM (7406 words)

	Lecture 19 - Black Holes (3/23/99)
		The presence of a strong gravitational field, like near the surface of a compact object like a white dwarf, neutron star, and fl hole causes the wavelength of light to increase, just like the Doppler effect for a source moving away from the observer.
		Light coming from a source at the event horizon of the fl hole to an observer far from the fl hole is redshifted to infinite wavelength.
		The constancy of the speed of light: The speed of light is measured to be the same for all inertial observers, regardless of their motion relative to the source of the radiation.
	www.aoc.nrao.edu /~smyers/courses/astro12/L19.html (1335 words)

	An Annotated History Timeline of Modern Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		He formulated the law of universal gravitation: all objects are affected by a force, gravity, and the strength of this force varies in accordance to the mass and distance between the objects.
		In this theory the interactions of bodies, which heretofore had been ascribed to gravitational forces, are explained as the influence of bodies on the geometry of space-time (four-dimensional space, a mathematical abstraction, having the three dimensions from Euclidean space and time as the fourth dimension).
		The general theory of relativity accounted for the previously unexplained deviations in the orbital motion of the planets as calculated by Newtonian mechanics, and predicted the bending of starlight in the vicinity of a massive body such as the sun.
	www.kosmoi.com /Science/History (2638 words)

	Deflection of Light by a Gravitational Field
		As a result of this theory, we should expect that a ray of light which is passing close to a heavenly body would be deviated towards the latter.
		It may be added that, according to the theory, half of this deflection is produced by the Newtonian field of attraction of the sun, and the other half by the geometrical modification ("curvature") of space caused by the sun.
		But as a consequence of the deflection of light from the star by the sun, the star will be seen in the direction D2, i.e.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0114565/content.php?id=297 (434 words)

	* THE RELATIVISTIC DEFLECTION OF LIGHT * (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The substitution of the direct experimental test for the deflection of visible light during solar eclipses by the indirect measurement of the delay of radio signals traveling between a space probe or from extra galactic sources and the Earth is examined.
		Consequently, the angle made by light grazing the Sun is totally insufficient to explain the increase of distance (or delay) compatible with the prediction of general relativity as given in equations 3 and 5.
		For a frequency of 3 GHz, the deflection is -2.8 arcsec and -1.03 arcsec at a frequency of 5 GHz.
	itis.volta.alessandria.it /episteme/marm1.html (8696 words)

	Astronomy Glossary G
		Einstein's theory of the nature of the gravitational force in the space-time geometry of four dimensions.
		A beam of light impinging upon it is broken into several spectral orders on each side of the central image.
		slight bending in the light path experienced by a light ray skimming past the limb of a massive body.
	www.physics.gmu.edu /~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/Glossary/astrgl_g.htm (451 words)

	Abstract for the IAU 160 - Pulsars: Problems & Progress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		The deflection of the pulsar's pulse trajectory in the gravitational field of its companion leads to variation in the pulsar's rotational phase.
		This variation appears as the narrow sharp growth of the magnitute of the post-fit residuals in the vicinity of the moment of the superior conjunction of the pulsar with its companion.
		In contrast to the relativistic Shapiro effect, the amplitude of the effect of gravitational deflection of the pulsar radio beam has two peaks with opposite signs, which become sharper as the inclination i of the pulsar's orbit approaches to the right angle.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /iau160/posters/kopeikin2.html (318 words)

	Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1665 - Isaac Newton introduces an inverse-square universal law of gravitation uniting terrestrial and celestial theories of motion and uses it to predict the orbit of the Moon and the parabolic arc of projectiles.
		1907 - Albert Einstein introduces the principle of equivalence of gravitation and inertia and uses it to predict the gravitational redshift
		2002 - Edward Fomalont and Sergei Kopeikin showed that the speed of gravity equals the speed of light within the 20% experimental error, almost confirming one prediction of general relativity about the causal (Lorentz-invariant) nature of the gravitational field.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity (834 words)

	CNN - Hubble sights distortions from gravitational 'lenses' - May 14, 1999
		A gravitational lens is created when the gravity of a massive foreground object, such as a galaxy or fl hole, bends the light coming from a far more distant galaxy directly behind it, according to astronomers at the Space Telescope Science Institute.
		This is a significant increase in the number of known optical gravitational lenses.
		In 1936 Einstein computed the gravitational deflection of light by massive objects and showed that an image can be highly magnified if the observer, source and the lensing object are well aligned.
	cnn.com /TECH/space/9905/14/hubble.lenses (391 words)

	Chronology of Gravitational Physics and Relativity
		Isaac Newton deduces the inverse-square gravitational force law from the "falling'' of the Moon.
		Arthur Eddington leads a solar eclipse expedition which claims to detect gravitational deflection of light by the Sun.
		Robert Vessot and Martin Levine use a hydrogen maser clock on a Scout D rocket to test the gravitational redshift predicted by the equivalence principle to approximately 0.007%.
	www.3rd1000.com /chronology/chrono14.htm (489 words)

	Relativistic Deflection of Light Near the Sun Using Radio Signals and Visible Light
		The substitution of the direct experimental test for the deflection of visible light during solar eclipses by the indirect measurement of the delay of radio signals traveling between a space probe or from extra galactic sources and the Earth is examined.
		Consequently, the angle made by light grazing the Sun is totally insufficient to explain the increase of distance (or delay) compatible with the prediction of general relativity as given in equations 3 and 5.
		For a frequency of 3 GHz, the deflection is -2.8 arcsec and -1.03 arcsec at a frequency of 5 GHz.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /ECLIPSE/Eclipse.html (9051 words)

	Historical_intro
		Surely, Newton's Theory of Gravitation (1687) is one of the most important theories in the history of science.
		From this study emerged a new description of gravity which saw gravitational force as the curvature of a space-time, the curvature being due to the presence of mass.
		With this, light rays grazing the surface of the Sun are bent by an angle of
	grupos.unican.es /glendama/Historical_intro.htm (697 words)

	Astrometric Cosmology, UCSB Physics
		Light Deflection by Gravitational Waves: Changes in the distribution of mass or energy, in a small region, create changes in gravitational fields.
		Deflection by Gravitational Waves from Localized Sources: As shown schematically below, a light ray that passes close to a rapidly-changing source of strong gravitational fields, such as a binary star system with a tight orbit, can suffer large bending near the source, where gravitational waves are strong.
		Testing General Relativity: Because light deflection by gravitational radiation cancells so completely in General Relativity, a search for the effect might constitute a null test of General Relativity in the radiative limit, where few tests of this theory have been made.
	www.physics.ucsb.edu /~gravity (457 words)

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