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Topic: Gravitational redshift

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		The redshift (or blueshift) of a galaxy is the shifting of its spectral features to longer (or shorter) wavelengths primarily due to the combination of Doppler motions and the general expansion of the Universe.
		Redshift, $z$, is defined in wavelength as $$ z \ = \ {{\lambda_o - \lambda_e}\over {\lambda_e}} \ = \ {{\lambda_o}\over{\lambda_e}} - 1$$ \noindent where the subscripts $0$ and $e$ refer to observed and emitted.
		The gravitational redshift for galaxies and quasars is usually neglected since it is a very small part of the observed redshift in almost every case.
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /~huchra/zcat/redshift.htm (634 words)

	Appendix G
		It was concluded that the volume of an atmosphere of a star exhibiting large gravitational redshift would be far too small to radiate the energy that is observed in the forbidden spectral lines of quasars.
		For small Doppler redshifts, the velocity ratio V/c is approximately equal to the redshift 0.367, where V is the galaxy velocity.
		However, in the presence of a strong gravitational gradient, the wavelength of an emitted photon decreases rapidly with radial distance from the center of the star.
	www.olduniverse.com /appendix_g.htm (2950 words)

	Putting Relativity to The Test
		In the dramatic example of gravitational lensing below, the light from a quasar (a young, distant galaxy that emits prodigious amounts of radio energy) 8 billi on light years away is bent round by the gravity of a closer galaxy that's "only" 400 million light years distant from Earth.
		The gravitational redshift detected came within ten percent of the computed value.
		Its gravitational field is correspondingly much stronger and so is the redshift for the light it emits: 30 times greater, ac cording to earlier observations from the Mount Wilson Observatory taken by W.S. Adams way back in 1924.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/NumRel/EinsteinTest.html (799 words)

	Curious About Astronomy: What is the difference between the "Doppler" redshift and the "gravitational" or ...
		Practically speaking, the difference between the two (Doppler redshift and cosmological redshift) is this: in the case of a Doppler shift, the only thing that matters is the relative velocity of the emitting object when the light is emitted compared to that of the receiving object when the light is received.
		In the case of the cosmological redshift, however, the emitting object is expanding along with the rest of the universe, and if the rate of expansion changes between the time the light is emitted and the time it is received, that will affect the received wavelength.
		Basically, the cosmological redshift is a measure of the total "stretching" that the universe has undergone between the time the light was emitted and the time it was received.
	curious.astro.cornell.edu /question.php?number=278 (598 words)

	Paradoxes Resolved, Origins Illuminated - Gravity and red shift?
		It seems that, if there were such a gravitational redshift effect, it should be readily measureable in the spectra of the Sun and stars.
		As for gravity redshift I suspect the Hubble redshift is caused by the total gravity of the universe and should be stated as ~one nanometer per second per second rather than as it is stated.
		As the objects mature, their measured redshift reduces - the logical deduction being that distant objects display huge redshift values because we are observing them as young objects, not because they are receding at near-c speeds.
	www.metaresearch.org /msgboard/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=188 (722 words)

	Classical Gravitational Redshift
		Gravitational redshift is the effect that gravity does on electromagnetic waves when entering or exiting a gravitational field.
		From Figure 1.1, it is possible to notice that the frequency is higher near the mass where the gravitational pull is stronger, and it is lower where away from the mass, where the pull is weaker.
		The leftmost expression for the gravitational redshift, assumes that the signal is coming from outer space, therefore the redshift is taking place along the whole travelled distance or infinity.
	digilander.libero.it /idiprima/classical.htm (462 words)

	The Big Bang!
		Given that light obeys gravity, the Michelson-Morley experiment which was conducted deep in the earth’s gravitational field, is shown to be an inherently invalid test of the earth's drift through an ether and to not be relevant to rod length considerations.
		Gravity is posited to be the result of masses acting as sinks of a spatial fabric in which a condensation or an absorption of the spatial medium causes a depletion or thinning resulting in a gradient in the density of the spatial fabric near the mass.
		The gravitational redshift is regarded as a special case of the velocity redshift.
	www.olypen.com /hcwarren/index.htm (3108 words)

	Gravitational Redshift
		In this paragraph it is shown that if the frequency of light is also assumed to be constant, then some consistency between the gravitational redshift formula (Equation 1.0) and spacetime arises.
		This has been done to show that for a given gravitational field, the redshift caused by it, is proportional to the frequency as expected by Equation 1.0.
		As it has been shown, the three dimensional latticework model for gravity, could really be mathematically described by the same formulas used for the gravitational redshift with the only assumption that frequency is not affected by gravity as for the speed.
	digilander.libero.it /idiprima/Gredshift.htm (754 words)

	Astronomical Redshift (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Astronomical redshift is the lengthening of emitted radiation as detected by observers.
		Cosmological redshift is caused by the relativistic expansion of the universe, as quantified by the Hubble constant, H
		These redshifts are a result of the stretching of space time, as postulated by general relativity, and not by radial motion.
	www.asterism.org /tutorials/tut29-1.htm (906 words)

	The Cosmological Redshift Reconsidered
		Related to this is the "gravitational redshift" which occurs when the frequency of light sent from the surface of a body is shifted to lower frequencies during the journey to the observer.
		This redshift is not related to the famous Doppler shift since the observer is not in motion relative to the body emitting the light signal!
		Simply stated, the cosmological redshift occurs because the curvature of spacetime was smaller in the past when the universe was younger than it is now.
	www.astronomycafe.net /cosm/expan.html (2192 words)

	Origin of Redshift
		However, it is very odd that physicists are restricting their study to a prospective redshift of photons, during the time they travel through the gravitational field on their way to the Earth.
		The redshift is due to the fact that the atoms located in a deep gravitational potential have their quantum levels displaced due to the change of electron mass in a deep gravitational potential.
		Consequently, the observed redshift is due to the change of frequency of the emitting atoms in the gravitational well.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /faq/origin-redshift-15.html (832 words)

	Gravitational Time-Dilation
		Gravitational effects are not equivalent to the effects arising from an observers acceleration.
		Is the gravitational field producing such effects independent from the machines used to observe the effect, or is the gravitational field simply altering the machines that observe a specific physical scenario and the field is not actually altering the physical scenario as predicted by a time-dilation derivation?
		My derivation of this gravitational redshift expression is obtained using changes in the behavior of infinitesimal light-clocks as further mentioned in the last section of this article.
	www.serve.com /herrmann/time.htm (4633 words)

	THE INFINITE UNIVERSE Chapter 5-4
		Conventional scientists doubt the gravitational redshift by quasars because the “fuzz” surrounding certain quasars is of the same redshift as the quasars.
		If gravitational redshift causes part of the redshift of NGC 7603B then the redshift of the outward parts of NGC 7603B may be lower than the redshift of light coming from the nucleus of NGC 7603B.
		The redshift quantization of quasars (5-4) may be due to galaxies or g-galaxies being in certain regions of space (5-4) (thus their distances may cause certain quantized amounts of tired light redshift).
	www.eitgaastra.nl /timesgr/part5/4.html (5741 words)

	Gravitational redshift
		Gravitational redshift -- that is, the redshifting of photons that climb out of a gravity well -- occurs for fundamentally the same reason that projectiles slow down when rising -- because they have to transfer kinetic energy (their speed) into potential energy (their height).
		Clearly this cannot be the case since it directly violates conservation of energy -- thus photons must be affected by the gravitational field; that is, there must be a gravitational redshift.
		This redshift has been verified to 1% by Pound and Snider in experiments concerning nuclear resonance and gamma radiation in 1964 and 1965.
	www.alcyone.com /max/writing/essays/gravitational-redshift.html (653 words)

	Redshift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This Doppler redshift phenomenon was first predicted and observed in the nineteenth century as scientists began to consider the dynamical implications of the wave-nature of light.
		Another redshift mechanism accounts for the famous observation that the spectral redshifts of distant galaxies, quasars, and intergalactic gas clouds are observed to increase proportionally with their distance to the observer.
		This gravitational redshift results can be derived from the assumptions of special relativity and the equivalence principle; the full theory of general relativity is not required.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Redshift (5438 words)

	Plasma Theory of 'Gravitational Lensing' of Light
		Examples for 'gravitational lensing' range from the apparent shift of star positions close to the sun to the lensing effects observed around clusters of galaxies.
		I have already suggested in connection with the Hubble- redshift of galaxies that the latter is caused by the small scale electric field due to the plasma charges in intergalactic space.
		First of all, it is reasonable to assume that the redshift (as well as the angular deflection) is not only proportional to the electric field, but also to the wavelength as the potential difference between two wave crests is proportional to it.
	www.plasmaphysics.org.uk /research/lensing.htm (794 words)

	A New Look At Gravity
		It is known that light emitted by an object with a gravitational field experiences a redshift due to the influence of the gravitational forces.
		The redshift is caused by this gravitational field, and is the Gravitational Redshift described by Einstein.
		experience a redshift as a result of being in the gravitational field longer, with the Shapiro effect causing the redshift, while star images on the opposite side are in the gravitational field a shorter time, and experience a relative blueshift as a result of acceleration by the rotating gravitational field.
	www.geocities.com /newastronomy/a_new_look_at_gravity.htm (2690 words)

	In order to describe Gravitational Redshift consider a massive body
		Gravitational redshift is often interpreted as the result of space-time curvature.
		The worldlines are drawn curved to allow for the possibility that the gravitational field may act on the light in an unknown way.
		Since this same argument can be applied to an accelerating frame of reference in a flat space-time to determine gravitational redshift and get the same results there must be something fundamentally wrong with Schilds argument since zero curvature is an invariant property of spacetime.
	www.geocities.com /physics_world/gr/red_shift.htm (1313 words)

	Gravitational Redshift
		Gravitational redshift experiments are tests of conservation of energy in a gravitational potential.
		A photon lower in a gravitational potential expends energy to climb out, and this energy cost is seen as a redshift.
		The equivalence principle is used to transform the gravitational potential to a speed (this only involves dividing phi by the constant c^2).
	world.std.com /~sweetser/quaternions/gravity/redshift/redshift.html (351 words)

	McGraw-Hill AccessScience: Gravitational redshift
		The amount of the shift is proportional to the difference in gravitational potential between the source and the receiver.
		For starlight received at the Earth the shift is proportional to the mass of the star divided by its radius.
		Attempts to demonstrate the gravitational redshift in the solar spectrum have thus far proved inconclusive, because it is difficult to distinguish the gravitational redshift from so-called pressure shifts resulting from perturbations of the emitting atoms by neighboring atoms.
	www.accessscience.com /Encyclopedia/2/29/Est_299050_frameset.html?doi (282 words)

	Redshift (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		A redshift is a shift in the frequency of a photon toward lower energy, or longer wavelength.
		The redshift is defined as the change in the wavelength of the light divided by the rest wavelength of the light, as
		The Gravitational Redshift is a shift in the frequency of a photon to lower energy as it climbs out of a gravitational field.
	astsun.astro.virginia.edu /~jh8h/glossary/redshift.htm (232 words)

	Redshift, gravitational bending, and the evolution of angular moments
		As the local mean energies of the moving particles are determined by the ratio of energy and number flux, we may conclude from the fulfillment of Eqs.
		In order to fully constrain the redshift, gravitational bending, and evolution of the angular moments, we need to test the radial dependence of a third quantity.
		However, some special care is necessary to clearly separate the following three effects on the angular neutrino distribution: (i) gravitational bending, (ii) the changing opening angle as a function of the geometric distance from the source, (iii) the numerical bending caused by limited angular resolution in our finite difference method.
	www.cita.utoronto.ca /~liebend/transport/node22.html (1450 words)

	Re: Is there a difference between gravitational redshift and doppler redshift?
		Gravitational redshifts (or blueshifts) occur to light also but for a completely different reason.
		For gravitational redshift the amount of color change depends upon the strength of the gravitational field and the distance between the emitter of the light and the observer of the light.
		The strength of a gravitational field is proportional to the ratio of the mass to the size of an object.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2000-10/970824271.As.r.html (837 words)

	Re: Gravitational Redshift
		The > signal is perceived to be red-shifted from the expected atomic transition.
		- The gain/loss of gravitational energy of the photon implies a corresponding loss/gain in its kinetic energy (of the same amount but different sign, just like dropping a stone from a building).
		So I think that after all the supposition that the clocks/atoms go faster at emitters placed in weaker gravitational fields represents an alternative better explanation.
	www.lns.cornell.edu /spr/2002-09/msg0044095.html (427 words)

	Redshift of Spectral lines in the Sun's Chromosphere
		calculated above, the redshift of the iron lines observed is compatible with the calculation that the pressure effect starts to appear at about the solar altitude of 277 km.
		It is clear that the velocity of such a mass motion must be adjusted in order to compensate exactly for the redshift on the center of the disk, and also be adjusted exactly to the relativistic value on the limb, since any radial motion has no effect on the limb as seen from Earth.
		Furthermore, the redshift at the center of the disk is adjusted with a proper choice of the parameters E/kT.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /Chromosphere/CHROMOSPHERE.html (5237 words)

	Brief Research Statement - Eric V. Linder
		Direct observation of high redshift structure formation in the universe is often difficult, but the imprints it leaves on the electromagnetic spectrum can provide a reasonable substitute.
		At a redshift of two, for example, the difference between the clumpy and smooth angular diameter distances for Omega=1 is 33%, and a clumpy flat model mimics the distance of a smooth model with Omega=0.27.
		As great strides are being made in observation of the high redshift radio universe, it is necessary to account for the effect of large scale structure and gravitational lensing in this cosmological test.
	panisse.lbl.gov /~evlinder/umass/res98.html (1717 words)

	General Relativity Tests
		The gravitational redshift causes the wavelength of light to move toward longer wavelength (redshift) as it climbs out of the gravitational field of a mass.
		These two objects represent a new distant class of quadruple, or cross-shaped, gravitational lenses which might eventually provide astronomers with a powerful new "magnifying glass" for probing a variety of characteristics of the universe.
		A gravitational lens is produced by the enormous gravitational field of a massive object which bends light to magnify, brighten and distort the image of a more distant object.
	www.drphysics.com /syllabus/GRTest/GRTest.html (502 words)

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