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Topic: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment

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	Researchers to Use Satellite Duo to Measure Earth's Gravity Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		With gravity, that omnipresent force that keeps humans firmly on the Earth and prevents planets from careening out of their orbits, it's the little things that researchers are interested in.
		GRACE is a joint effort by the NASA and the German Aerospace Center.
		GRACE scientists expect their project to run about five years, but they’re not alone in their mission to map Earth’s gravity field.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/planetearth/grace_011218-1.html (888 words)

	TACC > Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
		Determining the gravity field of the Earth from the perturbations of the inter-satellite distance is a complex, non-linear estimation problem involving up to 40,000 gravity coefficients and hundreds of thousands of associated parameters.
		The twin GRACE satellites are the instruments that measure the nonuniformities in the Earth's gravity field.
		GRACE measurements will enable scientists to measure changes in the Greenland or portions of Antarctic ice sheets, measure changes in large aquifers, estimate deep ocean currents, and isolate geoid changes due to changes in global mean sea level to better than 0.1 mm/yr.
	www.tacc.utexas.edu /research/users/grace/grace.php (530 words)

	Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
		The primary gravity measurement is made by recording changes in the speed and distance between the two GRACE satellites.
		GRACE will obtain a gravity field map by looking at how the Earth’s mass varies from place to place on the surface as the twin satellites pass over.
		Mass and gravity are positively correlated-that is to san an increase in mass relates to an increase in the gravitational force exerted.
	www.odysseyofthemind.com /grace.htm (514 words)

	JPL: New gravity mission on track to map Earth's shifty mass
		Grace measures Earth's gravity field by measuring the separation between the twin satellites with an accuracy of one millionth of a meter (less than 1/10th the width of a human hair).
		Grace's instruments must all work together and be very accurately calibrated and aligned, a process the Grace project is just now completing during the mission's commissioning phase, which began in early April.
		Grace is a joint partnership between NASA and the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft und Raumfahrt, or DLR).
	www.brightsurf.com /JPL_news_091202.html (689 words)

	FuturePundit: Trends Climate Archives
		Climate researchers were quite comfortable in their consensus and repeatedly referred to this "consensus" as a basis for policy.
		Some climate scientists are arguing that the intensity of cosmic rays from distant exploding stars varies over time to cause long term changes in Earth's climate.
		Recovery of a new ice core in Antarctica that extends back 740,000 years -- nearly twice as long as any other ice core record -- is extremely important and will help scientists better understand the Earth's climate and issues related to global warming, according to a University of Colorado at Boulder professor.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/cat_trends_climate.html (17829 words)

	ScienceDaily: Oceanographers Catch First Wave Of Gravity Mission's Success
		Grace is the newest tool for scientists working to unlock secrets of ocean circulation and its effects on climate.
		Grace is accomplishing that goal by providing a more precise definition of Earth's geoid, an imaginary surface defined only by Earth's gravity field, upon which Earth's ocean surfaces would lie if not disturbed by other forces such as ocean currents, winds and tides.
		Grace senses minute variations in gravitational pull from local changes in Earth's mass by precisely measuring, to a tenth of the width of a human hair, changes in the separation of two identical spacecraft following the same orbit approximately 220 kilometers (137 miles) apart.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/07/030722073709.htm (2042 words)

	science@nasa - Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
		The gravity variations that GRACE will study include: changes due to surface and deep currents in the ocean; runoff and ground water storage on land masses; exchanges between ice sheets or glaciers and the oceans; and variations of mass within the earth.
		GRACE is a joint partnership between the NASA in the United States and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany.
		The primary goal of the GRACE mission is to obtain accurate global and high-resolution determination of both the static and the time-variable components of the Earth's gravity field.
	science.hq.nasa.gov /missions/satellite_19.htm (509 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: GRACE -- Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
		The reality is that the gravity field is continually changing, mostly due to variations in water content as it cycles between the atmosphere, oceans, continents, glaciers, and polar ice caps.
		GRACE will reveal the broad features of the Earth's gravitational field over land and sea; it will also allow for these smaller scale features to the identified and studied with unprecedented accuracy and it will show how the Earth's gravity field varies with time.
		The unique design of the GRACE mission (twin satellites flying in formation) is expected to lead to an improvement of several orders of magnitude in these gravity measurements and allow much improved resolution of the broad-to-finer-scale features of Earth's gravitational field over both land and sea.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=186 (1072 words)

	Getting the Lowdown on Gravity
		Gravity's pull is about the same anywhere on the surface: You weigh about the same anywhere on Earth as you walk around.
		Grace is going to make very precise measurements of these variations in the gravity field.
		There's big gravity low off the coast of India, where there are thought to be the remains of some old mantle features associated with the plate tectonics of India that led it to collide with the Himalayas.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/gravity-01a.html (1054 words)

	GRACE Fact Sheet
		While the force of gravity is weak compared with other forces in nature, such as electricity and magnetism, its effects are the most far-reaching and dramatic.
		The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), launched by NASA on March 17, 2002, is revealing more detail about the gravity field than has ever been available before.
		The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia on March 17, 2002.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/GRACE_Revised (291 words)

	03.07.02 - Scientists Say 'GRACE' as Water-Sensing Satellites Lift Off
		The monthly gravity maps generated by Grace will be up to 1,000 times more accurate than those currently in use, substantially improving the accuracy of many techniques used by oceanographers, hydrologists, glaciologists, geologists and other scientists to study phenomena that influence climate.
		Grace is a joint partnership between NASA and the German Center for Air and Space Flight (Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Rumfahrt, or DLR).
		GRACE is actually two identical spacecraft that will fly about 200 kilometers apart, connected only by a microwave signal.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/2002/20020228grace.html (1078 words)

	NASA Earth Science Data and Services: Matter in Motion: Earth's Chaning Gravity
		Gravity is an element that scientists must continue to monitor,” said Byron Tapley, director of the Center for Space Research and principal investigator for the GRACE mission.
		GRACE observes the Earth’s hydrologic cycle and allows scientists to track water as it evaporates into the atmosphere, falls on land in the form of rainfall or snow, or runs off into the ocean.
		GRACE data will allow scientists to measure the change that can be attributed to postglacial rebound, making it easier to determine how much other factors -- such as global warming -- contribute to rising sea levels.
	nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov /articles/2005/2005_gravity.html (1863 words)

	GRACE - Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The gravity field of the Earth is variable in both space and time, and is an integral constraint on the mean and time variable mass distribution in the Earth.
		The science data from GRACE will be used to estimate global models for the mean and time variable Earth gravity field approximately every 30 days for the 5 year lifetime of the mission.
		The GRACE Educational Outreach Mission: The GRACE mission provides a strong basis to draw public and classroom interest, especially since, new extremely accurate models of the Earth's gravity field will be generated approximately once a month over a five year period.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /success_stories/grace.html (427 words)

	Universe Today - Tracking Rainfall, Just By its Gravity
		Grace is a two-spacecraft, joint partnership of NASA and the German Aerospace Center.
		To do this, Grace measures, to one-hundredth the width of a human hair, changes in the separation of two identical spacecraft in the same orbit approximately 220 kilometers (137 miles) apart.
		Grace monthly maps are up to 100 times more accurate than existing ones, substantially improving the accuracy of many techniques used by oceanographers, hydrologists, glaciologists, geologists and other scientists to study phenomena that influence climate.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/changing_climate_shifts_earth_gravity.html?1092004 (723 words)

	Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satelitska misija (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Poznavanje polja ubrzanja sile teže i oblika Zemlje, što je temeljna zadaća geodezije, osnova je koju primjenjuju ostale geoznanosti i potrebna je za cjelokupnu ljudsku djelatnost.
		GRACE misija omogućit će bolje razumijevanje promjene klime i njezinih globalnih utjecaja kao što je promjena razine mora i raspoloživih vodenih resursa (Leary 2002).
		GRACE je redovita tema većeg broja simpozija i skupova, a održavaju se i posebni znanstveni skupovi posvećeni samo GRACE misiji.
	www.geof.hr /~zhecimovic/GRACE/GRACE.htm (4617 words)

	SPACE.com -- Gravity's Rainbow: GRACE Mission Pushes Forward
		It's the first of many gravity maps to be generated by the twin satellites of GRACE, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, underway by NASA and the German Aerospace Center.
		The gravity map is also just an early version of the type of data GRACE will be capable of, he added.
		GRACE researchers plan to generate a new gravity map about every 30 days, the length of time it takes for the satellite pair to pass over each point on Earth once, and about 60 maps total over the mission's initial five-year timeframe.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/gravity_map_030725.html (907 words)

	Geological Society - News - Doubly-G GRACE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		GRACE, slated for launch last Saturday (March 16) will peer beneath the oceans by measuring tiny changes in gravity - changes caused by moving water and ice.
		Left: GRACE will measure the variations in Earth's gravity by precisely sensing the distance between a pair of satellites flying in formation.
		GRACE will measure the masses of ice deposits around the world, and perhaps more importantly, the rate of change in their masses.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=GRACE2 (708 words)

	eoPortal directory: GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)
		GRACE is an international cooperative US-German dual-minisatellite SST (Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking) geodetic mission with the overall objective to obtain long-term data with unprecedented accuracy for global (high-resolution) models of the mean and the time-variable components of the Earth's gravity field (a new model of the Earth's gravity field every 30 days for five years).
		The fluctuations in the strength of the Earth's gravity field reflect in turn changes in the distribution of mass in the ocean, atmosphere, and solid Earth, and in the storage of water, snow, and ice on land.
		The GRACE mission is led by B. Tapley (PI) of the University of Texas at Austin and by Ch.
	directory.eoportal.org /pres_GRACEGravityRecoveryAndClimateExperiment.html (2977 words)

	Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The goal of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) space mission is to obtain accurate global and high-resolution determination of both the static and the time-variable components of the Earth's gravity field.
		GRACE maps variations in the Earth's gravity field over its five-year lifetime (extended to eight years in 2005) with its two identical spacecraft flying about 220 kilometers apart in a polar orbit 500 kilometers above the Earth.
		GRACE data has also been used to analyze the shifts in the Earth's crust caused by the earthquake that created the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment (428 words)

	GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)
		Selected as the second mission in NASA’s ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program, the dual satellites of GRACE fly in the same orbital plane, one 220 km behind the other, at an altitude of about 550 km.
		By continuously measuring the distance between the two satellites, scientists are able to chart Earth’s gravitational field to a new degree of accuracy.
		The mission is a joint partnership between NASA and the German center for aerospace research, DLR.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/GRACE.html (215 words)

	GRACE - Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
		The GRACE mission was selected as the second mission under the NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program in May 1997.
		GRACE will be able to map the Earth's gravity fields by making accurate measurements of the distance between the two satellites, using GPS and a microwave ranging system.
		GRACE is a joint partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany.
	www.csr.utexas.edu /grace/overview.html (304 words)

	Amazing GRACE
		GRACE project scientist Michael Watkins conducts a low-tech gravity experiment at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
		Gravity is the "shadow" of mass, and mass is a crucial part of the equation for many physical phenomena.
		GRACE's mass measurements will also be combined with the numerous types of environmental data collected the old fashioned way: by scientists on the ground.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2001/ast30oct_1.htm (1806 words)

	Satellites capture first-ever gravity map of tides under Antarctic ice
		They did it using the twin satellites of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center.
		The twin GRACE satellites have circled the globe in tandem since 2002, effectively drawing a picture of the Earth's gravity field at least once a month.
		Based on the data from GRACE, Shum suspects that previous estimates of where the grounding line is located on these two ice shelves could be off by hundreds of meters (thousands of feet) in different locations.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-12/osu-scf120405.php (1019 words)

	NASA :: NASA Mission Detects Significant Antarctic Ice Mass Loss
		GRACE is able to overcome these issues, surveying the entire ice sheet, and tracking the balance between mass changes in the interior and coastal areas.
		The Antarctic mass loss findings were enabled by the ability of the identical twin GRACE satellites to track minute changes in Earth's gravity field resulting from regional changes in planet mass distribution.
		GRACE is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif. The University of Texas Center for Space Research has overall mission responsibility.
	sev.prnewswire.com /aerospace-defense/20060302/DCTH06402032006-1.html (635 words)

	PO.DAAC GRACE Home
		GRACE is a joint partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States and Deutsches Zentrum Für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany.
		The twin GRACE satellites were launched on March 17, 2002.
		This portal, together with ISDC, is responsible for the distribution of the data and documentation for the GRACE project.
	podaac.jpl.nasa.gov /grace (355 words)

	Gravity Field Measurements Can Track Climate Change, Scientists Say - US Department of State
		The finding comes from more than a year's worth of data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or Grace, a two-spacecraft, joint partnership of NASA and the German Aerospace Center.
		The Grace data measured the weight of up to 10 centimeters of groundwater accumulations from heavy tropical rains, particularly in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asia.
		Grace monthly maps are up to 100 times more accurate than existing maps, substantially improving the accuracy of many techniques that oceanographers, hydrologists, glaciologists, geologists and other scientists use to study climate-influencing phenomena.
	usinfo.state.gov /gi/Archive/2004/Sep/13-495131.html (1019 words)

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