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Topic: Grayanotoxin

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	Food-Info.net : Overview of food-borne toxins : Grayanatoxin
		Grayanotoxin (formerly known as andromedotoxin, acetylandromedol, and rhodotoxin) causes ‘honey intoxication'.
		Honey intoxication is very rare and is caused by the consumption of honey produced from the nectar of rhododendrons.
		Grayanotoxin poisoning most commonly results from the ingestion of grayanotoxin-contaminated honey, although it may result from the ingestion of the leaves, flowers, and nectar of rhododendrons.
	www.food-info.net /uk/tox/graya.htm (398 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book - Grayanotoxin
		Grayanotoxin (formerly known as andromedotoxin, acetylandromedol, and rhodotoxin)
		Honey intoxication is caused by the consumption of honey produced from the nectar of rhododendrons.
		The Austrian case shows that with increased travel throughout the world, the risk of grayanotoxin poisoning is possible outside the areas of Ericaceae-dominated vegetation, namely, Turkey, Japan, Brazil, United States, Nepal, and British Columbia.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap44.html (944 words)

	Newswise Medical News \| "Mad" Honey Food Poisoning
		After 24 hours of monitoring on the coronary unit and treatment with atropine, their heart rate and blood pressure returned to normal and they made a full recovery.
		Andromedotoxins, also known as acetylandromedol or grayanotoxin, are found in the leaves and flowers of ericaceous plants, such as rhododendrons and azaleas, and extracted by bees.
		Grayanotoxin I, one of 18 types of grayanotoxin, is responsible for honey poisoning.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/507757 (336 words)

	Poisonous Plants
		Grayanotoxins are common among the plants of the Ericaceae family.
		The typical symptoms of grayanotoxin poisoning are excesse salivation and perspiration, vomiting, and dizzy and weak spells.
		The grayanotoxin acts on the sodium channels of the cell membrane.
	mason.gmu.edu /~jcrable/projects/poison/poison.htm (924 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Grayanotoxin
		Grayanotoxin is a toxin found in rhododendrons and other plants of the family Ericaceae.
		It can be found in honey made from their nectar and cause a very rare poisonous reaction called grayanotoxin poisoning, honey intoxication, or rhododendron poisoning.
		Honey from Japan, Brazil, United States, Nepal, and British Columbia is most likely to be contaminated with grayanotoxins, although very rarely to toxic levels.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Rhodotoxin (297 words)

	Determination of Grayanotoxins in Biological Samples by LC-MS/MS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of grayanotoxins I, II, and III in rumen contents, feces, and urine.
		Grayanotoxin I quantitation was based on fragmentation of the sodium adduct ion at m/z 435 to a product ion at m/z 375.
		Grayanotoxins II and III were quantitated on the basis of fragmentation of the ion at m/z 335 to the product ion at m/z 299.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/2001/49/i03/abs/jf000750s.html (238 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book Grayanotoxin
		The grayanotoxins can be isolated from the suspect commodity by typical extraction procedures for naturally occurring terpenes.
		Several cases of grayanotoxin poisonings in humans have been documented in the 1980s.
		In 1983 several British veterinarians reported a incident of grayanotoxin poisoning in goats.
	www.seafoodhaccp.com /SeafoodData/BadBugBook/CHAP44.HTML (859 words)

	dictionary - Grayanotoxin
		The toxin is also known as andromedotoxin, acetylandromedol, or rhodotoxin.
		Honey from Turkey, Japan, Brazil, United States, Nepal, and British Columbia is most likely to be contaminated with grayanotoxins, although very rarely to toxic levels.
		Historically the poisoning was associated with the Rhododendron ponticum found around the Black Sea.
	www.medicalrace.com /dictionary/Grayanotoxin (251 words)

	Grayanotoxin at AllExperts
		Grayanotoxin is a toxin found in rhododendrons and other plants of the family Ericaceae.
		It can be found in honey made from their nectar and cause a very rare poisonous reaction called grayanotoxin poisoning, honey intoxication, or rhododendron poisoning.
		Honey from Turkey, Japan, Brazil, United States, Nepal, and British Columbia is most likely to be contaminated with grayanotoxins, although very rarely to toxic levels.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/gr/grayanotoxin.htm (325 words)

	JSU News Wire
		According to Rayburn, a toxin found in honey from this area is grayanotoxin, which is found in rhododendrons and mountain laurel.
		Grayanotoxin is transferred to the honey by the nectar collected by bees.
		Outside the U.S., such as in New Zealand, where tutu and other toxic plants are plentiful, beekeepers try to minimize the possibility of toxic honeydew in the honey.
	www.jsu.edu /news/jan_june2006/04182006g.html (386 words)

	SafetyLit: Injury Research and Prevention Literature Update - Abstract Details
		Grayanotoxin intoxication, which is mostly seen in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, stems from the "mad honey" made by bees from the rhododendron plant flowers.
		It is commonly seen in the east of the Black Sea region, although cases may occur from all over the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey.
		So far, no cases of death have been reported, although grayanotoxin causes adverse effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and is therefore of considerable importance.
	www.safetylit.org /citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_45607_10 (478 words)

	Description, Rhododendron -- Vet Med Library, UIUC
		Rhododendrons are more likely to retain green leaves year round than are most other plants, and therefore most toxicoses occur in the winter and early spring, when other forage is unavailable.
		All parts of this plant contain toxic resins (andromedotoxins, now commonly referred to as grayanotoxin) with the leaves being the most potent.
		Grayanotoxin produces gastrointestinal irritation with some hemorrhage, secondary aspiration pneumonia, and sometimes renal tubular damage and mild liver degeneration.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /vex/toxic/rhodo/rhodo.htm (343 words)

	Rhododendron-rhodotoxin
		Other names associated with the disease is rhododendron poisoning, mad hone intoxication or grayanotoxin poisoning.
		6.Associated Foods: Grayanotoxin poisoning most commonly results from the ingestion of grayanotoxin-contaminated honey, although it may result from the ingestion of the leaves, flowers, and nectar of rhododendrons.
		Honey made from the nectar of these flowers is also toxic and should not be consumed, so exercise caution when placing beehives.
	www.rhododendron.dk /gift.htm (1080 words)

	Mad Honey Disease
		I bet some of you thought you have seen or heard it all, not true, if you don't know about the "grayanotoxin" and "mad" honey disease or Honey Intoxication caused by consuming honey produced from some of the most beautiful flower's in the west and other places belonging to the rhododendron family.
		It is only fair to point out that most of these plants do not produce or seldom produce much surplus honey that can be extracted or are they now or have they ever been even a minor health risk in the US.
		Name of Toxin: Grayanotoxin (formerly known as andromedotoxin, acetylandromedol, and rhodotoxin)
	hbd.org /brewery/library/HonD.html (1146 words)

	Andromedotoxin - (Rhododendrons and Azaleas)
		The principal glycoside toxin or grayanotoxin present in all Rhododendrons and Azaleas (one of several) is "Andromedotoxin" (other names including rhodotoxin and acetylandrome).
		Chemically similar to components of turpentine such as pinene, and like turpentine, this volatile resin burns the mouth and hence is a deterant to many herbivores and young children.
		Poisoning from this often called "honey intoxication", "grayanotoxin poisoning", "mad hone intoxication" or "Rhododendron poisoning", and the symptoms are the same as before for both animals and humans.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2001/gerrard/andromedotoxin.html (324 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Normal Course of the Disease: The grayanotoxins bind to sodium channels in cell membranes.
		Associated Foods: Grayanotoxin poisoning most commonly results from the ingestion of grayanotoxin-contaminated honey, although it may result from the ingestion of the leaves, flowers, and nectar of rhododendrons.
		Relative Frequency of Disease: Grayanotoxin poisoning in humans is rare.
	www.rabbitsfootmeadery.com /mld/1996/484.txt (2581 words)

	RoguePundit: Random Nature #118
		Mad Honey: Rhododendron, azaleas, mountain laurels, and oleanders are amongst the plants that produce grayanotoxin, which is chemically related to turpentine.
		As little as 3 ml nectar/kg body weight or 0.2% of the body weight as leaves may be toxic or lethal.
		Some sources note that grayanotoxin is harmless to bees, while others claim it can kill them.
	roguepundit.typepad.com /roguepundit/2007/04/random_nature_1_1.html (859 words)

	Labrador Tea - Uses and Side Effects of Labrador Tea
		This toxic diterpene causes symptoms of intoxication, such as slow pulse, lowering of blood pressure, lack of coordination, convulsions, paralysis and death.
		It has been used in folk medicine for upper respiratory ailments, and by homeopaths for skin infections and asthma.
		It contains grayanotoxin which causes symptoms of intoxication and can lead to paralysis and death in high concentrations.
	www.health-care-clinic.org /alternative-medicines/labrador-tea.html (569 words)

	Paghat's Garden: Mad Honey Disease
		It it were really possible to get the hallucinogenic effects, rhody tea would be so popular that every gardener would be at risk of waking up one morning to discover teenagers had snuck into the yard & harvested the rhody bushes down to twigs.
		Though the toxin is to be found in three west coast native rhody species in high enough concentrations to make ruminants, dogs, or children sick if they eat the leaves, this means nearly all reported cases of grayanotoxin poisoning have been ruminants eating leaves, not people eating honey.
		While one finds numerous editorials by alarmists without citations that rhodies in the presence of hives makes the honey deadly, when one looks for actual reported cases of grayanotoxin poisoning, they are either veterinarian reports, or cases restricted to R.
	www.paghat.com /toxichoney.html (1089 words)

	Rhododendron
		These toxins are called grayanotoxins or andromedotoxin, a resinoid carbohydrate (Kingsbury, 51).
		The name of the disease is honey intoxication, which is caused by the consumption of honey produced (Abrahams 1).
		The grayanotoxins cause this intoxication, and the specific toxins vary with the plant species.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/19/eap39.shtml (723 words)

	Grayanotoxin, veratrine, and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium pathways in the Schwann cell membrane of squid nerve fibers ...
		Grayanotoxin, veratrine, and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium pathways in the Schwann cell membrane of squid nerve fibers
		The actions of grayanotoxin I, veratrine, and tetrodotoxin on the membrane
		The effects of grayanotoxin I and veratrine on the membrane
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/abstract/67/3/369 (319 words)

	Structure-activity relationship for D-ring derivatives of grayanotoxin in the squid giant axon -- Yakehiro et al. 265 ...
		Structure-activity relationship for D-ring derivatives of grayanotoxin in the squid giant axon -- Yakehiro et al.
		Articles by Yakehiro, M. Articles by Seyama, I. Structure-activity relationship for D-ring derivatives of grayanotoxin in the squid giant axon
		Grayanotoxin (GTX) binds specifically to the voltage-dependent sodium
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/265/3/1328 (405 words)

	State-dependent action of grayanotoxin I on Na+ channels in frog ventricular myocytes -- Yuki et al. 534 (3): 777 -- ...
		State-dependent action of grayanotoxin I on Na+ channels in frog ventricular myocytes -- Yuki et al.
		State-dependent action of grayanotoxin I on Na channels in frog ventricular myocytes
		Distinct properties of grayanotoxin (GTX) among other lipid-soluble toxins were elucidated by quantitative analysis made on the Na channel in frog ventricular myocytes.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/534/3/777 (6989 words)

	What is an Apiary?
		Therefore, an apiary should never be placed near these flowers.
		Azaleas, rhododendrons, and mountain laurel, for example, contain grayanotoxin, which can cause irregular heart rhythms, low blood pressure, dizziness, vomiting, and muscle paralysis.
		Thanks to proper apiary placement, grayanotoxin poisoning from honey is extremely rare in the United States.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-an-apiary.htm (462 words)

	Papers
		Structural determinants for the action of grayanotoxin in D1 S4-S5 and D4 S4-S5 intracellular linkers of sodium channel a-subunits.
		Yuki T., Yamaoka K., Yakehiro M. and Seyama I. State dependent action of grayanotoxin I on Na channels in frog ventricular myocytes.
		Yakehiro M., Yuki T., Yamaoka K., Furue T., Mori Y., Imoto K. and Seyama I. An analysis of the variations in potency of grayanotoxin analogues in modifying frog sodium channels of differing subtypes.
	home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp /seiri1/Papers.htm (646 words)

	Amazon.com: grayanotoxin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		local species of rhododendron carries "grayanotoxins," which interfere with both lung...
		andromedotoxin (an acetylandro- medol) and grayanotoxins 1, 11 and III (...
		In chick, both TTX and grayanotoxin, which keeps Na' channels in...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=grayanotoxin&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (1069 words)

	Protection Against Digitalis Toxicity
		reported that PHT (30-50 µM) inhibited both chronotropic and inotropic effects of grayanotoxin, and chronotropic effects of G-strophanthin on spontaneous pacemaker activity in isolated guinea-pig right atrial preparations.
		The authors conclude that PHT reduced grayanotoxin and G-strophanthin induced sodium influx.
		Takeya, K., Hotta, Y., Yajima, M., Effect of phenytoin on the positive inotropic actions of grayanotoxin-I and C-strophanthin in the isolated guinea pig atria under contraction-frequency change, J.
	www.remarkablemedicine.com /Clinical/basicmechanisms/cardiovascular/protection.html (924 words)

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