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	Grazing on Public Lands - Conservation Policies - Sierra Club
		The primary goal of this Sierra Club federal public lands grazing policy is to protect and restore native biodiversity and achieve functional and self-sustaining ecosystems.
		Recognizing that changes to grazing policy will likely take a number of years to accomplish and that some areas of the public lands are more imminently threatened by destructive grazing practices than others, the Sierra Club has prioritized our efforts.
		Grazing is causing degradation of habitat necessary for threatened, endangered or sensitive native plant and animal species.
	www.sierraclub.org /policy/conservation/grazing.asp (891 words)

	Grazing-Pros-Con
		On the other hand, ranchers defend their right to continue to graze federal lands on the basis of national meat demands, priority of use, moral principle, and the personal hardship that would result from the reduction or elimination of grazing.
		Grazing is a form of profit for the rancher, but if the land is ruined then it can no longer be used in the future and the rancher will lose profits.
		One view is that grazing on federally owned land is defeating the purpose of setting aside land to be preserved from the harmful effects of human development.
	www.cnr.uidaho.edu /range456/hot-topics/Grazing-Pros-Cons.htm (1983 words)

	Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative
		The Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative's (GLCI) mission is to provide high quality technical assistance on privately owned grazing lands on a voluntary basis and to increase the awareness of the importance of grazing land resources.
		Established in 1991, GLCI is carried out through coalitions of individuals and organizations functioning at the local, state, regional and national levels.
		The coalitions include livestock producer organizations, scientific and professional grazing resource organizations, conservation and environmental groups, and state and federal natural resource and agriculture agencies..
	www.glci.org (82 words)

	Chapter 9 - Social and Economic Influences on Grazing Management
		Species and classes of grazing animals also affect a rancher's ability to meet financial goals because annual profits may be enhanced by selecting a species or class of grazing animal that can most efficiently utilize the particular forage available (Chapter 2).
		Moreover, implementation of a grazing system generally involves certain time constraints because the primary justification for the establishment of all grazing systems is related to their effect on range condition.
		The ecological aspects of a grazed ecosystem are functionally constant regardless of the socio-cultural aspects of the human population interacting with it.
	cnrit.tamu.edu /rlem/textbook/Chapter9.htm (4329 words)

	Avian responses to late-season grazing in a shrub-willow floodplain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Grazing by cattle is the most universal use of floodplain vegetation in western North America.
		This effect appeared to reflect the pre-1969 history of excessive grazing on one grazed pasture, however, and densities of Willow Flycatchers and Lincoln's Sparrows approximated those on the ungrazed pastures by the tenth year of study.
		Avian responses to late-season grazing in a shrub-willow floodplain.
	www.mesc.usgs.gov /products/publications/3539/3539.asp (459 words)

	Grazing Fees
		Grazing fees are necessary to the proper management of public, permitted lands for several reasons.
		If this is not done the cost of grazing on public lands may be much higher than on the private, making grazing far more costly for those ranchers who are forced through lack of their own land or huge numbers of cattle to use public lands.
		The FVI is an average of the cost of grazing animals privately, on a per head basis, and is weighted to reduce the error in the estimation.
	www.cnr.uidaho.edu /range456/hot-topics/grazing-fees.htm (2214 words)

	ID-97: Grazing Alfalfa
		Liveweight gains per acre are quite high for grazing beef cattle, with total season gains 500 to 800 lb/acre in research trials and on-farm demonstrations.
		General recommendations are to graze a paddock for one week and allow 4 to 6 weeks for plants to recover before grazing again.
		Grazing during Sept. 15 to Nov. 1 should ensure that at least 8 inches of growth remains when animals are moved.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/id/id97/id97.htm (2346 words)

	Grazing Management Systems for Optimum Pasture Utilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus, with this and other range conservation-production objectives in mind, various grazing systems (continuous seasonal; continuous year-long; deferred-rest rotation with multi-paddocks and multi-herds; and high intensity rotational grazing with multi-paddocks and a single herd) have been postulated, researched, and demonstrated to be viable alternatives for accumulating biomass, distributing grazing, and enhancing range and livestock production.
		A final conclusion was that a system of rapid rotation such as daily strip grazing may be necessary to increase gain per acre; however, this approach may be profitable only for pastures which are capable of producing an adequate quantity of highly nutritious forage.
		After sufficient time for selective grazing (1 day to several days), then the "first grazers" are moved to a new pasture and a second set of grazers fill that pasture recently vacated by the young cattle (first grazers) (15).
	www.animal.ufl.edu /extension/beef/documents/SHORT93/ROUGUET2.HTM (2808 words)

	Controlled Grazing
		Grazing and rest periods, height of grazing, stocking rate, and herbage allowance are some of the other important variables of a controlled grazing system.
		Grazing periods that are longer than one week deplete the supply of palatable legumes and grasses as livestock actively seek these forages.
		The height to which forage is grazed determines the amount of leaf area left for regrowth and, consequently, the rate of regrowth.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /crp/GRAZING.htm (1722 words)

	McCurtain County Cattle Grazing Draft Topic Paper
		Cattle grazing is a traditional use of the acquired lands that developed over many years when the lands were in private ownership.
		Cattle grazing has long been recognized as one of the important multiple uses of national forest land when managed in a way that ensures protection of ecological values.
		While grazing is allowed in most all management areas under current Forest Plan direction, any lands allocated to MA 6 (Threatened and Endangered or Sensitive Species Habitat), MA 9 (Water and Riparian Areas), or MA 20 (Wild and Scenic Rivers) will have more restrictive grazing requirements.
	www.fs.fed.us /oonf/mccurtain/rnge.htm (634 words)

	Principles of Grazing Management
		Intensity of grazing is how much forage stubble or leaf area is left on the plant at the end of the grazing activity.
		On a practical bases 7 day usually reduces grazing of regrowth to a level where it is not readily noticed.
		As grazing continues less forage is available, less feed can be taken in a bite, and the forage digestibility and protein content decreases.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /~forage/5710.htm (919 words)

	USDA, Farm Service Agency - Disaster Assistance - Emergency Haying and Grazing Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Haying and grazing of CRP acreage is authorized under certain conditions to improve the quality and performance of the CRP cover or to provide emergency relief to livestock producers due to certain natural disasters.
		Emergency haying and grazing of CRP acreage may be authorized to provide relief to livestock producers in areas affected by a severe drought or similar natural disaster.
		Emergency haying or grazing is limited to the acreage physically located within the boundary of the eligible county or portion of a county.
	disaster.fsa.usda.gov /emhaygrz.htm (1006 words)

	Simulated Grazing Effects on Triticale Forage Yield
		Trials simulating grazing were initiated in the intermountain area of northern California to evaluate the effect of plant stage at initiation of grazing, grazing frequency, and interval between grazing on the amount of forage available for grazing, the yield of the subsequent regrowth, and total combined forage production.
		The effect of simulated spring grazing on (i) the amount of forage for grazing, (ii) subsequent forage regrowth harvested at the flower stage and (iii) the total combined forage was evaluated.
		Grazing at the boot stage occurs much later in the calendar year and may be less beneficial to producers because it may coincide with the grazing of other forage species not considered in this study, eliminating early-spring grazing and contributing to an even greater surplus of late-spring forage.
	www.plantmanagementnetwork.org /pub/fg/research/2005/triticale (2629 words)

	Effects of Grazing Management on Prairie Grouse Habitat
		The effects of grazing on grassland plants depend on season of use, phenological stage of growth, intensity of grazing, and duration of grazed and ungrazed periods.
		Effects of grazing were analyzed by comparing the changes from year to year on the treatments and the ungrazed control plots on a per pasture basis.
		The prairie grouse populations increased during the periods that the grazing management was with systems that used multiple grazing periods in several of the pastures in an allotment.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /dickinso/grassland/1009e.htm (1722 words)

	Multispecies Grazing
		Therefore, grazing cattle, sheep, and goats together on a diverse pasture should result in all types of plants being eaten, thus controlling weeds and brush, while yielding more pounds of gain per acre compared to single-species grazing.
		If the sheep are grazed for a few days, then moved to a fresh pasture and the next species put on the first pasture, you may get the benefits to your pasture and avoid these problems.
		For example, lamb gains are improved under multispecies grazing systems, while calf gains are not affected (5) or are reduced (14) or are improved (4).
	www.attra.org /attra-pub/multispecies.html (2093 words)

	Determining Grazing Readiness for Native and Tame Pastures
		Starting grazing too early reduces plant leaf area for photosynthesis that is needed to replace carbohydrates depleted over winter and during greenup.
		We recommend that grazing readiness be based on the development stage of the most common or key grass species in the pasture or range.
		The recommended growth stage for beginning grazing on both tame and native pastures is the 3 and 3.5 leaf stage, respectively, which coincides with Haun stages 3 and 3.5, respectively, (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/hay/r1061w.htm (1979 words)

	Creep Grazing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Creep grazing is a pasture management system that allows the farmer to extend this period of maximum performance by feeding the most nutritious forage to the lambs and calves which have high nutritional requirements.
		Areas to be creep grazed must be fenced to restrict large animals and have creep panels constructed in the fence or gateway that allows small animals to enter the area through openings in the creep panel.
		An ideal physical arrangement for creep grazing is when the creep area is adjacent to and separated by a common fence from the regular pasture.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /~forage/5726.htm (499 words)

	Rotational Grazing - Get in the Ballgame
		At green up (or regrowth after grazing), forages are in phase I. At this stage the plants are relatively high in protein and digestibility, and are very palatable to livestock.
		With rotational grazing, plants are allowed to recover from grazing and can be managed to be in, or close to, phase II when you turn your livestock in to a new pasture.
		With continuous grazing, spot grazing is more apparent, which lengthens the recovery period of the forage.
	www.noble.org /Ag/Forage/RotationalGraze (642 words)

	Grazing Menu
		A tribute to the late controversial grazing advocate by Ruth Tonachel.
		Gear Up For Grazing -- This series of articles originally published in the New York Pasture Association Newsletter provides timely tips on forage and stock management, ration balancing, laneways, weed control and more.
		Anyone with more than a casual interest in management- intensive grazing should subscribe to the graze-l listerv for the excellent advice offered by some of the world's best graziers and grazing specialists.
	www.ibiblio.org /farming-connection/grazing/home.htm (756 words)

	Number and Size of Paddocks in a Grazing System
		When grazing is managed carefully, increasing the number of paddocks can increase the grazable forage yield per acre and animal production per acre.
		The number of paddocks in a grazing system depends on the regrowth or "rest" interval provided the pasture and the number of days the livestock are allowed to stay on the paddock.
		The number of paddocks needed in a grazing system is equal to the number of days that a paddock will be rested, divided by the number of days it will be grazed, plus one paddock for the animals to be grazing while the other paddocks are resting.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /~forage/5718.htm (798 words)

	Knee Deep in Grass
		The optimism shown by an increasing number of Minnesota dairy farmers who are grazing their herds indicates that, for some, the outlook for the state's dairy industry is good.
		The optimism shown by an increasing number of dairy farmers who are grazing their herds indicates that, for some, the future of the dairy industry is not as dismal as the recent milk production and farm numbers might imply.
		Land used for grazing represents 1,036,354 acres (approximately 5%) of the 21,387,063 acres of Minnesota cropland, 813,816 acres of woodland pasture and 972,776 acres of pasture and rangeland not classified as crop or woodland pasture (Census of Agriculture 1992).
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/livestocksystems/DI6693.html (1921 words)

	Influence of Gliricidia sepium restricted grazing on live weight gain of growing cattle in star grass pastures
		The LW gain increments of 100-110 g/day obtained with restricted gliricidia grazing are similar to the responses obtained with 0.5 kg/day of a concentrate supplement.
		The LW gains recorded when animals grazed star grass alone (0.42 and 0.21 kg/day in Experiments 1 and 2) were within the range of values obtained with cultivated pastures in the tropics (Stobbs 1976).
		The restricted daily grazing of Gliricidia sepium is a simple and economical management practice, and the results obtained in these trials have shown that moderate LW gain increases could be obtained with animals grazing cultivated tropical grasses.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd8/4/comb84.htm (1954 words)

	Intensive Grazing Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The study is part of a larger rotational grazing project conducted jointly with farmers and non-profit groups from Wisconsin and Minnesota and University of Minnesota scientists.
		Dairy farmers who practice rotational grazing report that the system helps lower feed and machinery costs, improves animal health, leads to higher forage quality, and increases flexibility of time and labor during the grazing season.
		The term "Intensive Grazing" is meant to describe livestock and grass management practices that focus on increased levels of manager involvement.
	www.bright.net /~fwo/sub08.html (1400 words)

	GRAZING FEES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Grazing fees are established annually by the Secretary.
		Regulations governing grazing fees are found in 43 CFR 4130.8-1 Payment of fees.
		- an authorization that permits the grazing of livestock on public lands outside of the grazing district during a specified period of time (Section 15 of the Taylor Grazing Act).
	www.blm.gov /utah/resources/grazing/grazing_fees.htm (121 words)

	Livestock grazing study finds moderate grazing beneficial to Great Basin plant communities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The study, called “Vegetation change after 65 years of grazing and grazing exclusion,” found that there are few differences among plant populations on grazed and un-grazed lands.
		In order to compare grazed rangelands with rangelands that had been un-grazed, 28 exclosure sites—four-acre parcels enclosed by barbed wire to keep out livestock—were built at that time.
		To determine what effects the grazing of large ungulates—cattle and sheep, for example—have had on such things as the amount and variety of vegetation, the research team conducted in 2001 to 2002 a meticulous examination of the ecologies both inside and outside the exclosures.
	www.cabnr.unr.edu /cabnr/newsletter/FullStory.asp?StoryID=295 (579 words)

	ID-74: Planning Fencing Systems for Intensive Grazing Management
		A system of controlled grazing will give pasture plants time to resupply their storehouses and rebuild their "factories." In short-duration grazing the pasture is fenced into many sub-pastures, each grazed for a short period and then given adequate rest periods for regrowth.
		Class VI land may also be intensively grazed if managed in a proper rotation and if erosion is held in check.
		The recommended fence type for rotational grazing fencing systems is a combination of permanent electric high tensile fence and portable electric polyethylene and steel braided fence.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/id/id74/id74.htm (3366 words)

	Grazing
		One year an area is grazed in spring and rested in summer; the next year, the opposite.
		The BLM corrected some of the worst grazing abuses, but it was hampered by a confused legal authority and the lack of a multiple-use philosophy.
		BLM grazing plans and multiple-use plans, mandated by FLPMA and court decisions, were deeply flawed--and their implementation sidetracked by rancher resistance.
	www.hikeidaho.com /desertbk/bukintro/digraz/digraz1.html (2871 words)

	FEEDING TODDLERS: 17 TIPS FOR PLEASING THE PICKY EATER
		Grazing minimizes blood-sugar swings and lessens the resulting undesirable behavior.
		Young children think that immersing foods in a tasty dip is pure fun (and delightfully messy).
		Let your child nibble, or graze, on nutritious foods throughout the day.
	www.askdrsears.com /html/3/T030800.asp (2071 words)

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