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Topic: Great American Interchange

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South America

	Great American Interchange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great American Interchange was a very important paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater animal faunas migrated from Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the continents.
		The North American fauna was a pretty typical boreoeutherian one.
		The presence of armadillos and opossums in the United States is explained by the Great American Interchange.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_American_Interchange (618 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Great American Interchange (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The most famous is the Great American Interchange, which occurred when the modern Isthmus of Panama rose out of the sea and the South and North American continents reconnected.
		The Great American Interchange is one of the most dramatic case studies in historical biogeography.
		That the events of the Interchange were at least partly due to competition is very plausible: but to demonstrate it is a taller task.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Great_American_Interchange.asp (160 words)

	Interchange-Connect with God, Connect with People
		INTERCHANGE Christian Ministry is a campus ministry on the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology in Calgary, AB.
		INTERCHANGE exists to help students hear and respond to the good news of Jesus Christ in order to experience this in their own lives.
		Josh is a graduate of the University of Louisiana in Lafayette and New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary.
	www.interchangeministry.com (356 words)

	THE SEA & ZOOGEOGRAPHY:2
		This widening became significant during the mid to late Cretaceaous (110-90mya) and the effects of this continental isolation are evident in the arrays of dinosaurs from different parts of the world at these times.
		Of course, this great diversity of dinosaurs became extinct around 70mya, leaving the world for mammals and birds to fill the ecological vacuum.
		As the glacial period drew to a close, the glaciers retreated and the sea-level began to rise.
	publish.uwo.ca /~handford/zoog2.html (3306 words)

	Timeline for North America Great Story Beads
		Great Story Beads are used to symbolize the entire 14 billion year story of cosmos, Earth, life, and humanity.
		This "Great American Interchange" ultimately results in the extinction (fl bead) of many large South American mammals, brought down either by disease or competition with the new immigrants from the North.
		The American pronghorn today still runs 25 mph faster than a wolf because evolution equipped it to escape from cheetahs, and it has not yet "devolved" to a slower speed.
	www.thegreatstory.org /timeline-NA.html (2461 words)

	gafi.html
		Back in the Age of Dinosaurs (by which time the bird and mammal lineages had originated), the land that was to become North America split off from the great southern continent of Gondwanaland, and then 90 million years ago (well before the extinction of the dinosaurs), the island continent of South America separated from Antarctica.
		The great bulk of the information about GAFI comes from the study of mammals, since they have an excellent fossil record.
		This invasion and diversification experiment has had diverse results: most mammals moved and diversified from a north-to-south movement, while in the other vertebrates it seems that most of the effect has been in the reverse direction.
	instruct.uwo.ca /biology/320y/gafi.html (1219 words)

	Palaeos Cenozoic: Pliocene: The Piacenzian Age
		Faunal changes in Americas were marked by the Great American Interchange related to the formation of the interamerican land bridge.
		The land bridge allowed the South American armadillo, porcupine, opossum, and ground sloths to colonize the north, as well as the unique South American notoungulates.
		Many of the extinctions originally attributed to the Interchange, particularly the unique endemic South American ungulates, occurred either earlier, in the Late Miocene, or later, in the Pleistocene.
	www.palaeos.com /Cenozoic/Pliocene/Piacenzian.html (660 words)

	Biogeography
		An example of the interplay between continental drift and dispersal: the Great American Interchange
		Biotic interchange occurs when two previously separate faunas come into contact, often resulting in enormous changes in biodiversity: e.g., 3 MYA when the isthmus of Panama arose, connecting N. and S. America
		American species may have lived a more "competitive" life in a larger continent with more species; the "arms race" may have progressed further in the North (?)
	www.nyu.edu /projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/biogeography.html (902 words)

	Paleobiogeography
		In Cretaceous times the South American mammals and dinosaurs included unique forms that may belong to primitive Jurassic groups that had become extinct everywhere else but continued to evolve in South America: the giant dinosaur Megaraptor is one example.
		The large, native marsupial carnivores and most of the phorusrhacids seem to have been outcompeted by the cats and dogs from the North, and the remaining savanna browsers and grazers were almost all wiped out, perhaps outcompeted by the northern horses and camels, perhaps hunted out by the new predators.
		The geographical changes that had permitted the interchange also changed the climate of the Atlantic Ocean, and this in turn caused drastic changes in the land ecology of North and South America as the northern ice ages began in earnest around 2.5 Ma.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL107/paleobiogeography.html (3459 words)

	Pony Express 3.2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		South American pouched marsupials occupied the carnivorous niches of their northern hemisphere placental counterparts, the former perhaps most strikingly exemplified by the Miocene saber-toothed possum Thalacosmilus, which was only a very distant mammalian relative of the familiar Pleistocene saber-toothed cat Smilodon from North America.
		During the late Oligocene some 30 million years ago, this isolation of South American mammals was disrupted by the immigration of two major groups of mammals, the monkeys and rodents.
		Thereafter, we visited some fossil wood localities and the classic "Grand Barranca" (=great cliffs), a series of extensive exposures that span some 40 million years; this is one of the classic localities for fossil mammals in the entire world.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /natsci/vertpaleo/pony3_2/PE32.HTM (2455 words)

	YOURCOUNTRIES.com: South America
		In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two great maritime powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agreed that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries.
		The Spaniards were committed to converting their American subjects to Christianity, and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end.
		These and the original Americans were often forced to pay unfair taxes to the Spanish government and were punished harshly for disobeying their laws.
	www.yourcountries.com /sAmerica.html (1863 words)

	Community Comment - InterChange June 2006 - Transaction Advisory Services
		China’s medical devices sector is thriving, and American admirers are in pursuit.
		InterChange is a bi-monthly publication from the Transaction Advisory Services practice of Ernst & Young.
		Read more about this and past issues of InterChange, or view additional articles in this issue using the headlines on the left.
	www.ey.com /global/content.nsf/US/InterChange_5-06_-_Community_Comment (549 words)

	Sigmodontinae
		Molecular systematics and paleobiogeography of the South American sigmodontine rodents.
		Reig, O. A new fossil genus of South American cricetid rodents allied to Wiedomys, with an assessment of the Sigmodontinae.
		The diversification of South American murid rodents: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence data for the akodontine tribe.
	tolweb.org /Sigmodontinae (1815 words)

	Jack Richards Interview about New Interchange
		New Interchange is the second edition of Interchange, one of the world's most successful English courses for adult and young adult learners at the beginning to intermediate levels.
		New Interchange together with Passages thus provides a six-level series that takes students from beginning level to high intermediate.
		When they start studying with New Interchange they find that their confidence develops and they soon see progress in their English.
	www.professorjackrichards.com /pages/interview-content-interchange.htm (590 words)

	SDNHM Fossil Mysteries: Geologic Timeline (printable version)
		This epoch is best known as the "Great Ice Age." Ice sheets and other glaciers encroach and retreat during four or five primary glacial periods.
		Lakes, such as the Great Lakes in North America, are formed as ice sheets melt, and retreat.
		The North American, European, and Asian land masses are situated on or near the equator.
	www.sdnhm.org /exhibits/mystery/fg_timeline_print.html (1748 words)

	Mapping Biodiversity in Central America
		The rising of the isthmus led to the Great American Interchange - a mass migration of animals and plants between the tropics and the temperate latitudes (Bussing, 1985).
		Systematics and evolution of lower Central American cichlids inferred from analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences.
		Stehli, F.G. and Webb, S.D. The Great American Biotic Interchange.
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap267/p267.htm (3422 words)

	[No title]
		Some North American mammals that moved south include the horse, pig, camel, deer, shrew, rabbit, squirrel, mouse, dog, bear, racoon, weasel and cat.
		Some have suggested that the differential success of the North American mammals was a consequence of their aggressiveness which led to a competitive advantage.
		Another theory emphasizes that the formation of the Andes combined with glaciation and global cooling put pressure on the South American species and this gave an advantage to the North American species which were already adapted to the cooler climate.
	geography.berkeley.edu /ProgramCourses/CoursePagesFA2004/geog148/Lectures/Lecture19.html (664 words)

	invasive species
		Euphorbia esula (Leafy Spurge) is a plant that rapidly covers huge areas of rangeland in the American west, doing damage to both livestock and wild fauna, because it does not offer nutritious food to herbivores.
		They are believed to have been transported to the Great Lakes via ballast water from a trans-oceanic vessel.
		The American cordgrass was introduced in England, either in ballast water or intentionally, to better control erosion in coastal waters, and hybridized with a local species; the hybrids were sterile, however.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /ees123/invasive_species.htm (1658 words)

	Desert Diary, 3 March 2003--Land Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The previously separate continents of North and South America became joined by a land bridge, both separating the Pacific Ocean from the Caribbean and allowing a dry-land passage between the continents for land animals.
		Thus began what often is known as the Great American Interchange.
		Sketch of the North American extinct camel, Camelops hesternus.
	museum.utep.edu /archive/biology/DDlandbridge.htm (257 words)

	Great Story Beads
		GREAT STORY BEADS are a symbolic representation of the 13 billion year epic of Cosmos, Earth, Life, and Humanity, told as a sacred story that embraces all other sacred stories (including our own personal journeys).
		Great Story beads might also be created for significant rites of passage in life — notably, the passage into adulthood: teenagers would create their own strands of beads for those moments in the cosmic, Earth, life, human, and their own stories that are most meaningful to them, that would guide their journey into adulthood.
		Connie is in awe of this book, and has used it as the scientific grounding for a slide show presentation on the North American story that she created.
	www.thegreatstory.org /great_story_beads.html (3367 words)

	Extinction and Conservation
		It was introduced to the Great Lakes from the Caspian Sea, probably in the ballast water from a cargo ship, sometime around 1985.
		European immigrants probably introduced the honeybee to North America in the nineteenth century (Native Americans called it "white man's fly".) It is a very effective competitor, and tends to displace native bee species.
		The overuse of insecticides, and widespread destruction of habitat, have decimated North American bee populations, both native and non-native.
	www.uic.edu /classes/bios/bios101/extinkt.htm (1923 words)

	RELEVANCE OF THE LATE TERTIARY MAMALIAN FAUNAS IN CENTRAL MÉXICO, AND THE GREAT AMERICAN BIOTIC INTERCHANGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although many researchers have studied and discussed the method and timing of the formation of the Panamanian land bridge and the resultant great American biotic interchange, significant omissions has been made related with the discoveries of South American immigrants in the late Tertiary mammalian faunas in central Mexico.
		The classical view is the first South American animals to walk across the Panamanian land bridge began this dispersal about 2.5 to 3.1 ma.
		The earliest record of a potential South American immigrant is Megalonyx It has been identified from four Hemphillian localities in central Mexico.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003CD/finalprogram/abstract_52136.htm (500 words)

	Expeditions @ Field Museum - Mueller - About the Expedition
		This major migration is termed the “Great American Interchange.” The plants and animals involved in the Interchange are well documented.
		We can assume this because the species that we have collected either show a range from Eastern North America through Costa Rica, or are a new species that have their closest relative found in Eastern North America.
		Many of the decomposer species appear to be either of South American or North American origin.
	www.fieldmuseum.org /expeditions/greg_expedition/about4.html (261 words)

	Nabokov, Scientist - Vladimir Nabokov Natural History - Find Articles
		One year into his American life, he fulfilled this dream on the rim of the Grand Canyon, with the butterfly he named Neonympha dorothea.
		This laid the groundwork for later research on the origin of the plants and animals of South America's colder regions--the higher reaches of the Andes Mountains and the southern reaches of Patagonia--whose plants and animals differ dramatically from their counterparts in the tropical lowlands.
		The traditional view, persistent since the time of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, was that the Andean and Patagonian plants and animals had migrated from North America in a colder era, during an event called the Great American Interchange.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_6_108/ai_55127882 (883 words)

	The Thylacine Museum - Introducing the Thylacine: About Australia and the Marsupials (page 3)
		A well known example occurred after the Great American Interchange, a significant paleozoogeographic event which took place in the Pliocene Epoch, some three million years ago.
		The thylacine certainly represents a tragic example of this, where its decline in Tasmania was caused by persecution from a placental (humans).
		At least some marsupials have proven however, that they are able to thrive despite even long-term competition with placentals, as many species of South American opossums are flourishing to this day.
	www.naturalworlds.org /thylacine/introducing/about_marsupials_3.htm (868 words)

	FKB's Research
		My postdoctoral studies in collaboration with George Barrowclough and Jeff Groth at the American Museum have revealed strongly-supported phylogenetic structuring within passerines using nuclear DNA sequence characters.
		In collaboration with Joel Cracraft (also at the American Museum) and others, I have also examinined the temporal signal in our molecular data in order to test for congruence between the timing and spatial patterning of passerine diversification, in the context of geological reconstructions of the end-stage Gondwanan breakup.
		The Great American Interchange (GAI) refers to the massive interchange of northern and southern biotas which occurred upon closure of the Panamanian Isthmus some 3.5-2.5 Ma.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~barke042/Research.php (1953 words)

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