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	Great Black Swamp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Black Swamp, or simply Black Swamp, was a glacially-caused wetland in northwest Ohio, extending into extreme northeastern Indiana, that existed from the end of the Wisconsin glaciation until the late 19th century.
		In the 1850s an organized attempt to drain the swamp for agricultural use and ease of travel began which lasted for 40 years, and the area was largely settled over the next three decades.
		The Black Swamp Conservancy is an organization dedicated to preservation of the swamp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Black_Swamp (593 words)

	Welcome to Historic Perrysburg
		It was the Great Black Swamp, an oozing mass of water, mud, snakes, wolves, wildcats, biting flies, and clouds of gnats and mosquitoes.
		Much of the swamp was covered with an almost impenetrable forest of giant oak, sycamore, hickory, walnut, ash, elm, maple and cottonwood trees, except in a few prairie areas where limestone just under the surface would not support timber growth.
		The Black Swamp was Ohio's last frontier, and beginning in the 1840s, it took several generations of determined farmers to drain it and make it the rich, flat farmland of today.
	www.historicperrysburg.org /history/swamp.htm (753 words)

	Swamp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In RL, the Great Black Swamp was so abominable, that no human--not even the Native Americans who had lived in the area for thousands of years--dared to enter it until the late 1800s, when the swamp was drained and converted into farmland.
		By the time the harracks arrive in the swamp, however, the not-a-coons are already gorging themselves on swamp-chestnuts, leaving the hellrats to dine on a carnivore's fare.
		The Great Black Swamp is a densly-packed web of life, as rich, in its way, as a coral reef, with thousands of species churning through their lives, redistributing energy up a vast pyramid of life.
	www.bowdoin.edu /~dbensen/Spec/Swamp.html (2154 words)

	Historical background of Ottawa NWR and the Great Black Swamp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The earliest settlers called the area the Great Black Swamp, because the area consisted of a thick tangle of swampy forests and expansive wetlands of thick brush and/or tall marsh grasses and tules.
		Soon, "progress" prevailed, a large logging industry was developed for the oak timber and in time, the formidable Black Swamp cleared, then drained and farmers and farm fields replaced the Indians and forests; eagles and panthers were replaced with flbirds.
		The foreboding marshes and timbered wetlands of the Great Black Swamp were reduced from 300,000 acres to 15,000 acres.
	www.fws.gov /midwest/ottawa/history.html (507 words)

	Description of Great Swamp WMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Great Swamp Management Area is located within the towns of South Kingstown and Richmond, RI.
		Great Swamp borders the entire northern end of Worden Pond, controlling over 2 miles of pristine shoreline habitat.
		Great Swamp is an excellent area for bird watching, particularly during spring migration in May.
	newportvisions.com /home/grtswamp.html (520 words)

	WBGU-PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Black Swamp area referred to is a 120-by-40 mile strip of land running down the Maumee River which, at one time, was so murky and mosquito infested that it was questionable whether it would ever be inhabitable by humans.
		The Black Swamp made northwest Ohio an undesirable land and, consequently, it was settled very late (1850-1900) and then settlement was unusually difficult.
		The Story of The Great Black Swamp received two OEBIE awards in 1983 in both the Educational Service and the Community Service categories.
	wbgu.org /community/documentary/GBS.html (315 words)

	Great Swamp Watershed Association - Black Brook
		Its northwestern and southwestern borders are located in the very low-lying, level areas of the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge and are hardly noticeable.
		Black Brook has numerous tributaries, thus making it difficult to pinpoint its actual “beginning,” but it does have five identifiable tributaries outside the Refuge (see map).
		The fifth tributary runs parallel to the west of Fairmount Avenue on the eastern edge of the Great Swamp watershed.
	www.greatswamp.org /BlackBrook.htm (604 words)

	Lake Erie Coastal Ohio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Great Black Swamp -- a wet, soggy and dark swampland -- once stretched throughout most of the northwest part of the state.
		Nearly half a million acres, the Great Black Swamp was not a friendly place, but one with swamp forests, soggy soil, and huge trees casting dark shadows.
		Among the first settlers within the Great Black Swamp was a group of Amish-Mennonite people who settled near Archbold in 1834.
	www.coastalohio.com /site.asp?id=34 (343 words)

	The Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge in New Jersey
		Lying 200 feet above the surrounding terrain, the remnants of the glacial Lake Passaic are sometimes referred to as the great swamp in the sky.
		Swamps have long been recognized for their ability to accumulate water quickly and disperse it slowly.
		Three years later, nomination of the Great Swamp as location for a 10,000 acre jetport unleashed a deluge of public fury.
	www.njskylands.com /odswamp.htm (880 words)

	Great Black Swamp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In his hushed voice he pointed out the majestic great egret as it marched through the swamp in search of tasty frogs, the wood stork, fl vultures, blue...
		The Great Black Swamp or Black Swamp was a glacial swamp in Ohio and Indiana that was drained in the 1800s and is now fertile farm land.
		Its historical boundaries lie primarily within the watershed of the Maumee River and stretched roughly from New Haven, Indiana in the west to near Sandusky, Ohio to the east.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/g/gr/great_black_swamp.html (122 words)

	Great Lakes Ohio Recreation
		This is especially the case for Lake Erie—the shallowest of the Great Lakes.
		The loss of winter ice may be a mixed blessing for fish, reducing winterkill from oxygen deficits in shallow lakes but also jeopardizing reproduction of whitefish in the Great Lakes bays, where ice cover protects the eggs from winter storm disturbance.
		Ohio's Great Black Swamp, once about the size of Connecticut, has been reduced to 5% of it's original area.
	www.ucsusa.org /greatlakes/glregionohi_rec.html (543 words)

	Lake Erie Coastal Ohio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Settlers reported muddy water as "high as a horse," and mosquitoes and other marsh inhabitants kept settlers away until the swamp was drained beginning in 1840.
		Stretching from Fort Wayne to Lake Erie and enveloping an area more than 1,500 square miles, the Great Black Swamp formed upon the bottom of Lake Maumee, an ancient predecessor of Lake Erie and a fingerprint of the glaciers.
		Beginning in 1859, the swamp was drained by using a system of ditches bordered by clay tiles, dug from the swamp itself.
	www.coastalohio.com /site.asp?id=11 (383 words)

	Black Swamp Players
		For all the tambourines, castanets, and snares, on behalf of Bizet, Berlioz, and Britten, bravo Black Swamp!"
		The Chromium and Bronze tambourine has become one of my favorite tambourines, and the unique castanet handle system is a great innovation that opens a whole new realm of possibilities for the performer.
		"Black Swamp tambourines, triangles, and castanets are by far the finest that I have ever heard.
	www.blackswamp.com /players/playerpage.html (271 words)

	Ohio Wetlands
		The Great Black Swamp, which was once 120 miles in length and an average of 40 miles in width (about the size of Connecticut).
		For example, only 5 percent of the original Great Black Swamp remains.
		With the notable exceptions of a few large tracts of marsh and swamp in Ottawa, Sandusky, Lucas, Ashtabula, Geauga and Trumbell Counties, most of Ohio's remaining wetlands are scattered wooded tracts.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /dnap/wetlands/history.htm (314 words)

	[No title]
		The "bridge" across the Great Black Swamp was the "worst" road in the United States and had it beginnings in 1794.
		Thus, on paper a road across the Black Swamp was established.
		Culverts were dug to allow the passage of water through in its natural drainage flow from south to north into the great lake.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/ne/state/BillsArticles/BlackSwamp/bs20020113.htm (682 words)

	Smart Stuff with Twig Walkingstick: Great Black Swamp (for the Week of March 9, 2003)
		That was the Great Black Swamp, a wet, wild wilderness that used to be in northwest Ohio.
		It oozed, sprawled and steamed from Toledo to Findlay, Sandusky to Fort Wayne, Indiana.
		The swamp cleaned mud from the Maumee River, Lake Erie's second-biggest tributary.
	www.ag.ohio-state.edu /~news/story.php?id=2423 (331 words)

	Ohio Wetlands
		The Great Lakes Basin watershed once was dominated by a variety of wetland ecosystems.
		The ‘Great Black Swamp’ was once dominated NW Ohio.
		Intense logging between 1860 –1885 occurred in the Black Swamp region of NW Ohio to supply the growing demand of rich agricultural lands, industry, and transportation (Lafferty).
	www.wetlands.utoledo.edu /Pages/Ohiowet.html (1121 words)

	Swamp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A mire (or quagmire) is a low-lying wetland of deep, soft soil or mud that sinks underfoot.
		A common species name in biological nomenclature is the Latin palustris, meaning "of the swamp".
		A swamp appears in the coat of arms of Gesturi, Italy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Swamp (399 words)

	OHIO
		The refuge includes part of the once-extensive, heavily wooded Great Black Swamp, expanses of coastal marshland, and small areas of hardwood forest, scrub/shrub habitat, grassland, and cultivated cropland.
		Soon, "progress" prevailed: the formidable Black Swamp was drained; farmers and farm fields replaced Indians and forests; eagles and panthers were supplanted by the flbird.
		The Great Black Swamp was reduced from 300,000 to 15,000 acres.
	www.defenders.org /habitat/refuges/map/oh.html (1323 words)

	Swamp Rat knives, combat, knife, blade, bladeware, knives, military, tactical, survival, equipment, tool, hiking, Busse
		We are located in the heart of what once was the "Great Black Swamp".
		Armed with shovels and total resolve, the early settlers of this area tamed and drained the Great Black Swamp and now the area is known for some of the richest farmland in the United States.
		Needless to say, Swamp Rat's performance tests have certainly made Busse Combat glad to be on the same team.
	www.swampratknifeworks.com (438 words)

	Paulding County (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		White settlement of the county occurred very slowly, due to the Great Black Swamp occupying most of the land.
		During the 1830s and 1840s, completion of the Miami and Erie Canal and the Wabash and Erie Canal helped spur settlement, but still water from the Great Black Swamp and from a water reservoir for the canals covered much of the county.
		It was not until 1887 that residents were able to drain most of the Great Black Swamp and the reservoir, opening the land to farming and further settlement.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1995 (334 words)

	Black Swamp Trader&Firelands Gazette
		Why not create a publication that would cover the highways and byways of the six counties situated between what was once The Great Black Swamp to the west and The Firelands to the east, namely..
		The idea was that by grouping the stories of these communities together as mini-heritage corridors on the pages of the paper, readers would be provided with brand new places to explore, and towns large and small would enjoy a new vitality.
		The Black Swamp Trader and Firelands Gazette is published ten times per year and serves the communities of Ottawa, Erie, Lorain, Cuyahoga, Huron, Seneca, Sandusky, Wood, Hancock, Wyandot, Crawford and Richland.
	www.tradergazette.com /index.htm (564 words)

	Paulding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The principal reason for this small population was water from the Great Black Swamp and from a water reservoir for the Miami and Erie Canal and the Wabash and Erie Canal covered much of the county.
		In 1890, thanks to the draining of the reservoir and the Great Black Swamp, the county seat’s population increased to 1,879 people.
		Thanks to the fertile soil left behind by the drained swamp, Paulding County is now a thriving agricultural center.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1996 (322 words)

	Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge
		The three refuges together now protect approximately 9,000 acres of habitat and some of the last remnants of the "Great Black Swamp" in the heart of the Lake Erie marshes.
		The focus of Ottawa Refuge is to protect, enhance and restore habitat for threatened and endangered species; provide suitable nesting habitat for migratory birds; provide spring and fall migrational habitat for waterfowl and other migratory birds; and provide habitat for native resident flora and fauna.
		The 300,000-acre Great Black Swamp once covered the area that is now Ottawa Refuge.
	www.fws.gov /refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=31540 (596 words)

	THE BLACK SWAMP
		Development of this corner of Northwest Ohio was delayed nearly 100 years behind other parts of the state due to the Great Black Swamp.
		During the War of 1812, American armies traversed this area on their way to battle the British in Canada.
		Few pioneers chose to settle here in the 1820's but those heading westward to Indiana and Michigan were faced with crossing the Great Black Swamp mud road.
	users.ipfw.edu /zeppp/Nature/swamp.html (354 words)

	GOLL WOODS
		Old-growth woods reminiscent of the Great Black Swamp with 200-400 year old oak trees; excellent spring wildflowers.
		Goll Woods exemplifies the "Black Swamp" forest which once covered a vast area of the flat post-glacial lake plains southwest of Lake Erie.
		An outstanding feature of this woods is the abundance of giant bur oaks and exceptionally large white oaks, chinquapin oaks and cottonwoods.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /dnap/location/goll_woods.html (220 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia
		The Great Black Swamp, or simply Black Swamp, was a glacial swamp in Ohio and Indiana, and the region occupied what was formerly Lake Maumee (a precursor to Lake Erie).
		In the 1850s an organized attempt to drain the swamp for agricultural use and ease of travel began, and the area was largely settled over the next three decades.
		Settlement of the region was also inhibited by the presence of endemic malaria, which continued to plague residents of the region until the drainage movement of the nineteenth century.
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/Great_Black_Swamp (331 words)

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