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Topic: Great Comet of 1861

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	C/1861 J1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Comet of 1861 formally designated C/1861 J1 and 1861 II, was a comet that was visible to the naked eye for approximately 3 months.
		It was categorized as a Great Comet, one of eight in the 19th century.
		For two days, when the comet was at its closest (0.1326 AU), the Earth was actually within the comet's tail, and streams of cometary material converging towards the distant nucleus could be seen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Comet_of_1861 (262 words)

	Great comet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, any comet which becomes bright enough to be noticed by people who are not actively looking for it and becomes well known outside the astronomical community may come to be known as a great comet.
		Any comet approaching the sun to within 0.5 AU or less may have a chance of becoming a Great Comet.
		Comet Halley, for example, is usually very bright when it passes through the inner solar system every 76 years, but during its 1986 apparition, its closest approach to earth was almost the most distant possible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_comet (571 words)

	Great Comets in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The comet's head was estimated to have a magnitude of between 0 and -1.
		The comet burned with an intense, yellow light that was later identified by spectroscopes as the emission lines of sodium.
		Comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 Spotted on January 31 by Yuji Hyakatake, this comet was a 4th magnitude blur with tail by mid-March.
	www2.phys.canterbury.ac.nz /cas/comets.html (754 words)

	comets
		Comets were associated with Mars, and it was Mars that caused wars and the destruction of peoples..
		Comets usually display two types of tail: one is curved and made of dust; the other is usually straight and made of gas.
		In 1886, comet Brooke was perturbed by the gravity of Jupiter.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /~portwin/ASTRA/Astronomy/comets.html (2072 words)

	The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to Comets.
		The word comet is derived from the Greek word for 'long-haired star.' They are often called 'dirty snowballs' as they are known to be made up of ices of ammonia, hydrocarbons, water and cabon dioxide, that bind together pieces of meteoritic stone.
		Comets have been known to display enough light to actually cast shadows, especially in the case of the Great Comet of 1861 observed by Schiaparelli.
		Comets are thought to have been some of the original creations of the big bang, were thought to fill the skies of the early solar system, and because of this are deemed to be important.
	www.astro.keele.ac.uk /workx/comets/index2.html (1990 words)

	Comets
		Suggestion has been advanced that Donate's comet, which made its first appearance of record in June 1858 and attained its maximum brilliancy on October 9th, was a factor in the nativity of Theodore Roosevelt, born October 27, 1858.
		It is presumed that comets presage history-making events; but operating through individuals whose birth coincides with their appearance, their effects are so delayed as often to be overlooked.
		The great comet of 1843, which seems not to have been given a name, was apparently a Periodic Comet, with an orbit of 400 years.
	www.newagevillage.com /astrology/comets.htm (636 words)

	C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
		The comet was widely observed in the Southern Hemisphere during June.
		Emmanuel Liais (Rio de Janeiro) saw the comet on the 12th and said the nucleus equalled a star of magnitude 2 or 3, while the tail was 40° long.
		The comet was well-observed as it passed closest to Earth on June 30.
	cometography.com /lcomets/1861j1.html (1599 words)

	The Comet of 1861
		The twentieth century was almost devoid of great comets, thus disproving the notion that they are portents of war and disaster.
		Victorian cometophiles could debate the relative spectacles provided by the visitors of 1843, 1858, 1861 and 1882, while sipping the last of the 'comet wine', a famous vintage from Portugal produced while the great comet of 1811 was visible.
		The comet of 1861 was not the most spectacular of the nineteenth century (that probably being the comet of 1811) or the most beautiful, which was Donati's of 1858, but its appearance was dramatic, and it interacted with the Earth in an almost unprecedented way.
	www.phenomena.org.uk /Cometof1861.htm (933 words)

	Comet Hysteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Claudius Ptolemy wrote during the first century, "The celestial phenomena called comets [excite] wars, heated and turbulent dispositions in the atmosphere, and in the constitutions of men, with all their evil consequences." Meanwhile, a Chinese silk book from the 4th century BC cataloged 27 types of comets and told of the calamities each produced.
		Great Comet of 1665: This comet was in the skies when the Black Plague killed 90 thousand people in London.
		Considering the longest part of the comet was the tail, which was extending to a length of about 80 million miles, not one molecule of this comet was going to reach Earth.
	www.maa.agleia.de /Comet/Hale-Bopp/hbhysteria.html (1633 words)

	Canberra Astronomical Society - Southern Cross - December 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Visual comet hunters have used quite a variety of equipment in their pursuit of the elusive fuzzies, with some observers using reflectors, others refractors, and some big binoculars.
		In May 1861 while searching the western sky for comets with a small marine telescope he found what was to become the Great Comet of 1861.
		Both Hale and Bopp found their joint comet with 16-inch Newtonians, though for both of them the discovery was fortuitous, as the comet was in the field of a Messier object.
	msowww.anu.edu.au /cas/southerncross/sc_199712.html (3756 words)

	Western Wisdom Teachings
		The size of these heads varies from about 18,000 miles in diameter to that of the great comet of 1811 which was calculated to be larger in volume than the sun.
		The original orbits of comets have been, and with the great majority still are, narrow elongated ellipses with the sun at one of the foci.
		In the course of ages, however, it so happened that one or another of the comets passed near one of the great planets and was captured, as it were, by the gravitational influence of this planet.
	members.fortunecity.com /rosanista/library03/1931p090.htm (1743 words)

	Ledger-Dispatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The second detail that will be officially changed when the new monument is unveiled is that Madeira "discovered" the Great Comet of 1861.
		In more of Merriam's research, it's stated that in astronomy terms, one who "discovers" something means one who is the first to "observe and report" it, which was not the case with the comet.
		Though Madeira wrote in a journal that he told a friend, "I have discovered a huge comet!", referring to the Great Comet of 1861, other records prove that "he was not the first in the northern hemisphere, or even in California" to observe and report the comet.
	www.ledger-dispatch.com /printer/article.asp?c=176592 (676 words)

	Memorable Comets of the Past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The following comets are some of the more interesting of the past.
		As I finish each of the four volumes new comets will be added to this section.
		In addition, I will be moving some of the more interesting comets of recent years to this section as well.
	cometography.com /past_comets.html (68 words)

	comet-hale-bopp-may15-js.html
		Table 1 gives the number of weeks a comet would theoretically remain brighter than magnitude 0 (Nwks), the year and the name, as well the corresponding time interval.
		Therefore it seems that P/Halley and C/1577 V1 would be the comets with the "theoretically longest visibility and are followed by C/Hale-Bopp and some others.
		Therefore this list is restricted to comets with determined orbits, as seen from Earth (excluding observations from space).
	www.eso.org /comet-hale-bopp/comet-hale-bopp-may15-js.html (488 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		* Comet of 79: This comet appeared around the time of the eruption of Vesuvius which destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
		* Great Comet of 1665: This comet was in the skies when the Black Plague killed 90 thousand people in London.
		Osceola, chief of the Florida Seminoles, prayed to the comet and called it the "Big Knife in the Sky."Shortly thereafter the Seminoles massacred every soldier at Fort King.
	www.ropeadope.com /tinhattrio/comet03.html (171 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> 1861 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		May 13 - American Civil War: Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.
		May 13 - Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") discovered in Australia.
		August 5 - American Civil War: In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/1861 (1660 words)

	Telescopes and Observatories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The observation of the predicted return of Encke's comet on 2 June 1822 was the first significant achievement of the observatory.
		Tebbutt's discovery of the Great Comet of 1861 brought him to international attention.
		He observed what was to become the most spectacular comet of the 19th century nearly a month before it was detected by any other astronomer.
	www.usyd.edu.au /su/macleay/jhTelescopes.htm (1199 words)

	Tebbutt, Comet (C/1861 J1)
		A long-period comet discovered on May 13, 1861 by Australian amateur astronomer John Tebbutt (1834-1916) and also known as the Great Comet of 1861.
		It reached perihelion on Jun. 12 and was 0.13 AU from Earth on Jun. 30 when our planet passed through its tail.
		At its brightest, Comet Tebbutt was said to have outshone every star and planet except for Venus and to have had a tail 100° long stretching right across the north polar region of the sky.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/Tebbutt.html (161 words)

	History of the Great Lakes. Volume I : 1861-1870
		About the beginning of May, 1861, she was purchased by J. Wright, of New York, from the Bank of Upper Canada, for $36,000.
		She was not provided with boats, and was in command of Capt. Wilkes Travers, of Buffalo.
		- In 1861 there were in commission on the northern lakes 147 side-wheel steamers, aggregating 64,669 tons, valuation $2,668,900; 203 propellers, 69,051 tons, valuation $2,804,900; 62 barks, 25,118 tons, valuation $626,800; 36 brigs, 24,871 tons, valuation, $57,100; 989 schooners, 204,900 tons, valuation, $5,284,900; 15 sloops, tonnage, 2,800 tons, valuation $11,850.
	www.hhpl.on.ca /GreatLakes/Documents/HGL?ID=s057 (900 words)

	Observatory gets a new spot in history
		"I have discovered a huge comet!" Madeira wrote of a sighting he made on June 30, 1861, adding that he ran to the home of a fellow astronomer living nearby in Volcano to share the news.
		Another correction to the marker is the deletion of an incorrect statement that Madeira discovered the Great Comet of 1861.
		In fact, the comet's position made it visible first in the Southern Hemisphere, where it was seen on May 13, 1861, by John Tebbutt in Australia, Merriam said.
	recordnet.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060119/NEWS01/601190332/... (677 words)

	History of the Great Lakes. Volume I : 1861-1870
		Schooner Comet sunk near Charity island; raised and brought to Bay City.
		Schooner Columbia and bark Tanner collide in Buffalo, damaging the latter to the extent of $500.
		Steamer Silver Spray sunk by collision with the propeller Comet in the St. Clair river.
	www.hhpl.on.ca /GreatLakes/Documents/HGL?ID=s065 (1493 words)

	Dark Days 2
		There seems little doubt that on June 30, 1861, a great comet did obscure the Sun as the Earth passed through its tail two-thirds of its length from the nucleus.
		A few days earlier, on February 5, a great comet had been seen near the Sun.
		There are a few accounts of dark days, outside solar eclipses, in which the stars were seen.
	www.phenomena.org.uk /DarkDays2.htm (547 words)

	Lunar Republic : Craters
		John ~ (1834-1916), Australian astronomer and meteorologist; discovered the Great Comet of 1861 (later named Comet Tebbutt II 1861).
		A total of 156 NGC entries are attributed to Tempel, of which 123 are deep sky objects.
		He is also credited with 13 original comet discoveries and five independent co-discoveries, as well as eight first rediscoveries of periodic comets.
	www.lunarrepublic.com /gazetteer/crater_t.shtml (2069 words)

	July 21 1861 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On the afternoon of July 21, 1861, Confederate Gen. PGT Beauregard looked through his field glasses at a column of soldiers advancing toward the battlefield...
		Since 1861 the naysayers have been quieted one by one as more evidence has been...
		Gilliland, Nathan, enlisted September 23, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 1864, killed in battle in Georgia July 21, 1864.
	587.only4ucom.info (663 words)

	Themed Reviews, August Milestones in Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		While the book may not be great literature, it is well illustrated and provides kids with something more substantive and enduring than a movie ticket and marketing tie-ins at fast food restaurants.
		She was an infant then but, as the poem goes, she made a wish to see the comet again in her lifetime.
		Well, the wish was fulfilled in 1986 when Miss Welty viewed the comet from her daddy's porch in Jackson, Mississippi.
	www.childrenslit.com /th_sp0899.html (2925 words)

	Birthday Books Online! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Washington, D.C. native Marvin Chester Stone receives the first Patent for a drinking straw; it's made from manila paper coated with paraffin wax.
		The Great Comet of 1861 makes its dramatic appearance in the northern hemisphere.
		Its head is as big as the moon, and its tail stretches half way across the sky.
	www.thebirthdaybooks.com /science.htm (268 words)

	John Tebbutt -
		John Tebbutt (May 25 1834 – November 29 1916) was an Australian astronomer.
		He is credited with discovering the "Great Comet of 1861" (C/1861 J1).
		His face appeared on the reverse of the former Australian 100-dollar banknote, and a crater on the Moon is named after him.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/John_Tebbutt (127 words)

	Windsor Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The small round observatory on the left and the larger one on the right were built by John Tebbutt in 1864 and 1879 respectively.
		Tebbutt's observations included the Great Comet of 1861, lunar occultations, Jupiter's satellites, asteroids, double stars, transits of Mercury and Venus and other objects.
		Photo of John Tebbutt with his 20cm refractor taken in 1916.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /~ptitze/aa/windsor/index2.html (96 words)

	Cambridge Conference Correspondence
		Comet Swift-Tuttle (1862 III) returned to the northern skies in late 1992.
		seemed to clinch the matter - comets were entirely gaseous.
		focus the Comet-Chaser's beam is at one of the asteroid or comet's poles.
	abob.libs.uga.edu /bobk/ccc/ce031902.html (4704 words)

	DAYS OF AIR AND SPACE CALENDAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		* Comet Graet put on a bright night show in the heavens (1881).
		Click here to return to the calendar page.
		* Great comet of 1861 seen; it was the apparent source of the Perseid meteors.
	vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/daysJun3.html (329 words)

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