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	Cormorant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Guilin, China, cormorant birds are famous for fishing on the shallow Lijiang River.
		The names "cormorant" and "shag" were originally the common names of the two species of the family found in Great Britain, Phalacrocorax carbo (now referred to by ornithologists as the Great Cormorant) and P.
		the Great Cormorant is called the Black Shag in New Zealand (the birds found in Australasia have a crest that is absent in European members of the species).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cormorant (695 words)

	Great Cormorant
		The Great Cormorant is the largest of the Australian cormorants (70 - 90 cm) and is one of the largest in the world.
		Great Cormorants are probably the most widespread member of the cormorant family with a range that includes North America, Europe, Africa, China, India, Southeast Asia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Australia.
		Great Cormorants are sociable birds and around breeding time they form colonies of about 2,000 birds, with colonies of up to 20,000 birds being reported.
	www.austmus.gov.au /factsheets/great_cormorant.htm (364 words)

	Encyclopedia: Great Cormorant
		The names "cormorant" and "shag" were originally the common names of the two species of the family found in Great Britain, Phalacracorax carbo (now referred to by ornithologists as the Great Cormorant) and P. Cormorants are colonial nesters, using trees, rocky islets, or cliffs.
		The cormorant populations on Lakes Ontario and Erie and the Canadian portions of Lakes Huron and Superior are shown in (Figure 6 (41K gif).
		In 1994, the cormorant population of Lake Ontario decreased by 6%.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Great-Cormorant (1250 words)

	NWRC - Initiative to Manage Double-Crested Cormorants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Well-documented problems associated with cormorant predation on catfish farms have coincided with the increase of this industry and the rapid growth of cormorant breeding populations on northern breeding grounds.
		Populations of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) have irrupted during the past two decades and are of increasing concern to commercial aquaculturists in the Southern United States, commercial and sport fishermen on the Great Lakes and in the Northeastern United States, and conservationists worried about habitat destruction and impacts to other waterbirds.
		Cormorant populations were suppressed during the early 1900s due to egg collecting for human food and nest destruction by fishermen who considered the cormorant to be a competitor (Lewis 1929, Hatch 1984, Dolbeer 1990, Chapdelaine and Bédard 1995).
	www.aphis.usda.gov /ws/nwrc/is/cormorant_inititive.html (8889 words)

	The Rise of the Double-crested Cormorant on the Great Lakes: Winning the War Against Contaminants – Canadian ...
		The cormorant's invasion was successful, as their population increased steadily during the '30s and '40s (Figure 2: Cormorant numbers on the Great Lakes have increased dramatically since 1980(28K gif)).
		Cormorants are very sensitive to the effects of DDE, and are particularly sensitive to the resulting eggshell thinning because they incubate their eggs by wrapping the webs of their feet around them -- in effect, standing on them.
		Cormorants showed a much slower rate of increase during their initial invasion of the Great Lakes in the 1930s and 1940s, when contaminants would not have affected their population.
	www.on.ec.gc.ca /wildlife/factsheets/fs_cormorants-e.html (4968 words)

	AllRefer.com - cormorant (Vertebrate Zoology) - Encyclopedia
		Cormorants are 2 to 3 ft (61–92 cm) long, with thick, generally dark plumage and green eyes.
		The double-crested cormorant of the Atlantic coast, Brandt's cormorant of the Pacific coast, and the red-faced cormorant, Phalacrocorax urile, are common forms.
		Cormorants are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Aves, order Pelecaniformes, family Phalacrocoracidae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/cormoran.html (309 words)

	Theses from Uppsala University : 1506 - Effects of Great Cormorant Predation on Fish Populations and Fishery
		Cormorant predation on eel was difficult to evaluate because of several confounding factors.
		Cormorants do not seem to catch species and sizes in proportion to their occurrence in the fish community.
		Total fish removal by cormorants varied considerably among lakes (0.2-15.0 kg/ha) and cormorant population sizes at the different lakes were significantly positively correlated with fishery catches, which in turn was significantly positively correlated with total phosphorous levels.
	publications.uu.se /theses/abstract.xsql?isbn=91-554-5164-0 (419 words)

	NAS: Cormorant
		One of 38 species of cormorants worldwide, and one of six species in North America, it is usually found in flocks, and is sometimes confused with geese or loons when on the water.
		The Great Lakes basin population migrates along the Atlantic coast and Mississippi River drainage, to overwinter in the southeastern Gulf states and Gulf of Mexico, returning north in April.
		Cormorants are only one of many factors, such as water quality, aquatic habitat, other natural predation, and angler catch, that can affect forage fish populations.
	www.audubon.org /news/cormorant/qa.html (2571 words)

	U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management,Issues, Cormorants Questions and Answers
		The Great Lakes population of double-crested cormorants declined dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s from the effects of chemical contamination especially DDT and human persecution.
		The Great Lakes population has increased approximately 22 percent per year between 1990-97, and is the fastest growing population in the U.S. In contrast, the entire North American population, including all four subspecies, has grown at a limited rate of only two percent each year, and currently numbers approximately 400,000 nesting pairs.
		Cormorants feed on perch in the Great Lakes most often during the spring when these fish are spawning in shallow, near shore water.
	www.fws.gov /migratorybirds/issues/cormorant/greatlakes_q&a.htm (2722 words)

	Cormorant--the official bird of a.s.m.
		Cormorants dive for and feed mainly on fish of little value to man. Guano produced by cormorants is valued as a fertilizer.
		Cormorants have a long hook-tipped bill, patches of bare skin on the face, and a small gular sac (throat pouch).
		The largest and most widespread species is the common, or great, cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo; white-cheeked, and up to 100 cm (40 inches) long, it breeds from eastern Canada to Iceland, across Eurasia to Australia and New Zealand, and in parts of Africa.
	menopause.tripod.com /lblanchsite/cormorant.html (482 words)

	U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management,Issues, Cormorants, Fact Sheet
		The devastation of the Great Lakes cormorant population was a grim example of the declining health of the Great Lakes ecosystem.
		Although the cormorant population resurgence may indicate enhanced water quality in the Great Lakes, it has been accompanied by concern and controversy about the effects the birds may be having on stocks of recreational and commercial fish species, and island nesting habitat.
		Because cormorants are conspicuous fish-eating birds, anglers in the Great Lakes basin may consider them a nuisance species and a threat to populations of recreational and commercial fish species.
	www.fws.gov /migratorybirds/issues/cormorant/greatlakes_facts.htm (1741 words)

	Great Cormorant
		Historically, the British and Irish Great Cormorants have been regarded as primarily coastal birds, but during the last 40 years there has been a gradual shift of wintering quarters inland, to the extent that almost every lowland lake and river has its compliment of Great Cormorants.
		More recently in England, the number of Great Cormorants nesting inland in trees has increased from just 151 pairs at one colony in 1986 to 1,334 pairs at 35 colonies in 1999-2002.
		Great Cormorants build large conspicuous nests and the count unit during seabird 2000 was the apparently occupied nest (AON).Coastal colonies are located on stacks, rocky islets, cliffs or rocky promontories and are usually easy to locate.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /page-2876 (473 words)

	Birds of Nova Scotia - Great Cormorant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Great Cormorants are common in summer along the coast but only in the region of their breeding rookeries, most of which are on eastern Cape Breton Island; elsewhere they are uncommon to rare.
		When I visited the Crystal Cliffs colony on 12 May 1944, the birds were losing their hair-like flank patches, wisps of which were lodged in the grass along the edge of the cliff; some birds had completely lost this adornment, and others retained only traces of it.
		Over short distances, cormorants fly low and often in line, one behind the other, but during prolonged flights they often fly rapidly at considerable heights in V formation and are frequently mistaken for wild geese, which have a similar wing motion.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0027.htm (564 words)

	Cormorant - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		Regarded by some as fl, sinister and greedy, cormorants are supreme fishers which can bring them into conflict with anglers and they have been persecuted in the past.
		Found around the UK coastline on rocky shores, coastal lagoons and estuaries, it is increasingly being seen inland at reservoirs, lakes and gravel pits.
		The name cormorant is derived from the Latin words ‘corvus’ and ‘marinus’ — literally ‘sea-crow’.
	www.rspb.org.uk /birds/guide/C/Cormorant/index.asp (209 words)

	Abstract of Ph.D Thesis (Shmoely Marva)-Biology
		The mass specific energy requirements of the Pygmy cormorant are much higher than those of the Great Cormorant, as expected from the size difference.
		Daily food intake of the adult Pygmy Cormorant (115 g) is higher than predicted from allometric equation for piscivorous birds whereas that of the Great Cormorant (244 g) is lower than predicted.
		Based on the above energetic demands, the potential damage to the fish industry by 400 Pygmy Cormorant and by 12000 Great Cormorant that feed in the fish ponds is estimated at 460 tons of fish annually, corresponding to 2.8% of the annual fish yield in Israel.
	www.graduate.technion.ac.il /Theses/Abstracts.asp?Id=10260 (529 words)

	All About Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Great Cormorant is the most widely distributed of all the cormorants, breeding in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
		The Great Cormorant feeds principally on bottom-living fish of many kinds that it catches by surface-diving to depths of 35 meters (115 feet), although usually it dives less than 10 meters (33 feet).
		The scientific name of the Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax is from the Greek “bald-headed raven,” and carbo is Latin for “charcoal” (fl).
	www.birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Great_Cormorant.html (189 words)

	campotto
		Breeding biology of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in the tree-nesting colony of Val Campotto (N-E Italy)
		In 1986, the Great Cormorant established a new breeding colony at Val Campotto (Emilia Romagna, North East Italy).
		The use of photographs to 'mark' the cormorant nest sites was feasible at Val Campotto because all trees were dead at the start of the study, so that the nest were well visible at distance.
	digilander.libero.it /fabgrieco/Campotto.htm (1120 words)

	February 20, 2003
		About 6 great cormorants chase the one with the fish, splashing furiously and swatting at the fish-possessor with beaks and wings.
		The melee goes on until one great cormorant, in possession of the fish, finds a spot close to the bridge to work on swallowing the thing.
		Another great blue heron lands on the shore among a flock of mallards and Canada geese.
	world.std.com /~jegan/mt030220.htm (1829 words)

	Cormorant family
		The Cormorants are a fairly large family of fisheaters residing along freshwater and saltwater shores around the world, yet all are so closely related that all are usually placed within a single genus Phalacrocorax.
		Cormorants used traditional sites for roosting and nesting, and the droppings at these sites can build up for years.
		Cormorants are found almost everywhere that water meets shore.
	www.montereybay.com /creagrus/cormorants.html (739 words)

	IFWIS - Double-crested Comorant
		Verbeek (1982) reports that crows were responsible for the destruction of 22% of cormorant eggs (first clutch) in B.C. human disturbance often mentioned 08,11,21,24,30,32.
		A 454% population increase from 1977 to 1980 in the U.S. Great Lake regions was found by Scharf et al.
		Double-crested cormorants are protected under the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Act, 1972, the Illinois Wildlife Code, 1971, and the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 1918 08, 25,26.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /chf/pub/ifwis/birds/double-crested-comorant.html (1532 words)

	Cormorant at exZOOberance!
		Cormorant, common name for any of several fish-eating, web-footed water birds that nest in colonies on the seacoasts of temperate and tropical regions of the world.
		The great cormorant occurs on north Atlantic coasts, and two additional species are confined to the Pacific coast.
		The great cormorant is classified as Phalacrocorax carbo, the Japanese cormorant as Phalacrocorax capillatus, the double-crested cormorant as Phalacrocorax auritus, and the guanay as Phalacrocorax bougainvillii.
	www.exzooberance.com /virtual%20zoo/they%20fly/cormorant/cormorant.htm (317 words)

	Georgia Wildlife Web Site; birds: Phalacrocorax auritus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The range of the Double-crested Cormorant includes most of the coastal areas of the United States, the Mississippi River flood plain, and larger lakes in the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes areas.
		Species appearing similar to the Double-crested Cormorant in the eastern United States are the Neotropical (Olivaceous) Cormorant and the Great Cormorant.
		The Great Cormorant, 91 cm (36 in) in length, is larger than the Double-crested Cormorant.
	museum.nhm.uga.edu /gawildlife/birds/pelecaniformes/phauritus.html (390 words)

	NWRC - Initiative to Manage Double-Crested Cormorants, References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		King, D. Movement of double-crested cormorants among winter roosts in the delta region of Mississippi.
		Ludwig, J. Decline, resurgence and population dynamics of Michigan and Great Lakes double-crested cormorants.
		Weseloh, D. V.; Teeple, S.M.; Gilbertson, M. Double-crested cormorants of the Great Lakes: egg-laying parameters, reproductive failure, and contaminant residues in eggs, Lake Huron 1972-73.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /ws/nwrc/is/cormorant_references.html (2869 words)

	Seabirds of Québec
		The Great Cormorant is essentially a marine species.
		However, there is one exception at the Pointe Dauphiné colony, where Great and Double-crested Cormorants have been observed nesting on a wreck.
		There are almost 20 Great Cormorant colonies around the Gaspé Peninsula, Magdalen Islands, Anticosti Island and the Lower North Shore, with some 1500 pairs altogether.
	www.qc.ec.gc.ca /faune/ColoniesDeOiseauxdeMer/espece_e.asp?id_espece=1190 (188 words)

	March 7, 2003
		A great cormorant catches a catfish, works it with the beak to position it or something, and finally swallows it whole.
		every time a cormorant catches a fish four or five other cormorants chase after it trying to get the fish and a great fl backed gull swoops down off the light post and circles over the cormorant fracas looking for an opportunity to grab the fish.
		A great blue heron lands on an ice floe and three great cormorants converge on it.
	world.std.com /~jegan/mt030307.htm (792 words)

	Great Cormorant Photo \| TrekNature
		Whilst its not the pretiest bird in the world, I think they are hansome with their scalloped wing plumage and white streaks in the neck.
		The Great Cormorant is found throughout the globe and is common throughout most of Australia.
		Great shot Chris, a little purple fringing but that is hard to control with light and dark subjects next to each other.
	www.treknature.com /gallery/Oceania/Australia/East/New_South_Wales/photo10927.htm (501 words)

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