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Topic: Great Firewall of China

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	Website Test behind the Great Firewall of China
		Great Firewall of China) is owned by the Government of China (MPS) and started in 1998.
		The system blocks content by preventing IP addresses from being routed through and consists of standard firewall and proxy servers at the Internet gateways of China's ISPs.
		The banning of websites is mostly uncoordinated and ad-hoc, with some web sites being blocked and similar web sites being allowed or blocked in one city and allowed in another.
	www.websitepulse.com /help/testtools.china-test.html (281 words)

	The great firewall of China will fall
		China is 60 times the size of Saudi Arabia, and most experts agree that the sheer volume of traffic would be impossible to police.
		Much of the commentary suggests that China is an iron-clad Stalinist state, shielded from global events by the "great firewall of China".
		China's history of revolutions organised by secret societies and religious sects has taught the government to be careful.
	prisonplanet.com /articles/january2006/260106China.htm (992 words)

	Empirical Analysis of Internet Filtering in China
		The government of the People's Republic of China has a longstanding set of policies restricting the information to which citizens are exposed, and that which they may themselves publicly say.
		China also filtered 101 of these hosts (0.2%), while China filtered 5,903 additional hosts (11.9% of the sample) not filtered in Saudi Arabia.
		China's Internet filtering efforts remain opaque, and in the absence of government cooperation or admission of filtering methods, data probing of the sort used in our study remains a useful tool in determining the scope of filtering.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /filtering/china (3459 words)

	Great Wall of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Wall is the world's largest man-made structure, stretching over a formidable 6,352 km (3,948 miles), from Shanhai Pass on the Bohai Sea in the east, at the limit between "China proper" and Manchuria (Northeast China), to Lop Nur in the southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region [1].
		Shanhaiguan Great Wall is referred to as the “Museum of the Construction of the Great Wall”, because of a temple, the Meng Jiang-Nu Temple, built during the Song Dynasty.
		He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that "it wasn't visible to the unaided eye." US Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several US astronauts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Wall_of_China (1981 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| Click \| The great firewall of China
		With a rapidly expanding online population, it is tempting to see China as hurtling full speed towards digital nirvana, but all is not quite what it seems.
		China is proof that the net can be developed and strangled all at once.
		Corporate China is also expected to play an active part in this self-censorship, keeping a close eye on content.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/programmes/click_online/4587622.stm (884 words)

	Backlash as Google shores up great firewall of China \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Executives have grudgingly accepted that this is the ethical price they have to pay to base servers in mainland China, which will improve the speed - and attractiveness - of their service in a country where they face strong competition from the leading mandarin search engine, Baidu.
		But its search results are still filtered and delayed by the giant banks of government servers, known as the great firewall of China.
		The scale of censorship in China is likely to dwarf anything the company has done before.
	www.guardian.co.uk /china/story/0,,1694293,00.html (1210 words)

	Internet censorship in mainland China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The firewall is largely ineffective at preventing the flow of information and is rather easily circumvented by determined parties by using proxy servers outside the firewall.
		VPN and SSH connections to outside mainland China are not blocked, so circumventing all of the censorship and monitoring features of the Great Firewall of China is trivial for those who have these secure connection methods to computers outside mainland China available to them.
		Bi-directional Censorship from the Great Firewall of China
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China (3674 words)

	Editorial Observer: The Great Firewall of China - Editorials & Commentary - International Herald Tribune
		Type in "democracy" on a search engine in China and you get a limited choice of government-approved sites, or nothing at all, or a warning that the word is prohibited.
		China's desire to trade has encouraged new permission for thousands of Chinese to study abroad, which is also a force for liberalization.
		Because China is too lucrative a market to resist, Western businessmen have ended up endorsing the party line through their silence - or worse.
	www.iht.com /articles/2005/09/18/opinion/edtina.php (839 words)

	AsiaMedia :: CHINA: Net giants lashed over the Great Firewall of China
		"China is not on the road to greater freedom of the media.
		Johano Strasser, president of the German chapter of the PEN writers' association, said China used a typical line of argument seen in countries that censored and intimidated those who spoke freely.
		China has greatly boosted its presence at the fair, doubling its display space and agreeing to appear as its guest country in 2009.
	www.asiamedia.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=54635 (569 words)

	"Race to the Bottom": Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship: II. How Censorship Works in China: A Brief ...
		Known widely in the media as the “Great Firewall of China,” this aspect of Chinese official censorship primarily targets the movement of information between the global Internet and the Chinese Internet.
		If an ICP wants to obtain—and keep—its business license to operate in China, it is expected to prevent the appearance of politically objectionable content through automated means, or to police content being uploaded by users for unacceptable material, which is then taken down manually by company employees.
		China’s Internet regulations may be among the most extensive and restrictive in the world.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2006/china0806/3.htm (5273 words)

	Infosecurity news
		China’s system for censoring internet traffic can be by-passed through ignoring the reset instructions it sends, according to a paper by researchers at University of Cambridge’s Computer Laboratory.*
		The authors found that the system inspects individual packets for banned words including “falun” then sends a reset command when it finds them, which also blocks the two hosts from communicating for a period from a few minutes to nearly an hour.
		The fact that end-points exchanging banned words are temporarily blocked can be used to create a denial of service attack, fooling the “Great Firewall” into blocking end-points of an outsider’s choosing through the sending of packets with forged IP addresses.
	www.infosecurity-magazine.com /news/060707_great_firewall_china.htm (406 words)

	USATODAY.com - U.S. Web giants cower at great firewall of China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Better to be in China, they insist, providing a freer Internet than would otherwise be available.
		That pretends that Chinese law is a monolith, and that the choice is stay and give in or fight and be tossed out.
		China wants the business and technology of U.S. companies and wants the world to believe it is not a thug.
	www.usatoday.com /news/opinion/editorials/2006-03-07-china-web_x.htm (635 words)

	Kerfuffles :: Great Firewall of China :: July :: 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The firewall, which uses routers supplied by Cisco, works in part by inspecting Web traffic for certain keywords that the Chinese government wishes to censor, including political ideologies and groups it finds unacceptable.
		The Cambridge research group tested the firewall by firing data packets containing the word “Falun” at it, a reference to the Falun Gong religious group, which is banned in China.
		Clayton added that this means the Chinese firewall can be used to launch denial-of-service attacks against specific IP addresses within China, including those of the Chinese government itself.
	kerfuffles.blogsome.com /2006/07/03/firewall-of-china (532 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Technology \| Inside the great firewall of China
		In China, where there's no freedom of speech, the role of the internet is much bigger than in Western countries which enjoy free speech.
		In China, news organisations like papers and magazine are subject to strict censorship - the media is manipulated by the Party.
		The film is a satirical take on the world's biggest annual migration when hundreds of millions of Chinese workers cram aboard trains and head home to their villages for the Chinese New Year holiday.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/technology/5191294.stm (698 words)

	Great firewall of China \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		This is a tiny number, when you consider that by the end of the year China will have 111 million internet users (making it the largest online community in the world after the US), but such repression does serve to crystallise arguments about how economic development will affect social and political life in China.
		One of the country's most popular search terms is "proxy", whereby another computer acts as an intermediary for surfers, helping them to access banned websites and helping to disguise their interests.
		China doesn't need a firewall; people are not that inclined to look at [news from] other places anyway - just like users in the US and UK."
	www.guardian.co.uk /china/story/0,7369,1349348,00.html (1439 words)

	Google mirror beats Great Firewall of China - 06 September 2002 - New Scientist
		China's widely criticised blocking of the web's most popular search engine Google can be defeated by viewing a strange Google mirror site through a mirror, New Scientist has discovered.
		The site, which returns all the same hits as Google, can be accessed from behind China's "great firewall".
		China's government routinely blocks access to news sites that host content they consider unacceptable, such as the BBC's news site.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn2768 (429 words)

	Breaking Google’s Great Firewall of China
		Great concern was expressed for those in China who would know only a bastardized version of Google search and for the company’s employees who would be subject to the whims of the Chinese government if an official office opened there.”
		Mike compares the breaking of China’s firewall to that of the US sponsored pipeline of free information into Cuba.
		In China, Google is forced into limiting access to information concerning the government through a specific portal (designed to be communist-friendly) from citizens.
	www.searchenginejournal.com /index.php?p=2853 (870 words)

	USATODAY.com - Web users walk Great Firewall of China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Moves by Jin and her friends are fed into a nationwide surveillance system used to block thousands of websites and track down anyone posting material that offends government authorities.
		China's Internet controls have been a source of discomfort for U.S. companies such as Yahoo, Microsoft and Google, which have been pressured to help China's Internet snoops restrict access to certain content and finger those trying to evade the restrictions.
		China has roughly 30,000 Internet police who use Internet Detective and other tools to monitor Web users, according to the China Internet Network Information Center, an arm of China's Ministry of Information Industry.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/news/internetprivacy/2006-04-02-china-web-cops_x.htm (1030 words)

	The Great Firewall of China
		What few Westerners know is the size and scope of China's censorship machine and the process by which multinationals, however reluctantly, censor themselves.
		Search for "Tiananmen Massacre" in China, for example, and 90 of the top 100 sites that mention it are blocked, according to the OpenNet Initiative, an Internet watchdog group.
		As more sites add podcasts and user-generated video, China's monitoring efforts will become far more complicated because it's harder to examine such material than it is to check text files.
	businessweek.com /technology/content/jan2006/tc20060112_434051.htm?... (1338 words)

	Software rams great firewall of China \| CNET News.com
		In this case, the United States is eyeing the millions of Chinese Web surfers stuck behind their government's firewall--as well as other people around the world who are prevented from downloading American news and propaganda.
		In one U.S. study, China was found to be blocking 19,000 Web sites including those providing news, health information, political coverage and entertainment.
		In addition to circumventing firewalls, the software also creates anonymity by covering the Web surfer's tracks and leaving no record of what sites he or she visited beyond the miniature Web site.
	news.com.com /2100-1028-997101.html?tag=fd_top (882 words)

	TomPaine.com - The Great Firewall Of China
		Writing from 1930s Shanghai, China’s great essayist Lu Xun once observed: “Today there are all kinds of weeklies.
		Thus, China’s rulers acted in character last December, when they cracked down on news organizations that were getting a bit too assertive.
		The Great Firewall Of China February 15, 2006
	www.tompaine.com /articles/2006/02/15/the_great_firewall_of_china.php (745 words)

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