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	1993 Flood Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Contrary to the beliefs of some, the Great Flood of 1993 on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers in the Upper Midwest was not caused by levees, loss of wetlands, navigation structures, flood plain development, or any of several other reasons that have been brought up by various individuals.
		Flood elevations exceeded the flood stage of 30 feet on the St. Louis gage for 80 consecutive days during the main portion of the flood, and for 148 days during the calendar year.
		For instance, flood damage in the St. Louis District alone are estimated as $1.4 billion: damages prevented by the Federal flood reduction components are estimated as $5.4 billion.
	www.mvs.usace.army.mil /dinfo/pa/fl93info.htm (1866 words)

	The Great Flood of 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		On March 10, 1993, the National Weather Service issued a statement predicting below average precipitation for the coming summer, "but above average rainfall could mean flooding, given soil saturation, spring snow depths, and normal spring rains." By June 10, the heavy rains began in the Midwest (Heritage Press 1).
		Flooding caused an estimated $500 million in road damage and barge traffic on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers was closed for two months, costing carriers $1 million per day (McConnell 8).
		Before the 1993 floods, only 10% of Midwest residents who lived in flood-prone areas had flood insurance, and only those living in the 400 counties which were declared disaster areas were eligible for federal disaster relief (McConnell 6-7).
	www.ckweather.com /opinion/school/flood.html (1429 words)

	NOAA News Online (Story 1125)
		Flood forecasters, however, had no indication they were only months and weeks away from the most costly and devastating flood to ravage the United States in modern history.
		The magnitude and duration of flooding were almost overwhelming and it’s a tribute to the millions of people impacted by the flood that they continued to battle to save their homes, farms and communities.
		Flooding forced closure of seven of eight railroad lines in Missouri, as well as 12 commercial airports and portions of interstate highways 29, 35 and 70 across the state and of Interstate 64 to Kentucky.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories/s1125.htm (1453 words)

	[No title]
		The Flood of the Century The Great Midwest Flood of 1993 was the most destructive in recent history because of record crests on the rivers and the extended duration of the high waters that remained above flood stage for 180 days.
		Repeated flooding was becoming a severe drain on resources, so the community agreed to Joni Hocken said she and her husband, Bob, decided their Independence, Iowa, home had too many memories, such as this door frame that recorded the heights of children and grandchildren, to sell after the floods of 1999.
		During a spring flood of 1997, the water flowed through the diversion channel at an estimated rate of nearly 150 cubic feet per second--close to double the rate of the 1993 flood.
	www.fema.gov /txt/nfip/anthology.txt (15142 words)

	The Great Flood of 1993
		August 1, 2003, is the 10th anniversary of the "Flood of 1993," referred to by many as the 'Great Flood' or 'Record Flood of 1993.' The Great Flood of 1993 constituted the most costly and devastating flood to ravage the United States in modern history.
		Approximately 54,000 people had to be evacuated from flooded areas at some time during the flood, and approximately 50,000 homes were destroyed or damaged.
		The Great Flood of 1993 on the Upper Mississippi River —10 Years Later
	mo.water.usgs.gov /Reports/1993-Flood/index.htm (188 words)

	Teachers' Domain: The Great Flood of 1993
		In July of 1993, however, the upper parts of the river and its tributaries reached levels far in excess of those anticipated by the engineers who designed the levees built to contain the rivers.
		The Great Flood of 1993, as it is now called, ranks as one of the worst natural disasters and one of the costliest floods in United States history.
		Contrast the weather pattern responsible for the flood of 1993 with the normal pattern.
	www.teachersdomain.org /9-12/sci/ess/watcyc/flood/index.html (651 words)

	timeline: the great midwest floods of 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Flooding and erosion are interrelated and with the expectations that we are in an increased cycle of tropical storm activity, losses that result from erosion and flooding will likely increase in the future.
		Flooding will continue to cause hundreds of millions of dollars in damages to homes, businesses and infrastructure; the loss of life; and require emergency support from our local, state and federal officials, unless communities take a proactive approach to reducing the risk of flooding.
		CGRER: The Great Floods of 1993 (Univ of Iowa)
	www.e11th-hour.org /resources/timelines/floods.1993.html (3032 words)

	Flood prevention: the earthmover approach
		Since the 1993 flood, he says, 50,000 acres of floodplain in Missouri alone have been returned to the floodplain by opening levees in areas like the Big National Muddy Fish and Wildlife Refuge.
		Rather than worrying about floods like the 1993 edition, which only come every 100 years or so, Galat says it's more sensible to examine what the effects of "messing with the river" are on the floods that occur every couple of years or so.
		The absence of a flood is a disturbance of a river."
	whyfiles.org /107flood/5.html (823 words)

	A Look Back at the Great Flood of 1993
		The great flood of '93 should have finally driven home the point that this great river can't be tamed.
		Following the Great Flood of '93, it seemed that the voice of reason, suggesting a need to live more in harmony with the river, would be heard.
		The goal would be to reduce future flood heights while maximizing the acreage of floodplain cropland that could be protected from perhaps a 50- or even 100-year flood event.
	mdc.mo.gov /conmag/1995/08/02.html (1038 words)

	THe Great Flood of 1993 - NWS Topeka, KS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The widespread and prolonged floods impacted nine states in the Midwest and Kansas was one of the hardest hit.
		The floods of 1993 took a toll on the Kansas people, who suffered losses of their homes, businesses and farmland.
		Record flooding occurred on many streams in the state and some water managers at some reservoirs were forced to release water through emergency spillways to protect the integrity of dams.
	www.crh.noaa.gov /top/events/flood93.php (630 words)

	Gulf phytoplankton and the great flood of 1993, Bontempi, Quarterdeck 3.2
		Gulf phytoplankton and the great flood of 1993, Bontempi, Quarterdeck 3.2
		Gulf phytoplankton and the Great Flood of 1993
		In May 1993, the area occupied by lower-salinity river water could be identified based on the location of greater phytoplankton abundances at the surface and chlorophyll maximum.
	www-ocean.tamu.edu /Quarterdeck/QD3.2/Bontempi/bontempi.html (743 words)

	The Great USA Flood of 1993
		The flood was unusual in the magnitude of the crests, the number of record crests, the large area impacted, and the length of the time the flood was an issue.
		The magnitude and severity of this flood event was simply over-whelming, and it ranks as one of the greatest natural disasters ever to hit the United States.
		The Great Flood of 1993 had been set by June 1 with saturated soils and streams filled to capacity across the Upper Midwest.
	www.nwrfc.noaa.gov /floods/papers/oh_2/great.htm (1702 words)

	Floods Research: Introduction: A Different Sort of Flood \| Disasters Research Topic
		In the spring of 1993 U.S. weather forecasters began to worry about waves of storms in the center of the country.
		Many of those who live and work near the river basin are so accustomed to flooding that they even have hooks on the walls to hang their furniture on when flood waters rise.
		The 1993 Mississippi flood killed forty-seven people, and seventy- four thousand more individuals lost their homes and all of their belongings.
	www.bookrags.com /researchtopics/floods (543 words)

	ISGS - The Great Flood of 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Great Flood of 1993 was caused by extremely heavy rainfall in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas.
		The resulting flood was characterized as the 100- to 1,000-year flood for some areas.
		Wells contaminated by flood water were disinfected with bleach and flushed until the water tested safe.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /tours/outliers/flood93.htm (457 words)

	Societal Aspects of Weather
		Allen, W. "Media Coverage of the 1993 Flood," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Nashville, TN, January 26.
		The 1993 Flood on the Mississippi River in Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey, Miscellaneous Publication 151 (Champaign, IL).
		The Great Flood of 1993: Geologic Perspectives on the Flooding along the Mississippi River and Its Tributaries in Illinois, Special Report 2 (Illinois State Geological Survey: Champaign, IL).
	www.sip.ucar.edu /socasp/biblio/1994.jsp (860 words)

	Great Rivers Partnership - Lessons From Natural Disasters
		With the Great Midwest Flood of 1993, people witnessed firsthand the incredible power of a river out of balance.
		The 1993 flood, for example, set into motion a series of changes that continues to shape the debate about the Mississippi, especially as experts discuss rebuilding efforts in Katrina’s wake.
		Since that epic flood, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, charged with managing the nation’s waterways, instituted sweeping changes in how it assesses navigation improvements on the Mississippi River, giving equal consideration to the environment when planning projects and ushering in a culture of collaborative planning and decision-making.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/greatrivers/namerica/art16185.html (541 words)

	Great Flood of 1993 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The flood was among the most costly, and devastating to have occurred in the United States, with $15 billion in damages; with an area of flood around 1200km in length, and 700km in width, making a total flood area of about 840,000km
		Approximately 10,000 homes were destroyed as a result of the flooding, with 15 million acres of farmland inundated, and the whole town of Valmeyer, Illinois was relocated to higher ground.
		However the crest on July 16, 1844, was almost a foot (0.3 m) lower than the 1993 flood.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993 (1650 words)

	Results of Study of the Great Flood
		The flooding of the "upper Mississippi" in 1993 began in the middle of June and lasted until early August, and caused more damage than recent floods(*3).
		In speculating on the aftermath of the flood, O'Riordan points out that "...the river was simply seeking its rightful channels to the sea as it had always done before levees constricted its flow and development impeded its naturally meandering ways.
		After the Great Flood of 1993, many of these towns downstream are starting to face pressure from their neighboring towns, and the Army Corps of Engineers to build levees.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /department/classes/ge404/flood/background/flood.paper (2050 words)

	AccuWeather - World Weather - International Local Weather Forecasts
		The floods were blamed for at least a dozen deaths, forced close to a quarter of a million residents from their homes, and led to states of emergency in parts of Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York.
		While the devastation caused by the flooding in June was extensive, it does not compare to what many experts consider one of the worst natural disasters in United States history.
		During the first half of 1993, the Midwest was soaked by unusually heavy rain, with some areas of the upper Mississippi recording one and a half times the normal rainfall from January to June.
	wwwa.accuweather.com /flood.asp (741 words)

	THE GREAT USA FLOOD OF 1993
		From May through September of 1993, major and/or record flooding occurred in the Mississippi river basin across the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Illinois.
		Approximately 600 river points where flood observations and N.W.S. forecasts are made in the Midwestern United States were above specified flood stage at the same time.
		It was certainly the largest and most significant flood event ever to occur in the United States.
	www.engr.colostate.edu /~jsalas/us-italy/abstract/11.htm (284 words)

	1993 Flood Studies
		The Great Flood of 1993 was an event of major ecological significance.
		A study was done in 1994 to determine the effects of the flood on the existing forest, especially mortality.
		A Study was started in 1995 to determine the effects of the flood on the regeneration of the Rivers' forests.
	www.mvr.usace.army.mil /forestry/flood_studies.htm (173 words)

	The Great Flood of 1993
		The "Great Flood of 1993" was the biggest Mississippi river flood in recorded history.
		It was considered a "500 year" flood, meaning that a flood of this magnitude should on average occur only once every 500 years.
		Despite many flooded roads, we continued to deliver beer to our customers who were still open.
	www.abwholesaler.com /dixondist/Custom/Concert2 (291 words)

	The Great Flood of 1993-Photos
		Mississippi River Flood of 1993—On August 1, 1993, the largest peak discharge since 1844 was measured at St. Louis on the Mississippi River by the U.S. Geological Survey.
		Mississippi River at Alton, Illinois—The 1993 flood south of the Missouri Highway 367 bridge near Alton.
		Effects on the Columbia/Eagle Bluffs Wetland Complex—The flood water was approximately 12 feet deep over most of the floodplain druing the peak of the 1993 Flood.
	mo.water.usgs.gov /Reports/1993-Flood/photos.htm (280 words)

	[Infoshop News] *The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)*
		The Great Mississippi Flood in 1927 was the most destructive river flood in United States history until the Hurricane Katrina flood of 2005.
		In the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 the Mississippi River broke out of its levee system in 145 places and flooded 27,000 square miles or about 16,570,627 acres (70,000 km²).
		The flood affected Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee,Texas with Arkansas being hardest hit with 13% of its territory covered by floodwaters.
	flag.blackened.net /pipermail/infoshop-news/2005-September/004968.html (923 words)

	The Midwest Floods of 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		During the Summer of 1993, the floods in the upper Mississippi River valley caused so much destruction that it was termed as "The Great Flood of 1993." Towns and croplands were greatly damaged when waters rose to 7 meters above the flood stage.
		At the height of the flood, the flow of the Mississippi River at St. Louis was more than six times the normal discharge.
		The "Great Flood of 1993" had four major traits that made it an unparralled occurrence: (1) Rivers stayed above flood stage for months.
	www.gpc.edu /~pgore/students/w97/lindsay/li.html (467 words)

	AGU Web Site: The Great Flood of Summer 1993: Mississippi River Discharge Studied
		However, during summer 1993, persistent eastward flow of river water was suggested by the orientation of sediment plumes as observed in several clear-sky satellite images of the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR).
		The freshwater fraction southwest of the delta in 1993 was 35%, considerably lower than the freshwater contribution east of the delta in 1993, but slightly higher than the 29% encountered in August 1992.
		What was anomalous in 1993 was the simultaneous occurrence of high river discharge onto the Louisiana continental shelf, the abnormal persistence of westerly winds along the Louisiana coastline, and the prevalence of anticyclonic loop currrent transport in close proximity to the Mississippi River delta.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/walker.html (1974 words)

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