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Topic: Great Hanshin earthquake

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	Earthquake K-12 Experiments & Background
		Earthquakes occurring at boundaries of tectonic plates are called interplate earthquakes, while the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes.
		Some earthquakes are the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as extraction of minerals and fossil fuel from the Earth's crust, the removal or injection of fluids into the crust, reservoir-induced seismicity, massive explosions, and collapse of large buildings.
		Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/earthsciences/earthquake.html (3068 words)

	Great Hanshin earthquake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Damage from the Great Hanshin Earthquake is kept intact at the Earthquake Memorial Park near the Port of Kobe.
		The focus of the earthquake was located 20km beneath its epicenter, on the northern end of Awaji Island, 20 km away from the city of Kobe with a population of 1.5 million.
		This area is in the middle of the fault zone of the Pacific, the Eurasian and the Philippine tectonic plates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake (1473 words)

	Earthquake - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Earthquakes occur where the stress resulting from the differential motion of these plates exceeds the strength of the crust.
		Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust.
		Deep focus earthquakes, at depths of hundreds of kilometres, are possibly generated as subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition since at the pressures and temperatures present at such depth elastic strain cannot be supported.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Earthquake (2359 words)

	Great Hanshin Earthquake Restoration -2
		After the earthquake, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has worked in cooperation with the various organizations in the local region, Hyogo Prefecture, the various municipalities, ministries and agencies, to complete the reconstruction and restoration of the damaged infrastructure.
		Furthermore, during the response to the earthquake, emergency vehicles were caught in heavy congestion, which led to an increase in the number of deaths attributed to the earthquake.
		Now, after we have recovered from the hardships of the Great Hanshin Earthquake, and in order not to go through that again, we have reconfirmed the belief that it is our mission to make the most of the lessons learned from the earthquake in our city planning efforts.
	www.kkr.mlit.go.jp /en/topics_hanshin2.html (694 words)

	EARTHQUAKES
		The earliest recorded instance of an earthquake in Japan is the Yamato Kawachi Earthquake, which occurred in 416 A.D. during the reign of Emperor Ingyo.
		In the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923, an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 wreaked havoc across Tokyo and the whole Kanto region.
		At the time of the Great Kanto Earthquake, there was no clear method of indication for seismic intensity, and seismological observation techniques were still in their infancy.
	www2.volstate.edu /kbell/Articles/Earthquakes.htm (741 words)

	Kobe Earthquake
		The Great Hanshin earthquake occurred at 5:46 a.m.
		The earthquake caused 5100 deaths, mainly in Kobe.
		The Hanshin earthquake was the worst earthquake in Japan since the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, which is also called the Great Kanto earthquake.
	www.vibrationdata.com /earthquakes/kobe.htm (395 words)

	Asia Times Online - The trusted news source for information on Japan
		What is common in a comparison with the Great Hanshin Earthquake, which was much stronger at magnitude 7.8, is mainly that the government and the local population paid little attention to the threat of a major shake.
		The Great Kanto Quake numbers: The official death toll in the region that included Tokyo and Yokohama, the hardest-hit cities, is 142,807 dead or missing, with 103,733 injured, according to Kodansha's history of Japan, which used the official figures.
		Masakazu Otake, president of the government-funded Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction, said he had been anticipating that a major earthquake with a maximum magnitude of 7.5 would rock the Chuetsu region in gap D, the area from Niigata prefecture to the northern part of Nagano prefecture, where crust stresses were known to be building up.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Japan/FJ27Dh01.html (1391 words)

	[No title]
		After the earthquake the Central Government drastically revised the Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention which was created in 1963 and partially amended in 1971, to response the present socioeconomic condition.
		Despite long history of earthquake measures and huge spending on earthquake prediction the recent great earthquake of 1995 proved that our effort on disaster management is inadequate.
		This massive earthquake registering the highest level of 7 on the Japanese scale of intensity with epicenter on northern coast of Awaji Island of Hyogo Prefecture was the largest earthquake in the post war period that hit the urban settlement causing huge damages (Table 1).
	www.reliefweb.int /telecoms/conference/cdc2001/bks.doc (2682 words)

	Earthquakes of Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Great Kanto Earthquake took place 78 years ago and was considered the worst earthquake in the world.
		This earthquake hit the Kanto plain and destroyed Tokyo, Yokohama and the surrounding areas.
		Over 140,000 people dies due to the earthquake and the fires that were caused by it.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~geol108/eq4/earthquakes_of_japan.htm (78 words)

	Earthquakes in Japan
		This is the cause for frequent earthquakes and the presence of many volcanoes and hot springs across Japan.
		The worst earthquake in Japanese history hit the Kanto plain around Tokyo in the year 1923, when over 100,000 people died in the Great Kanto Earthquake.
		In January 1995 a strong earthquake hit the city of Kobe and surroundings.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2116.html (464 words)

	EARTHQUAKE READINESS: From Underground Stores to Satellite Monitoring
		The Great Hanshin Earthquake exposed the basic fragility of urban functions--that is, the failure to supply water and food to evacuees immediately after the quake.
		Following major earthquakes or other disasters, the center will report immediately to the prime minister, chief cabinet secretary, and other senior officials; an emergency team headed by the deputy chief cabinet secretary will then be assembled at the center to formulate immediate responses.
		In the case of earthquakes with an intensity of four or higher on the Japanese seven-stage scale, it can provide a rough estimate of the scale of damage within 30 minutes, so it could prove very useful for initial decision-making.
	web-japan.org /trends98/honbun/ntj980403.html (1141 words)

	Earthquake Prediction
		Although there are about 18 earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or larger each year worldwide and those cause extensive damage to people and the economy, there is no certain way known to predict earthquakes.
		This is considered as one of the predictive cloud of earthquakes because it was seen in Kyoto a few days before the Great Hanshin Earthquake.
		If you happen to have interest in predicting earthquakes, you would need to be more careful so that you can tell the difference between an ordinary cloud and a strange one.
	tokyoprogressive.org /ep.htm (510 words)

	kobe
		The last great earthquake to strike Japan was the Great Kanto earthquake in 1923, which killed 142,800 people in Tokyo alone (Newton 1).
		The secondary effects of the Hanshin quake were an outbreak of fires within the city and a plethora of socio-economic problems.
		The Great Honshu quake brought to light the fact that every city in Japan is just as earthquake prone as the other, and therefore safety measures should not just be concentrated in specific areas of the country.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~copeland/kobe.html (1653 words)

	Hanshin Earthquake Special (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Great Hanshin Earthquake which struck at 05:46 in the morning of January 17th visited unprecedented damage to the Hanshin area.
		The South Hyogo Prefecture earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum acceleration of 800 gal, sent a variety of ripples surging through the construction industry.
		One month has passed since the Great Hanshin Earthquake left unprecedented levels of damage in its wake, and surveys and diagnostics of the city of Kobe are continuing in addition to recovery work on damaged buildings and the infrastructure.
	www.kajima.co.jp /tech/hanshin_earthquake/index.html (305 words)

	CSUN Earthquake Engineering Directory
		Earthquake and Housing Impacts for Bay Area - Seismic analysis of the extensive Bay Area housing stock including buildings that are broadly classified according to their basic characteristics.
		Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) - Activities of the national society of engineers, geoscientists, architects, planners, public officials, and social scientists related to earthquake exposure, risk and protection of lifelines and building structures.
		Mid-America Earthquake (MAE) Center - Research and education center at University of Illinois activities focusing on earthquake hazards mitigation for the low-frequency, but high consequence seismic events that are possible in Mid-America.
	www.ecs.csun.edu /~shustov/Earthquake_Engineering_Directory.html (1622 words)

	CFA Disaster Relief - Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
		We were all shocked and worried when we heard the devastating news about the severe earthquake in Kobe and surrounding cities.
		At 5:46 on the morning of January 17, 1995 one of the most beautiful cities in the Hansai district of Western Japan and a city famed for its "million dollar night views" was almost totally flattened by a major earthquake.
		In the midst of this shocking nightmare and desolation, a group of volunteers set up a tent to use as a base for the rescue of homeless cats and dogs.
	www.cfainc.org /articles/disasters-earthquake.html (380 words)

	World Conference on Disaster Reduction - 18-22 January 2005, Kobe Hyogo, Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		There is much apprehension and a sense of urgency regarding the possibility of the occurrence of the Southern Kanto Earthquake of which the hypocenter is directly under the region, the Tokai Earthquake and the Tohnankai and Nankai Earthquakes which are all capable of causing immense damage.
		The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake：Extent of Damege and Post-quake Reconstruction in Ashiya
		The exhibition introduces the Japanese assistance for Bam Earthquake in the Islamic Republic of Iran on December 26th, 2003.
	www.unisdr.org /wcdr/public-forum/exibition-booths.htm (2823 words)

	Kobe earthquake 1995
		The 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake (M=6.9), commonly referred to as the Kobe earthquake,
		was one of the most devastating earthquakes ever to hit Japan; more than 5,500 were killed and over 26,000 injured.
		The proximity of the epicenter, and the propagation of rupture directly beneath the highly populated region, help explain the great loss of life and the high level of destruction.
	www.ce.washington.edu /~liquefaction/html/quakes/kobe/kobe.html (129 words)

	What happened to elderly people in the great Hanshin earthquake -- Tanida 313 (7065): 1133 -- BMJ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On 17 January 1995 the great Hanshin earthquake devastated an
		the earthquake related death toll amounted to a total of 6308.
		The profiles of casualties in the great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake from vital statistics.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/313/7065/1133 (1665 words)

	JPRI Occasional Paper No. 2
		The 7.2-magnitude Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995 hit the Kobe area at 5:46 a.m.
		Authorities in the Kobe area admitted, after the fact, that they had been caught essentially unprepared by the earthquake because they had assumed that their area was unlikely to be hit by a major tremor.
		But in the case of a disaster like the earthquake it meant that there was no panic and, best of all, no wholesale looting, as there almost assuredly would have been in the United States.
	www.jpri.org /publications/occasionalpapers/op2.html (4746 words)

	Hanshin Earthquake - Hyogo Japan, January 17, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Great Hanshin earthquake (Hanshin-daishinsai) measured at 7.2 on the Richter Scale occurred on January 17, 1995 at 5:46am 52 sec in South Hyogo and lasted for approx.
		The epicenter of the earthquake was less than 20 km below Awaji island, near the city of Kobe.
		It was the worst earthquake in Japan since the Great Kanto earthquake in 1923 which claimed 140,000 lives.
	www.japan-101.com /history/hanshin_earthquake.htm (181 words)

	DoIR - Export and Trade - Great Hanshin Earthquake in Kobe
		The capital of Hyogo, Kobe, was struck by a major earthquake on 17 January 1995.
		The fault line had its origins under Awaji Island and then extended through central Kobe city running parallel to the Rokko mountains to the north of the city.
		The Hyogo Prefectural Government coordinated a group of marathon runners to come to Perth for the 1996 and 1997 Perth Half Marathons after the success of the 1995 visit.
	www.doir.wa.gov.au /exportandtrade/B16C8CEB1819458EA7064591DCBF6297.asp (390 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		March 22 On Saturday morning, to start our exploration of research and implementation activities related to the Great Hanshin earthquake, we visited Phoenix Plaza in Kobe, where we discussed the impacts of the earthquake, research that was underway, and recovery and reconstruction plans for the damaged communities.
		We were most impressed with the technical displays that were available to the public at the Plaza as well as the scientific explanations that were provided about the causes and nature of the Great Hanshin earthquake and ways to reduce the impacts of future events.
		Hayashi and Kawata discussed the history and development of the DPRI and DRS, the involvement of DRS in multidisciplinary research on the Great Hanshin earthquake, and the Center's emphasis on holistic, integrated research and its plans for the future.
	www.nsf.gov /pubs/1997/int9715/int9715.txt (1621 words)

	Global Assessment of Earthquake Countermeasures after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As a commemorative work of the five year anniversary of the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, Hyogo Prefecture Government planned and executed a project called "Global Assessment of Earthquake Countermeasures".
		In spite of the limited time and assistant manpower, the assigned experts analyzed and evaluated the progress of the countermeasure projects, identified areas of improvement, and noted the problems that still existed in the affected health/medical community.
		Details of the assessment of disaster countermeasures after the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake will be discussed in accordance with their report.
	pdm.medicine.wisc.edu /Ukai1.htm (245 words)

	Improvement of Urban Environment
		The Institute of Disaster Prevention, Kyoto University is engaged in a comprehensive study of various disasters, from an earthquake to storm and flood damage, and measures to cope with such disasters.
		Since the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, staff members of the institute have been addressing studies concerning the mechanism of earthquakes and the development of an information system to map the devastated area, and have offered proposals for the land readjustment program.
		In reconstructing the cities devastated by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, full consideration must be given not only to safe and comfortable-oriented city planning, but also to what urban space should be used for from the viewpoint of industrial functions.
	www.gdrc.org /uem/kinki-uem.html (2622 words)

	The Great Hanshin (Kobe) Earthquake
		This page is a collection of information on the Great Hanshin Earthquake (``Hanshin Dai-Shinsai'' in Japanese), whose formal name by the Weather Agency is the South Hyogo Earthquake.
		The disaster caused by the earthquake is called the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake Disaster by the Japanese government.
		Acceleration caused by the earthquake observed by JR
	www.kanadas.com /kobe-quake (827 words)

	The Disaster Finder: Type : Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The group is developing a detailed seismic vulnerability study of the New York City region, which (surprisingly to some) has been assessed by the U.S. Geological Survey as moderately susceptible to seismic hazards.
		Sponsored principally by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and coordinated by the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER), the consortium's primary aim is to provide a basis for businesses, government, and other organizations to take actions to reduce possible damage and loss due to earthquakes and other natural hazards.
		The NCEDC is a long-term archive and distribution center for seismological and geodetic data for Northern and Central California.
	disasterfinder.gsfc.nasa.gov /Type/Earthquake/more2.html (596 words)

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