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Topic: Great Influenza Pandemic

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	The 1918 Influenza Pandemic
		This pattern of morbidity was unusual for influenza which is usually a killer of the elderly and young children.
		The influenza virus had a profound virulence, with a mortality rate at 2.5% compared to the previous influenza epidemics, which were less than 0.1%.
		In 1918-19 this deadly influenza pandemic erupted during the final stages of World War I. Nations were already attempting to deal with the effects and costs of the war.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/uda (1856 words)

	Spanish flu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as La Grippe Espagnole, La Pesadilla, or the 1918 flu, was a pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly strain of the subtype H1N1 of the species Influenza A virus (which apparently killed via cytokine storm, explaining the severe nature and unusual age distribution).
		Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million in its first 25 weeks; in contrast, AIDS killed 25 million in its first 25 years.
		Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Influenza_Pandemic (2412 words)

	Influenza
		Influenza viruses are unique in their ability to cause both recurrent annual epidemics and more serious pandemics that spread rapidly and may affect all or most age groups.
		Influenza is caused by an orthomyxovirus, measuring 80 to 120 nanometers in diameter.
		In the 20th century, the great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, which caused an estimated 40 to 50 million deaths worldwide, was followed by pandemics in 1957-1958 and 1968-1969.
	www.medicalecology.org /diseases/influenza/influenza.htm (12261 words)

	The 1918 Influenza Pandemic
		Chances are every local family has a member, or two, who was sick or died in the great influenza pandemic that swept around the globe and across America in 1918-19.
		More deaths are attributed to the great pandemic than any other disease, more people died of influenza in a single year than the four year Black Death Bubonic Plague of the 14th Century, or of the “Great War” (WWI) that raged at the same time.
		The 1918 pandemic was unusual in that the same virus seen during the winter months somewhere along the line mutated, probably more than once, almost certainly in Asia through a human-bird-swine nexus and went on to infect nearly the entire world.
	westsidenewsonline.com /OldSite/westside/news/2005/1120/features/influenza.html (2200 words)

	Migratory Birds and Influenza, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Some parts of Alaska are said to have lost more than half their population during the great influenza pandemic (worldwide epidemic) of 1918-19.
		Influenza viruses may be carried through the region of the Pacific Ocean by shearwaters (genus Puffinus).
		Thus it seems likely that a huge reservoir of various kinds of influenza virus may be harbored in the world's bird and animal population.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF2/219.html (327 words)

	MRB: America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918
		The subject matter is the great flu pandemic of 1918 -- one of the worse mass die-offs in human history that somehow we seem to have collectively forgotten.
		America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 - This book is well-researched, and has pulled together, in narrative and tabular form, the disparate data and details of the influenza pandemic of 1918.
		Without exception, each stated that their greatest fear was a resurgence of a influenza virus similar to the 1918 variant, which through incubation in humans mutated into a unprecedented killer of humanity.
	www.medical-research-books.com /mrb-books-reviewed/0521541751.html (1182 words)

	CNN - 'Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918' - November 19, 1999
		Influenza is not supposed to be deadly, at least for young adults, who have little reason to fear death or disease.
		"Influenza" is an Italian word that, one hypothesis has it, was coined by the disease's Italian victims in the middle of the eighteenth century.
		It was the influenza epidemic, the flu his own father had lived through but had not spoken about to Crosby.
	www.cnn.com /books/beginnings/9911/flu/index.html (3052 words)

	Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919
		During the Great war, it was considered that the Bacillus Influenzae of Pfeiffer was the causative agent.
		We had read of the spread of so-called Spanish influenza in the newspapers, but our first contact with it in Rouen was the arrival, in April, 1918, of a hospital train full of "sitting" patients, the majority convalescing from malaria and sandfly fever, from Italy.
		The question of haemorrhages is of great interest, because of the similarity between the lungs of animals infected with filtrates or Noguthi's cultures of filtered sputum and those of patients dying in the early stages of influenza.
	www.gwpda.org /medical/mja.htm (2786 words)

	Pandemic Influenza Preparation and Response Plan
		Based on the most current evidence, it is the general consensus among epidemiologists that the influenza pandemic of 1918 began in a little town in Kansas, from where it was transported to a local Army cantonment by several of the town's residents.
		The stain of influenza virus that most concerns the nations of the world today is the H5N1 virus, which is the same strain that struck in 1918, and is commonly known as the avian flu or bird flu.
		Influenza is a bird malady; that is, it's a natural illness of birds.
	www.narmc.amedd.army.mil /kacc/Pat_Ed/PIPGuidance/PIPRP.htm (1084 words)

	Flu Season Is Upon Us
		The influenza virus exists as two main types, termed influenza A and influenza B. Both strains cause the same unpleasant illness.
		Influenza A is further subdivided by the forms of two proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HN), that appear on the surface of the virus.
		Influenza viruses are also classified by the year and the geographical area in which they were first isolated.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2002/11/26/dre.DTL&type=printable (1727 words)

	Researchers Reconstruct 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
		Influenza pandemics occur when a new strain emerges to which people have little or no immunity.
		Most experts believe another pandemic will occur, but it is impossible to predict which strain will emerge as the next pandemic strain, when it will occur or how severe it will be.
		The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic, and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people worldwide in 1918 and 1919.
	www.rxpgnews.com /printer_2575.shtml (588 words)

	flu pandemic directory - Flu-Information.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Avian influenza also known as bird flu or avian flu is a type of influenza...
		The Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of influenza that originated in China in 1957 and spread worldwide that same year.
		Pandemic also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic the 1918 Flu Epidemic and La Grippe was an unusually severe...
	www.flu-information.org /flu/flu-pandemic.php (1946 words)

	H5N1: The Next Pandemic ?
		When the great influenza pandemic started in Haskell County, Kansas, in January 1918 people lived in relatively geographically isolated regions.
		The influenza epidemic that struck Haskell County that January was unusually virulent.
		However, in the case of the 1918 pandemic, the virus’ hemagglutinins along with other proteins were so foreign and at the same time so effective in invading cells, the human body simply could not cope with an infection.
	www.infowars.com /articles/science/bird_flu_h5n1_next_pandemic.htm (1036 words)

	Planning & Response
		Pandemic planning requires that people and entities not accustomed to responding to health crises understand the actions and priorities required to prepare for and respond to these potential risks.
		These assumptions, based largely on the 1918 influenza epidemic, are being used throughout the federal government to define a severe case scenario.
		Information on how a flu pandemic might affect individuals and families and what they can do to plan and prepare.
	pandemicflu.gov /plan (370 words)

	The preventive device " Breeze ". To buy. Great influenza pandemic. Antiviral drugs and prophylactic measure. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is the structure of the avian influenza.
		In the 20th century, the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, which caused an estimated 40 to 50 million deaths worldwide, was followed by pandemics in 1957–1958 and 1968–1969.
		When cases of avian influenza in humans occur, information on the extent of influenza infection in animals as well as humans and on circulating influenza viruses is urgently needed to aid the assessment of risks to public health and to guide the best protective measures.
	www.bird-flu-world.info (2375 words)

	The Great Influenza of 1918
		Even though it killed at least 40 million people in less than a year, the 1918 influenza pandemic's most alarming feature may have been that it nearly extinguished the basic humanitarian impulses that bind civil society together.
		Although the evidence strongly suggests that this pandemic was spawned in the U.S., in the state of Kansas, it was quickly dubbed the "Spanish Influenza" because Spain, neutral throughout the war, wasn't bothering to hide its awful travails with the epidemic.
		Barry thinks so, and he quotes the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences: "… another influenza pandemic is possibly inevitable and even overdue." The solution, he says, is for governments to immediately start making a major investment in the world's vaccine-producing infrastructure.
	www.jhsph.edu /publichealthnews/articles/2005/great_influenza.html (1073 words)

	History in Review - Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918
		The great influenza pandemic of 1918 killed at least 40 million people worldwide, although some estimates run as high as 100 million.
		Despite the horrendous death toll, the flu pandemic of 1918 is often overlooked, both scientifically and historically.
		In exploring the course of the 1918 pandemic, Kolata also describes the social and cultural implications of the diseases, and graphically describing how the murders were carried out.
	www.largeprintreviews.com /HIRflu.html (1011 words)

	BookPage Nonfiction Review: The Great Influenza
		Even today, there are conflicting estimates of how many deaths the great influenza pandemic of 1918 caused worldwide.
		The first traces the history of American medicine from its primitive beginning to the start of the war; the second chronicles the spreading tentacles of the pandemic; and the third follows the medical community's efforts to analyze and treat the disease and search for a cure.
		Believed to have originated in Haskell County, Kansas, in early 1918, the influenza spread across the country in two waves.
	www.bookpage.com /0402bp/nonfiction/great_flu.html (410 words)

	Amazon.de: Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gina Kolata does an excellent job of reconstructing the outbreak itself from the perspective of eyewitness and newspaper reports from the time, and brings the story into the modern age as she goes into the laboratories of molecular biologists and viriologists who are involved cracking the genetic secrets of flu viruses today.
		It is only within the recent past that a dedicated team of biological scientists have been able to attempt to unlock the secrets associated with this influenza breakout by researching the influenza's DNA sequences and associated biological properties using tissue samples recovered from victims and preserved over the decades since.
		Indeed, without a massive change in public policy and a quite rapid public health effort to develop the capability to isolate initial victims as well as to innoculate the population at large with a hastily conjured vaccine, the disastrous history of the 1918 epidemic could well be repeated with horrific results in our lifetime.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/0743203984 (1284 words)

	Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It -- Brown 123 (6): ...
		The influenza pandemic that enveloped the world in the early
		the exhumation of influenza victims buried in permafrost in
		The influenza spreading at Fort Dix proved to be a strain of
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/123/6/2165-a (890 words)

	Bird Flu - References
		Pandemic 'influenza' and secondary pneumonia at Camp Fremont, Calif. Journal of the American Medical Association 71:2138-44.
		The epidemiology and clinical impact of pandemic influenza.
		Archaevirology: characterization of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza pandemic virus.
	birdflubook.com /references.php (1184 words)

	Influenza 1918, A Venus Connection?
		Abstract: The possible influence of solar and geomagnetic activities on influenza diseases is studied for the 1976-2000 interval.
		Influenza B Virus Outbreak on a Cruise Ship -- Northern Europe, 2000 [Outbreak occurred in the June 23-July 5, 2000 timeframe in the Baltic.
		Passengers were primarily from the United States.] "Although results of rapid viral testing for influenza A and B viruses were negative, immunofluorescence staining and viral culture results implicated influenza B as the cause of the outbreak." - CDC MMWR March 02, 2001 / 50(08);137-140.
	www.datasync.com /~rsf1/vel/1918-03.htm (1115 words)

	State and Local Government Planning & Response Activities
		Because of this, much of the planning for a pandemic must be the responsibility of state and local governments.
		Community strategies that delay or reduce the impact of a pandemic (also called non-pharmaceutical interventions) may help reduce the spread of disease until a vaccine is available.
		To help coordinate planning, HHS and other federal agencies are holding pandemic planning summits with public health, emergency management, and response leaders in each state.
	pandemicflu.gov /plan/states (716 words)

	Influenza Pandemic Preparedness
		If the new influenza virus is easily transmitted from person to person, it can result in serious disease affecting people worldwide.
		Influenza pandemics occurred in 1918, 1957 and 1968.
		The next influenza pandemic will occur when a new strain of influenza virus emerges that is easily transmitted from person to person.
	www.mass.gov /dph/cdc/epii/flu/pandemic_government.htm (282 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This book tells the tale of that last great pandemic, and the subsequent search to identify the virus, to see to it that the disease never returns.
		Among the biggest events that it covers are the plague year of 1918, the Swine Flu fiasco of 1976, and the 1997 race to stop the spread of a deadly avian flu that was spreading in Hong Kong.
		In retrospect, neither was relevant to the deadly 1918 virus except to illustrate the epidemiologists' fixation with influenza as a potentially catastrophic killer.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0330484230 (1125 words)

	Researchers Reconstruct 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus
		Influenza viruses are constantly evolving, and that means our science needs to evolve if we want to protect as many people as possible from pandemic influenza.”
		The work was done in a high containment Biosafety Level 3 lab with enhancements that include special provisions to protect both laboratory workers and the public from exposure to the virus.
		Currently available antiviral drugs have been shown to be effective against influenza viruses similar to the 1918 influenza virus.
	www.rxpgnews.com /article_2575.shtml (929 words)

	Flu: The Story Of The Great Influenza Pandemic - Health Care Products - HealthCareStuff.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		She details the excruciating symptoms of the virus and the rapid speed with which it was transmitted.
		I found Gina Kolata's book, FLU to be quite entertaining, very informative and pretty engrossing as she traces the cause and effects of the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918 which killed millions of people.
		While it was interesting to read about the affect of this great epidemic that most people really don't know much about, it was even more intriguing to read about how group of researchers tried to traced down this flu with the technology given during their days.
	www.healthcarestuff.com /product/0743203984... (923 words)

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