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Topic: Great Lakes Storm of 1913

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	Great Lakes Storm of 1913 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, historically referred to as the "Big Blow," the "Freshwater Fury," or the "White Hurricane," was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes basin in the United States Midwest and the Canadian province of Ontario from November 7, 1913, to November 10, 1913.
		The storm was first noticed on Thursday, November 6, on the western side of Lake Superior, rapidly moving toward northern Lake Michigan.
		By late afternoon, the storm signal flags were replaced with a vertical sequence of red, white, and red lanterns, indicating that a hurricane with winds over 74 mph (119 km/h) was coming.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Lakes_Storm_of_1913 (2870 words)

	Great Lakes Storm of 1913
		While this occurs with some regularity during fall and winter months in the Great Lakes, there are probably a dozen or so mammoth storms which are noted in history for their severity, creating extensive losses in life and property, particularly to the shipping industry.
		A storm warning was issued for the Great Lakes Friday morning at 1000 am because of the very strong winds expected ahead of and behind the Arctic front.
		Storms ordinarily of that velocity do not last over four or five hours, but this storm raged for sixteen hours continuously at an average velocity of sixty miles per hour, with frequent spurts of seventy and over.
	www.crh.noaa.gov /dtx/stm_1913.php (2686 words)

	River Country Heritage Water Trails (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The “White Hurricane” was the greatest natural disaster to hit the Great Lakes, with 90 mph winds and 30 foot waves.
		The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, also known as the "White Hurricane," was a storm with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Thumb and entire Great Lakes from November 7, 1913, to November 10, 1913.
		The Storm was a classic “November Witch,” a gale caused by the convergence of two major storm fronts, fed by the Lakes' relatively warm waters.
	www.wmich.edu /glcms/watertrails/huronpop/huron-450.htm (341 words)

	Great Lakes Intensify Ferocity Of Passing Storms, Scientists Say
		"Cyclones that traverse the Great Lakes have important impacts on the physical environment and human habitation in the region," said James Angel, a climatologist with the Survey.
		To study the effect the Great Lakes have on passing cyclones, Angel and Isard examined the rates of movement and the changes in intensity for 583 cyclones that passed over the region between the years 1965 to 1990.
		The "great storm of 1913," for example, sank a dozen ships and claimed more than 250 lives.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1997-10/UoIa-GLIF-311097.php (505 words)

	National Historic Landmark Potential - The ISAAC M. SCOTT
		The Toledo Blade called the new boat "one of the handsomest of the large freighters on the great lakes." This was a period of rapid growth in the size of lake boats and so the classification of the SCOTT as large quickly faded.
		Lake mariners at the time assumed the SCOTT headed north or northeast into the storm and that sometime within the next twenty-four to forty-eight hours, the vessel foundered with all hands.
		Storms ordinarily of that velocity do not last over four or five hours, but this storm raged for sixteen hours continuously at an average velocity of 60 miles per hour, with frequent spurts of 70 and over.
	thunderbay.noaa.gov /shipwrecks/scott.html (1260 words)

	The Weather Doctor Almanac 1998
		Many great storms have been borne over the Lakes during November of the Mothers Superior, Michigan, and Huron, and their toll on Great Lakes shipping has long been the subject of story and song.
		The king of Great Lakes storms, however, struck Lake Huron and Lake Erie in 1913 when wind and wave sent 12 vessels to the bottom at a cost of more than 230 lives (some estimate as many as 300) and pushed 20 additional ships aground.
		The winds on Lake Huron on November 9, 1913 blew from the north at speeds steadily exceeding 110 km/h (69 mph) with gusts in excess of 139 km/h (86 mph).
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/almanac/arc_1998/98nov01.htm (1717 words)

	WMHS The Big Storm
		The storm which enveloped the Great Lakes region November 8 to 11 was the most destructive since the lakes have been commercially navigated and will doubtless mark a period in the history of the lakes.
		There have been great storms in the past, notably that of 1905, but none so extended in area, so terrific in force and so long continued without any cessation of wind velocity.
		The maximum velocity of the wind at the west end of Lake Superior on Saturday, November 9, was at the rate of 68 miles an hour, with a heavy sea running.
	my.execpc.com /~wmhs/storm.html (3383 words)

	Big Blow - BigBlow
		The storm originated as the convergence of two major storm fronts that was fuelled by the lakes' relatively warm waters, a seasonal process called a "November gale".
		This proved to be gravely unfortunate for the Great Lakes region, as the storm would have the better part of a day to build up hurricane forces before the Bureau headquarters in Washington, D.C., would have detailed information.
		The lake's shape allowed northerly winds to increase unchecked, due to the lower surface friction of water compared to land, and the ability of wind to guide itself down the long axis of a body of water.
	www.kopete.org /Big-Blow.html (2586 words)

	Great Lakes Shipping Bibliography Page 1
		Marine disasters on the western lakes, during the navigation of 1869 with the loss of life and property : vessels bought and sold: new vessels and their tonnage : also, those which have passed out of existence : with the names of vessels laid up at various lake ports.
		Marine Disasters in the western lakes during the navigation of 1871: with the loss of life, property vessels bought and sold, new vessels and their tonnage: also, those which have passed out existence: with a sketch of early marine history, and vessels laid up at various ports.
		Great Lakes' saga; the influence of one family on the development of Canada shipping on the Great Lakes, 1816-1931.
	www.mfhn.com /glsdb/resources/glsbib.html (2499 words)

	Great Lakes Genealogy - The Sailors - All Info About Genealogy
		In fact, one of the worst maritime storms in North American history was the Great Storm of 1913, which hit the upper midwest from November 7th to 11th of that year.
		Hundreds drowned in the frigid, furious waters of the Great Lakes, 238 to be exact; another 40 or so deaths were storm-related.
		In the past, they were there to protect the Great Lakes sailors, issuing storm warnings, operating lighthouses and lightships, freeing the shipping channels from ice, and rescuing ships in need.
	genealogy.allinfoabout.com /features/great_lakes_sailors.html (1461 words)

	The Great Lakes: Storm Breeding Ground
		Waters pushed by the storm winds much like a hurricane's storm surge and topped with high wave action severely erode the shoreline and may flood the coastal regions.
		The king of Great Lakes storms, however, struck Lakes Huron and Erie in 1913 when wind and wave sent 12 vessels to the bottom at a cost of more than 230 lives and pushed 20 ships aground.
		The winds on Lake Huron on November 9, 1913 blew from the north at speeds exceeding 110 km/h (69 mph) with gusts in excess of 139 km/h (86 mph).
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/science_sky/84988/2 (496 words)

	Television journalist Mixer recounts Great Lakes shipwrecks as part of lecture series
		A storm originating in Seattle hit Lake Michigan seemingly out of nowhere, blasting Lake Michigan with winds exceeding 125 miles per hour and waves as high as 40 feet.
		The most famous Great Lakes storm occurred in 1975 and sent the Edmund Fitzgerald to the bottom of Lake Superior with all 29 crew aboard.
		He brought the storms and sailors to life with firsthand narratives of diving expeditions, eyewitness accounts from the shore, newspaper records, family histories and official reports.
	www.gtherald.com /herald/2005/mar/02storms.htm (730 words)

	Huron County Museum - The Great Storm (1913) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The storm, which ravaged the Great Lakes region for three days, destroyed a total of 19 vessels and resulted in the stranding of 19 others, with a loss of 244 lives.
		This program personalizes the tragedy of the Great Storm of 1913 for students by focusing on one of its victims, Captain Edward McConkey.
		In addition to the pocketwatch and diary already mentioned a number of other items relating to the Great Storm of 1913 are on display.
	www.huroncountymuseum.on.ca /edu/prog21.htm (268 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Late autumn is the time of year when the cold air from Canada, the deep water of the Great Lakes and the warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico can combine to produce storms with near hurricane strength, a phenomenon known as the Witch of November (Bentley and Horstmeyer 30).
		It was a storm of similar strength that the Edmund Fitzgerald faced on 10 November 1975.
		Kimm Stabelfeldt, a Great Lakes diver and author, noted that a giant wave or series of waves would seem a very likely theory, given the way the ship is lying on the floor of the lake.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /~jvenema/102dl/three/model_class.doc (1680 words)

	The Weather Doctor Book Reviews: White Hurricane: The Great Lakes Storm of 1913
		The storms, which hit in early November of that year, left the greatest toll on ships and sailors ever seen on the Great Lake waters.
		During this storm, or more correctly series of connected storm events, twelve ships sank in open waters, thirty-one were stranded on rocks or beaches, and at least 270 sailors lost their lives.
		However, the magnitude of the storms and the lack of a more detailed data field far outstripped the abilities of the time to foresee, and even to see, the magnitude of the storms thrashing the lake waters.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/reviews/whitehurricane.htm (784 words)

	The Lakeshore Guardian :: November 2003 :: Sunken History
		When she sank, the McGean was in her fifth season on the lakes, and her captain was enjoying his second season in command of this new vessel.
		At first, the great storm was reported as just that-- "a disastrous blizzard".
		The November 10, 1913 issue of the Port Huron Times-Herald was headlined "Many ships at mercy of wind and seas".
	www.lakeshoreguardian.com /_2003/112003/sunkenhistory.php (624 words)

	Great Lakes Museums
		The Association for Great Lakes Maritime History is an international organization of institutions, museums, societies, and individuals seriously interested in Great Lakes maritime history.
		The Dossin Great Lakes Museum is the marine branch of the Detroit Historical Department and is the repository of the Institute's holdings.
		Operated by the Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston, this former Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker is open for tours and as a bed and breakfast.
	www.boatnerd.com /museums/default.htm (3179 words)

	USA Travel Guide - USA Tourist
		The five Great Lakes are located in the north central part of the United States and are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world.
		Lake Michigan is the only one fully located in the United States.
		The local Great Lakes residents cherish the hundreds of lighthouses that sit on the Great Lakes shores.
	www.usatourist.com /english/maillist/archive/1006.html (912 words)

	Great Lakes Shipwreck Research
		The untimely death of legendary Great Lakes wreckhunter and marine surveyor, Dick Race resulted in the open market sale of his massive collection of Great Lakes shipwreck artifacts.
		Because of the passage of laws protecting many Great Lakes wrecks, this may be the last large group of Great Lakes shipwreck artifacts offered for public sale.
		Interestingly, the film shows that the lake was nearly calm by the time the tug went out to take the crew off.
	www.ship-wrecks.net /shipwreck/Fall2003.jsp (1466 words)

	Videos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dennis Hale telling his story of the sinking and his incredible 38 hours on the storm-tossed lake.
		Great Lake except Lake Ontario.In Lake Huron,eight large ships were lost along with their crews.See the story of this terrible storm and visit the recently discovered Wexford in lower Lake Huron.
		This program comes complete with drawings of ship's equipment, descriptions of their functions, as well as video of examples found on a variety of shipwrecks ranging from early sailing vessels to modern day freighters.
	www.greatlakes.net /~divelog/images/Book_Covers/Videos.htm (794 words)

	A forecast fit for neither man nor sailing craft - Sailing Anarchy Forums
		While forecast is not (yet) quite as bad as conditions of 1975 storm that claimed the Edmund Fitzgerald, and many have sailed in worse conditions, I think I would rather be by the fire this evening and tomorrow than out on the Great Lakes.
		For the down under and other folks around the world, the Fitzgerald was a 700 foot + great lakes iron ore carrier that went down with all hands in similar weather.
		And as pointed out above, the waves in the great lakes, while they may not reach heights found in the oceans, have a different set that at the very least demands your respect.
	www.sailinganarchy.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=25634 (1506 words)

	No. 1378: S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald
		Today, we count some six thousand Great Lakes shipwrecks, and November seems to be the worst month.
		The great blizzard of November 11, 1940 (which I remember from my childhood in Minnesota), sank two ships and killed 46 people.
		Gitche Gumee had claimed her 6000th ship, and we're left with those words, "It's just a lake." After 118 years this ocean, posing as a lake, was still deceiving us with her placid everyday face.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1378.htm (553 words)

	greatlakes
		Along the beach front, swimmers enjoyed the lake and sandy beaches and I was pleased to see such white sand along the shore.
		On Sunday of the new week, I left my son with his duties aboard the USCG Bramble that was docked temporarily at Grand Haven and headed up the coast to attempt completing the journey of Michigan Lights before meeting him at his home on the opposite side of the state.
		Legend has it that in the storm of 1913; thirty-three people were saved from their ship, the Howard M. Hanna, when driven off course and sent aground.
	www.wheelmeon.org /greatlakes.html (5844 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		November storms are common on the Great Lakes, prompting mariners to coin the term November Witches, said meteorologist Mace Bentley, who detailed the Edmund Fitzgerald storm in an article in the November issue of Weatherwise magazine.
		The current storm is surprisingly similar to that 1975 disaster, even a bit stronger, he said in a telephone interview.
		"No lake master (ship's captain) can recall in all his experience a storm of such unprecedented violence with such rapid changes in the direction of the wind and its gusts of such fearful speed," said a report on the storm issued by the Lake Carriers Association in the wake of the storm.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/news/1998/wnov1113.htm (665 words)

	The Pick of the Literate - Nautical History
		The gripping true story of a failed rescue and a tragedy at sea in the predawn darkness of September 5, 1996, the Heather Lynne II was struck by a barge and overturned in calm seas 10 miles off Cape Ann, Massachusetts.
		Samuel Comstock knew he was born to do some great thing, but his only legacy was a reign of terror.
		Autumn gales have pursued mariners across the Great Lakes for centuries.
	www.bakerbooks.net /nauticalhistory.asp (2470 words)

	Great Lakes and maritime history books from Wayne State University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The most comprehensive reference source available about the lakes, Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair Handbook is an ideal guide for anglers, boaters, swimmers, beach walkers—anyone who uses and enjoys the lakes.
		Spanning more than three centuries, this important volume documents the evolution of the Great Lakes shipping industry through its “Golden Age” at the end of the nineteenth century to the present.
		A compelling history of the Great Lakes from their formation in the Ice Age, to their “discovery” by Samuel de Champlian in 1615, and, finally, to their impending death in our time.
	wsupress.wayne.edu /greatlakes/maritime/maritime4.html (214 words)

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