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Topic: Great Lakes Waterway

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	Great Lakes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 Great Lakes islands, including Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water, and Isle Royale in Lake Superior, the largest island in the largest lake (each island large enough to itself contain multiple lakes).
		The Great Lakes are international, and in situations that require regulation, a lack of cooperation between the U.S. and Canada might be predicted to have disastrous consequences.
		In the development of ecological problems in the Great Lakes, it was the influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal that led to the two federal governments attempting to work together – which proved a very complicated and troubled road.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Lakes (2803 words)

	Encyclopedia: Great Lakes
		Lake Ontario seen from near Wolcott, New York Lake Ontario, bounded on the north by Ontario and on the south by Ontarios Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.
		Lake Agassiz was an immense lakeâ€”bigger than all of the present-day Great Lakes combinedâ€”in the center of North America, which was fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last ice age.
		The Great Lakes Storm of 1913, historically referred to as the Big Blow, the Freshwater Fury, or the White Hurricane, was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes basin in the United States Midwest and the Canadian province of Ontario from November 7, 1913, to November...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Great-Lakes (7698 words)

	Great Lakes - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Great Lakes
		The chief ports of the Great Lakes are Fort William, Port Arthur, Hamilton, Toronto, and Kingston in Canada; and Duluth, Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland, Erie, Toledo, and Buffalo in the USA.
		Exotic species of wildlife introduced to the Great Lakes have caused serious problems: sea lampreys, introduced in the early 20th century, are parasites to native fish, and zebra mussels, were introduced in 1988, have clogged water pipes and destroyed indigenous species.
		The Great Lakes Charter regulates the use of water between the USA and Canada, and the Great Lakes Protection Fund (1989) attempts to improve the ecosystem.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Great+Lakes (661 words)

	Great Lakes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The melting also left behind a large amount of meltwater (see Lake Agassiz) which filled up these holes, which were soon to become the Great Lakes.
		Several ferries operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including Isle Royale, Pelee Island, Mackinac Island, Beaver Island, both Bois Blanc Islands,, South Bass Island, North Manitou Island, South Manitou Island,, Manitoulin Island, and the Toronto Islands.
		Another aspect that caught popular attention was the “toxic blobs” (expanses of lake bed coveredby various combinations of such substances as solvents, wood preservatives, coal tar, and metals) found in Lake Superior, the St. Clair River, and other portions of the Great Lakes region.
	secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Great_Lakes_(North_America) (2864 words)

	Great Lakes Waterway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Lakes Waterway is a system of channels and canals that makes all of the Great Lakes accessible to oceangoing vessels.
		The Great Lakes Waterway is supplemented by the Saint Lawrence Seaway, which makes the Saint Lawrence River navigable from Montreal to Kingston, Ontario.
		The Great Lakes Waterway is co-administered by Canada and the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Lakes_Waterway (155 words)

	Great Lakes
		A smaller sixth lake, Lake St. Clair, is part of the Great Lakes system between Lake Huron and Lake Erie but is not officially one of the Great Lakes.
		The Great Lakes were formed at the end of the last ice age, about 10,000 years ago, when the Laurentide Glaciation receded.
		The lakes are heavily used for transportation, though cargo traffic has decreased considerably in recent years.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/great_lakes.html (1365 words)

	Summary of Great Lakes Research
		Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario, along with the connecting rivers and channels, compose the Great Lakes Basin system, which is located along the eastern international boundary between Canada and the United States.
		The Great Lakes were first utilized at the conclusion of the War of 1812 when the battles for territory abruptly ended as the warriors became, or gave way to, the entrepreneurs, farmers, and laborers of modern industrialization.
		Lake Superior is surrounded mostly by forested land with sparse human population; thus, relatively few pollutants enter it from the surrounding land.
	www.eng.buffalo.edu /glp/articles/review.htm (8872 words)

	Great Lakes Waterway -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Great Lakes Waterway is a system of channels and (Long and narrow strip of water made for boats or for irrigation) canals that makes all of the (A group of 5 lakes in central North America) Great Lakes accessible to oceangoing vessels.
		Marys River between (The largest freshwater lake in the world; the deepest of the Great Lakes) Lake Superior and (The 2nd largest of the Great Lakes) Lake Huron, at (A town of southern Ontario opposite northern Michigan) Sault Sainte Marie.
		Clair River and (A short river flowing from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie along the border between the United States and Canada; one the busiest inland waterways in the world) Detroit River between Lake Huron and Lake Erie.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/great_lakes_waterway.htm (171 words)

	Saint Lawrence-Great Lakes Waterway. The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000
		Saint Lawrence–Great Lakes Waterway, 1,865 mi/3,001 km long, SE Canada and NE U.S.; stretches from Sept-Iles, Que., to Duluth, Minn.; includes St. Lawrence R., the St. Lawrence Seaway, the Great Lakes, and their connecting rivers, canals, and locks.
		Ocean- and lakegoing vessels use the waterway to reach the inland ports of the Great Lakes and to travel in and out of the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence.
		The waterway allows the transfer of manufactured goods from such lake ports as Chicago, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Detroit, Toronto, Hamilton, and Buffalo, and of raw materials such as iron ore, wheat, corn, timber.
	www.bartleby.com /69/81/S00981.html (347 words)

	GIFTS OF THE GLACIERS - Wisconsin Sea Grant
		Lake Michigan continued to drain out the Illinois River where Chicago now stands until about only 3,000 years ago, when the Great Lakes finally assumed their present shapes.
		The lakes' water is usually cold to begin with, because the Great Lakes lie across the 45th Parallel -- halfway to the North Pole from the Equator and just 1,200 miles from the Arctic Circle, less than the distance between New York City and Miami.
		Coupled with the vast forest, agricultural and mineral resources of the area, the abundant supply of water and cheap transportation afforded by the Great Lakes were major factors in the region becoming the population and industrial core of both the United States and Canada.
	www.seagrant.wisc.edu /communications/greatlakes/GlacialGift (1184 words)

	Great Lakes
		The Great Lakes - Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario - are known for their beauty and the wealth of resources within and around them.
		The combined lakes contain one-fifth of the world's surface fresh water, and they are often referred to as the "sweetwater seas".
		Over 38,000 square miles of Great Lakes bottom lands, St. Clair Flats and submerged cultural resources is regulated by several State and Federal laws and rules.
	www.michigan.gov /deq/1,1607,7-135-3313_3677---,00.html (546 words)

	Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		waterway of NE U.S. and SE Canada, 360 mi/579 km long; it is the portion of the St. Lawrence–Great Lakes Waterway System from Montreal, Que., on the St. Lawrence R., to Port Colborne, Ont., on L. Erie, at S end of Welland Canal.
		It parallels the Niagara R. 10 mi/16 km–15 mi/24 km to the W and overcomes the 326 ft/99 m Niagara Escarpment, the most formidable barrier on the entire waterway network, to L. Erie’s 572 ft/174 m.
		Completion of the Seaway allowed ships from the Atlantic Ocean to reach such distant inland lake ports as Chicago, on L. Michigan, and Duluth, on L. Superior.
	www.bartleby.com /69/80/S00980.html (317 words)

	Articles - Lake Superior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lake Superior (known as Gitchigume in a Native American language) is the largest of North America's Great Lakes.
		The lake is called "Gitche Gumee" ("big water") in the language of the Ojibwe who have inhabited the area for over five hundred years.
		The last major shipwreck on Lake Superior was that of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald in 1975.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Lake_Superior (538 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lake Champlain briefly became the sixth "Great Lake of the United States" on March 6, 1998, when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927.
		Most important, in East Africa, the Great Lakes Region is the area around Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Nyasa Lake, and Lake Albert.
		There is also the place Great Lakes, New South Wales in Australia.
	www.askmytutor.co.uk /g/gr/great_lakes.html (787 words)

	HCGL Manuscripts: GLMS-11, Great Lakes Waterways Development Association
		This one-half cubic foot collection was donated by the Great Lakes Waterways Development Association to Bowling Green State University.
		An organization named the Great Lakes Waterway Development Association was formed in Toronto to protest the use of tolls on the Seaway.
		Reports, speeches, and press releases (folders 7-9) were used to monitor the status of legislation affecting the shipping industry on the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway.
	www.bgsu.edu /colleges/library/hcgl/glms0011.html (666 words)

	Chapter 2
		The waterway is then lowered by the remaining locks to the Lake Champlain level at Whitehall of 96.8 feet.
		Navigation on Lake Champlain is controlled by the Federal Government and its buoyed channels run from Whitehall to Fort Henry, Burlington, Plattsburg and Rouses Point at the head of the lake.
		From Frankfurt on the Mohawk River to Wood Creek and from Lyons to Tonawanda the canal is in an artificial waterway.
	www.history.rochester.edu /canal/bib/nys1961/desbarge.htm (2541 words)

	TEACH: Water pollution in the Great Lakes
		The pollution of our waterways became a national issue in June of 1969, the day that the Cuyahoga River, flowing through Cleveland, Ohio, on its way to Lake Erie, caught on fire because it was so polluted.
		Although this was not the first time that the Cuyahoga River had been in flames, the 1969 fire caught the attention of the nation and the fight began for increased water pollution controls, which eventually led to the Great Lakes Water Quality Act and Clean Water Act in the 1970s.
		Ways that humans have affected the quality of the Great Lakes water over the centuries include sewage disposal, toxic contamination through heavy metals and pesticides, overdevelopment of the water's edge, runoff from agriculture and urbanization, and air pollution.
	www.great-lakes.net /teach/pollution/water/water1.html (166 words)

	MSN Encarta - Illinois
		These great stretches of prairie included prairie cordgrass, big bluestem, little bluestem, and switch grass.
		These great grassland areas were broken only by tongues of woodland along the rivers and scattered upland groves.
		Pollution and siltation of the state’s streams and lakes in the 20th century have negatively affected the fish.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566615_3/Illinois.html (1198 words)

	Tidepool \| Features
		All along, they've known the main source of the problem -- that these species enter the Great Lakes as stowaways in the ballast water of European freighters, which bring an average of 300 million tons of cargo through the Great Lakes waterway.
		In the Great Lakes region alone, at least 139 invasive aquatic species have become established since early 1800s, with more than one-third introduced during the past 35 years, a surge coinciding with the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway, which permitted larger vessels from European ports to enter the Great Lakes.
		The research is sorely needed, said Hugh MacIssac of the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research at the University of Windsor.
	www.tidepool.org /features/ballast.cfm (1246 words)

	Waterways (from Canada) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The inland shipping routes are dominated by the 2,342-mile (3,769-km) St. Lawrence–Great Lakes waterway, which provides navigation for vessels of 26-foot (8-metre) draft to the head of Lake Superior.
		But in a stricter sense, waterways are those bodies of water that are wide and deep enough for passage by freight-carrying vessels.
		Stretching westward from the Atlantic Ocean to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and northward from its border with the United States to the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean, Canada is a huge and fascinating land of contrasts.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-43308 (865 words)

	Waterway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The waterway must be deep enough to allow the draft depth of the vessels using it;
		The waterway must be wide enough to allow passage for the beam width of the vessels using it;
		The waterway must be free of barriers to navigation such as waterfalls and rapids, or have a way around them (such as canal locks);
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/W/Waterway.htm (222 words)

	LOCAL COMMENT: Waterway system depends on environmentally safe solutions
		If the Great Lakes navigation system is part of the regional, national, international transportation mix.
		President George W. Bush's administration demonstrated its commitment to the sustainable future of this international waterway by including funding for the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Study in the 2005 Corps of Engineers budget.
		The waterway's stakeholders, especially those in environmental, navigation and related maritime industries, must get involved and commit to serving as part of the study team.
	www.freep.com /voices/columnists/emag11_20040611.htm (601 words)

	Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In order for a waterway to be navigable, it must meet several criteria:
		Vessels using waterways vary from small animal-drawn barges to immense ocean tankers and ocean liners, such as cruise ships.
		At one time, canals were built mostly for small wooden barges drawn by horses or other draft animals.
	www.echostatic.com /Atlantic_Intracoastal_Waterway.html (135 words)

	The Great Lakes
		The mission of the Great Lakes Program (GLP) is to coordinate the development, evaluation and synthesis of scientific and technical knowledge on the Great Lakes Ecosystem in support of public education and policy formation.
		The Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) is a consortium of researchers at the University of Windsor.
		Established in 1981, the institute's research is directed toward the understanding, restoration, rehabilitation and protection of strategic ecological systems in the Great Lakes region.
	www.great-lakes.net /lakes (1282 words)

	Illinois Waterway on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		336 mi (541 km) long, linking Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River, N Ill.; an important part of the waterway connecting the Great Lakes with the Gulf of Mexico.
		Illinois Health Officials Warn of PCB Presence in Fish from Several Waterways.
		Waterway group wants to tell its story Organization hopes breakfast, boat tour for lawmakers will yield funding.(News)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/i/illinw1.asp (304 words)

	Egan Houseboat Rentals
		The Trent-Severn Waterway is one of the continent's most beautiful and varied inland water routes.
		From Pigeon Lake in the Kawarthas you are free to travel in either direction on the Trent-Severn Waterway.
		To the west of Pigeon Lake are some of Ontario's favourite lakes and summer communities - Sturgeon, Cameron and Balsam Lakes; the towns of Bobcaygeon, Fenelon Falls and Rosedale, all lie on route to Lake Simcoe.
	www.houseboat.on.ca (1872 words)

	Teaching About the Great Lakes & St.Lawrence Seaway
		Carved by a Native boy, it is placed in the headwaters of the Great Lakes to make its way to the sea.
		Traveling through all the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence Seaway and eventually the North Atlantic, readers will learn about the geography, history, industry, seasons, tides, currents, locks, inhabitants, animals and more of this fascinating region.
		It is part of the St. Lawrence Seaway and 2,350 miles (3,780 km) of the international waterway.
	www.canadainfolink.ca /glks.htm (712 words)

	SMIG -- Flow Distribution in St. Clair and Detroit Rivers (article: March 2002)
		Clair and Detroit Rivers are connecting channels between Lake Huron and Lake Erie in the Great Lakes waterway, and form part of the boundary between the United States and Canada.
		The equations provide a means for computing the expected values and uncertainties of steady-state flows on the basis of flow conditions specified at the upstream boundaries of the waterway.
		In 7 upstream reaches, flow is considered fixed because it can be determined on the basis of flows specified at waterway boundaries and flow continuity.
	smig.usgs.gov /SMIG/features_0302/flowdist.html (510 words)

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