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Topic: Great Manmade River

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	The Man Made River Project, Libya - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		In October 1983, the Great Man-made River Authority was created and invested with the responsibility of taking water from the aquifers in the south, and conveying it by the most economical and practical means for use, predominantly for irrigation, in the Libyan coastal belt.
		By 1996 the Great Man-Made River Project had reached one of its final stages, the gushing forth of sweet unpolluted water to the homes and gardens of the citizens of Libya's capital Tripoli.
		Each pipe of the river project is buried in a trench approximately seven metres deep, excavation of which requires the removal of some 100,000 cubic metres of material each working day.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /man_made_river_libya.htm (1299 words)

	TPWD; Texas River Guide; River Safety
		Another great precaution is a competent group of friends with either a shore or boat based rescue plan.
		Whenever you are on the river, it is important that you are prepared to deal with an emergency.
		River guide booklets and topography maps are valuable references in trip planning.
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /landwater/water/habitats/rivers/safety.phtml (2995 words)

	River Bassin
		For starters, river bass are different from their calm-water cousins in attitude.
		The fighting qualities of river fish and the unpredictable nature of their environment challenge even the best anglers.
		In rivers it is possible to catch 90 percent of the fish in 5 feet of water or less.
	home.comcast.net /~rkrz/infoarch/fyiriver.htm (1177 words)

	Great Manmade River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Manmade River or Great Man-made River (GMR) is a network of pipes that supplies water from the Sahara Desert in Libya from a fossil aquifer.
		The project is owned by the Great Man-made River Authority and funded by the Libyan government.
		28 August 1984: Muammar al-Qaddafi lays the foundation stone in Sarir area for the commencement of the construction of the Great Man-Made River Project.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Manmade_River (560 words)

	Water Technology - GMR (Great Man-made River) Water Supply Project
		Contracts were awarded in 2001-02 for the next phase of Libya's Great Man-Made River Project, an enormous, long-term undertaking to supply the country's needs by drawing water from aquifers beneath the Sahara and conveying it along a network of huge underground pipes.
		The GMR project - the world's largest engineering venture - is intended to transport water from these aquifers to the northern coastal belt, to provide for the country's 5.6 million inhabitants and for irrigation.
		When completed, irrigation water from the GMR will enable about 155,000ha of land to be cultivated - echoing the Libyan leader's original prediction that the project would make the desert as green as the country's flag.
	www.water-technology.net /projects/gmr (1385 words)

	7. The River as Shaper
		Even though rivers are tugged by gravity and the sea, they rarely follow a direct path to their destination, for that is not the way of least resistance.
		Meanwhile the former peninsula of Jamestown has become an island, losing many feet of river bank that the colonists farmed along the deep harbor where their ships anchored, and houses dot the growing sandy beaches across the river on the inside of its bend.
		The Powhatan tribes were forced to settle beyond the York River on the north and behind a line equally distant from the river on the south side.
	www.vcu.edu /engweb/Rivertime/chp7.htm (2095 words)

	A River Tour
		Once farms lined the river with the aid of a system of dikes which held tidal flow so that the marshland could be drained.
		The Maurice River and its tributaries drain the southwest portion of the Pinelands National Reserve, which is also an International Biosphere Reserve under the United Nations Man and the Biosphere Program.
		Near the mouth of the river are Shellpile and Bivalve, with their fleets of oyster and crab boats and their obvious historical dependence on shellfish.
	mauriceriver.igc.org /rivertour.html (2084 words)

	Manmade river new attraction at National Great Rivers Museum
		The river's bed and banks are formed of concrete tinted a tan color to resemble mud.
		The exhibit area is about 150 feet long, but the unnamed, skinny river twists and bends about 300 feet down a slight slope and stops in a 2-foot-deep delta.
		Along the river's route are such geologic features as islands, sandbars, an oxbow lake and a backwater slough.
	www.uswaternews.com /archives/arcconserv/5manmrive12.html (490 words)

	NRDC: OnEarth Magazine, Fall 2006 - Reviews
		In Pakistan, reducing upstream diversions of the Indus River to irrigate cotton fields would enable downstream farmers to stay on their land instead of abandoning it for desultory existences in Karachi slums, where militant Islamists recruit.
		Irrigation has picked up the salt that once was harmlessly borne down rivers to the sea, and instead has spread it across at least one-fifth of the world's agricultural land, gradually poisoning the soil.
		Water tables are plunging as farmers in China, India, Pakistan, and the United States draw from irreplaceable sources of underground water to irrigate their crops; in many instances they are pumping water with government-subsidized energy to grow water-guzzling crops such as rice, sugarcane, alfalfa, and cotton, which are themselves sometimes subsidized.
	www.nrdc.org /onearth/06fal/reviews.asp (1643 words)

	Great Rivers Partnership - From My Perspective - Carlos Klink
		As the late Brazilian geographer Milton Santos said, the space is both form (the geographical distribution of natural and manmade landscapes) and function (how we build and transform our landscape).
		To conserve biodiversity is to act in such a way as to mold the structure and functioning of landscapes.
		Read other Perspectives on the work of the Great Rivers Partnership, from the people working on the ground.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/greatrivers/people/art17373.html (336 words)

	Tarhuna / Tarhunah
		Hopes are that the Great Man Made River (GMR), a five-phase, $30-billion project to bring water from underground aquifers beneath the Sahara to the Mediterranean coast, will reduce the country's water shortage and its dependence on food imports.
		The GMR involves thousands of kilometers of canals and piping and hundreds of wells to serve irrigation and domestic and industrial water supply in Benghazi and Sirte areas of Libya.
		There is some concern that the Great Man-Made River project may increase the demand for these waters and possibly lead to trans-boundary conflicts among the States concerned.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/libya/tarhuna.htm (1051 words)

	Environment-current issues. The World Factbook. 2003
		air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
		Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain
		lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion; desertification
	www.bartleby.com /151/fields/17.html (4161 words)

	HISTORY
		Like a giant lifeline in the midst of desperation, the Nile River, longest river in the world, cuts a swath of green and life through the barrenness of the giant Sahara desert in North Africa.
		Swollen by rains, the river yearly floods the Nile Valley, so that the valley literally turns into isolated islands separated by the high waters.
		The areas away from the river are desert lands where few humans live.
	www.nileriver.com /nile/history.htm (481 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| Libya's man-made river springs leak
		One of the world's largest construction projects, Libya's great man-made river, is facing difficulties, 10 years after it came on tap.
		The great man-made river was designed as the show-piece of the Libyan revolution and it was predicted that it would make the desert as green as the Libyan flag.
		He said no large engineering projects from the space shuttle to the great manmade river could expect to be trouble-free and so far Libyans have not felt the effects.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/894050.stm (348 words)

	Libya Demographics and Geography - Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
		One of the largest is the Great Manmade River (GMR) project (begun 1984) designed to carry fossil water from Saharan artesian wells through a 2,400 mi/3,862 km pipeline system to irrigate 313 sq mi/811 sq km in the coastal region.
		The largest agricultural irrigation project in the Middle East, the GMR is expected to take 25 years to complete and cost an estimated $25 billion.
		The 1950s were characterized by great poverty, though the government maintained a balanced budget; a minimal amount of economic development was made possible only by subsidies and loans received from various Western nations.
	www.columbiagazetteer.org /public/Libya.html (2221 words)

	The East River
		He gave the East River's midway point the name Helegat, meaning "bright passage." But as a place of whirlpools and dangerous rocks, the Anglicization that stuck was Hell Gate.
		But the East River is foremost a source of life, from Throgs Neck and Willets Point to the Battery and Governors Island.
		The river's rich fish stocks and salt grasses once fed Native Americans and European colonists and their animals, and its tidal energy swept up through broad marshes to turn mills on Dutch colonial farms.
	www.eastrivernyc.org (774 words)

	Aquifer Summary
		Groundwater is especially abundant in humid areas where the overburden is relatively thick and the bedrock is porous or fractured, particularly in areas of sedimentary rocks such as sandstone or limestone.
		Coarse materials, due to the high energy needed to move them, tend to be found nearer the source (mountain fronts or rivers), while the fine-grained material will make it farther from the source (to the flatter parts of the basin or overbank areas - sometimes called the pressure area).
		Aquifer depletion is a global problem, and is especially critical in northern Africa; see the Great Manmade River project of Libya for an example.
	www.bookrags.com /Aquifer (5129 words)

	AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The water in these river basins, shared between several countries, is managed through basin organizations that group together all or some of the countries included in one basin.
		The region whose rate of water withdrawal (as a function of internal renewable water resources) is the lowest is the Central Region (0.1 percent), while the region with the highest rate of water withdrawal is the Northern Region (200 percent) (Figure 11).
		This latter rate is induced by the contribution and the use of water resources from outside the region (water from the Nile River in Egypt), and to a lesser extent by the use of non-renewable water resources (in Algeria and Libyan Arab Jamahiriya).
	www.fao.org /ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/regions/africa/index.stm (11925 words)

	Libya's Vast Pipe Dream Taps Into Desert's Ice Age Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		For weeks, they struggled to nestle, nudge and wedge new 75-ton pipe sections back into the ground to recreate the seamless conveyance before the manmade river could be turned on again at its source.
		The rest fell 4,500 to 10,000 years ago, he said, when Libya was a broad and lush savanna, where elephants, giraffes, leopards and great herds roamed while early humans harvested crops on plains washed by heavy rains.
		An article I read about the Great Manmade River Project several years ago speculated that in fact the pipes were intended to convey troops and WMD's around Libya and might have nothing to do with water.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1089444/posts (1993 words)

	11/24 - Study: No breast cancer-PCB link
		McElroy led a team of researchers in the survey study of the self-reported fish-consumption habits of women ages 20 to 69 diagnosed with breast cancer between 1996 and 2000.
		But researchers identified a small subset of 98 women under the age of 40 in the study whose fish-consumption habits appeared statistically correlated to their breast cancers.
		Paper companies along the Fox River released them into the river in the manufacturing and recycling of carbonless paper in the 1950s, ‘60s and ‘70s.
	www.greatlakesdirectory.org /wi/112403_great_lakes_toxins.htm (595 words)

	FACT SHEET: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		For most of their history, the peoples of Libya have been subjected to varying degrees of foreign control.
		Finally, a Libyan husband is permitted to take legal action to prevent his wife from leaving the country, regardless of her nationality.
		Desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/libya/index.shtml (1313 words)

	World InfoZone - Libya Facts
		There are fears about increasing the salinity of the soil by lowering the water table through overuse of the wells.
		The exploration for oil in the southern deserts of Libya discovered vast underground resouces of water which will be tapped by the Great Manmade River Project.
		The Great Manmade River Project, the world's largest civil engineering scheme, will enable Libya to reclaim land from desert with the aim of agricultural self-sufficiency by bringing water from the natural underground supplies in the south.
	www.worldinfozone.com /facts.php?country=Libya (606 words)

	Modélisation
		In Tunisia: the contemplated pattern anticipates that the savings realized from improvement in the efficiency of irrigation will compensate for the additional demand of the new irrigated perimeters, which corresponds to the maintenance of the present withdrawals.
		In Libya: the exploratory simulations concern two programmes of the Great Manmade River Project (GMRP): the pumping field of Ghadames-Derj, with an additional flow of
		the flow, present and future, of the CI's Tunisian Outlet is of great importance, as it contributes to the supply of the Djeffara coastal aquifer which itself has been heavily exploited.
	www.unesco.org /oss-sass/vuk/modelisationuk.htm (1224 words)

	Adventures of Libya: Jabal Akhdar
		During the Italian colonisation, it was a farming region, and this period has left many Italian style houses all around the mountain area.
		Modern Libya has been developing the agricultural potentials, particularly through the tremendous Great Manmade River, which poors large portions of its water into the farms of Jabal Akhdar.
		The scenery of this region comes as a great surprise to most visitors, few knew of this pearl before coming here.
	lexicorient.com /libya/jabalakh.htm (223 words)

	Great Ohio River Paddle 2004
		Great Ohio River Paddle is a unique canoe and kayak experience.
		The Ohio River is a river of contrasts.
		The Ohio is a perfect river for a wide range of experience.
	www.ohioriverfdn.org /events/gorp04/gorp.html (396 words)

	Great Manmade River
		Should these figures be correct, it appears that the reservoirs are emptied in less than 20 years.
		Still Libyan authorities claims that the amounts of water equals 200 years of Nile River water flow.
		The project has been funded by the Libyan government, and its cost has been estimated to be around US$25 billion, all financed without foreign loans.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/great_manmade_river.htm (225 words)

	GreatLakesLodging.Com : General Great Lakes Information
		The natural and manmade channels that connect the Great Lakes are very important to shipping and recreation.
		In northern Michigan, the St. Mary's river connects the waters of Lakes Huron and Superior.
		The river is 60 miles long, and at the St. Mary's rapids, a system of locks help ships to bypass the shallow, rough water.
	www.greatlakeslodging.com /regions/lakes (290 words)

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