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Topic: Great Manmade River Project

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	ooBdoo
		In non-mountainous areas (or near rivers in mountainous areas), the main aquifers are typically unconsolidated alluvium.
		Unconfined aquifers usually receive recharge water directly from the surface, from precipitation or from a body of surface water (e.g., a river, stream, or lake) which is in hydraulic connection with it.
		These are related to rivers, fluvial deposits, or unconsolidated deposits along river corridors, and are usually rapidly replenished by infiltration of surface water.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Aquifer (1765 words)

	Great Lakes Areas of Concern: Index map of US Areas of Concern
		A fish consumption advisory was issued for the lower 5 miles of the river in 1983 due to the high incidence of liver and lip cancers found in fish, particularly brown bullhead.
		The Great Lakes Watershed Initiative Project is launched in the Black River Watershed with The Conservation Fund, the Ohio EPA and the Black River RAP.
		Within the Black River lacustuary area, the effects of point source pollution have been minimized to the level that the overall water quality and fish communities are on the verge of recovery.
	www.epa.gov /glnpo/aoc/blackriver.html (7055 words)

	Water Technology - GMR (Great Man-made River) Water Supply Project
		Contracts were awarded in 2001-02 for the next phase of Libya's Great Man-Made River Project, an enormous, long-term undertaking to supply the country's needs by drawing water from aquifers beneath the Sahara and conveying it along a network of huge underground pipes.
		The GMR project - the world's largest engineering venture - is intended to transport water from these aquifers to the northern coastal belt, to provide for the country's 5.6 million inhabitants and for irrigation.
		Colonel Moammar Gaddafi at the formal inauguration of Phase I of the project, in August 1991.
	www.water-technology.net /projects/gmr (1385 words)

	The Great Lakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Great Lakes advocates are closely monitoring developments on Capitol Hill today, hoping the U.S. House gets behind a 16-year-old law to restore the region's fish and wildlife habitat with $20 million a year in potential funding.
		The mission of the Great Lakes Program (GLP) is to coordinate the development, evaluation and synthesis of scientific and technical knowledge on the Great Lakes Ecosystem in support of public education and policy formation.
		The Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) is a consortium of researchers at the University of Windsor.
	www.great-lakes.net /lakes (1315 words)

	Thistle Diary: Dipping a toe in the great manmade river - Comment from Westminster by Tam Dalyell - 23 November 1991 - ...
		Thistle Diary: Dipping a toe in the great manmade river - Comment from Westminster by Tam Dalyell - 23 November 1991 - New Scientist
		MPs are lucky in that we sometimes receive invitations from foreign governments, and unlucky in that we can get provisionally slaughtered for singing the praises of those governments when we return.
		One reason for my decision was that one of the days was earmarked for a visit to 'the great manmade river project' about which Fred Pearce had written in New Scientist in 'Africa at a watershed' (23 March 1991) and 'Will Gaddafi's great river run dry?' (7 September 1991).
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg13217965.900.html (306 words)

	Environment-current issues. The World Factbook. 2003
		air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
		Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain
		lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion; desertification
	www.bartleby.com /151/fields/17.html (4161 words)

	Modélisation
		The NWSAS project has made it possible to improve geological and hydrogeological knowledge of the basin as a whole, thanks to recent surveys and new hydrogeological prospects, in particular, a historical fifty-year study (1950-2000) of the piezometry (the water level coast), water salinity, and its exploitation.
		Nonetheless, the necessity of confirming the results obtained must be stressed: in spite of the progress realized by the NWSAS project, uncertainties remain as to knowledge of the system, which uncertainties will require the undergoing of new investigations
		The combined exercise of hydrogeological knowledge and the model makes it possible to reach realistic conclusions as to the capacities of the NWSAS to supply appreciable quantities of water while minimizing risks concerning the resource.
	www.unesco.org /oss-sass/vuk/modelisationuk.htm (1224 words)

	FACT SHEET: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		For most of their history, the peoples of Libya have been subjected to varying degrees of foreign control.
		Finally, a Libyan husband is permitted to take legal action to prevent his wife from leaving the country, regardless of her nationality.
		Desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/libya/index.shtml (1313 words)

	IATP \| WaterObservatory
		Named Saraswati (after the ancient mystical river), ONGC intends to tap underground reserves of fresh groundwater in the paleo-lows of drought prone areas.
		ONGC is replicating the Libyan government's Rs 1,000-crore Great Manmade River project, which similarly tapped fresh water resources.
		ONGC is preparing the grounds on which to address the issue of water, which can turn out to be as serious as the oil crisis of the 1970s.
	www.waterobservatory.org /headlines.cfm?refID=77657 (355 words)

	Climate change could devastate U.S. wetlands
		The temperature increases and variations in weather patterns projected for the next 100 years will change the distribution of freshwater fish and affect many other aquatic species, the report argues.
		But climate scientists project that to reach waters of optimal temperature, some species might need to move more than 400 miles (644 kilometers) farther north - a prohibitive distance, Poff noted, considering the natural and manmade barriers that lie along many waterways.
		Populations of aquatic organisms are sensitive to the effects of floods, droughts and other extreme weather events, which are likely to increase as a result of climate change.
	www.greatlakesdirectory.org /zarticles/129climatechange.htm (980 words)

	homepage\Africa
		The Nile River, the longest river in the world, has brought fertile alluvial soil to a narrow valley of Egypt that cuts through the surrounding desert.
		Libya has very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development project in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities.
		Arab-Mulsim conquest and rule in the 15th century brought political unity, economic wealth, and educational development to the urban areas of northern Sudan; Blacks in the southern section were carried off by Arabs to be sued as salves.
	www.list.org /~mdoyle/Africa.html (2658 words)

	fao.htm
		Responsibility for all water resources assessment and monitoring rests with the General Water Authority, while the Secretariat of Agriculture and Animal Wealth is responsible for the development of irrigated agriculture and the implementation of major projects.
		A special Authority – The Great Manmade River Water Utilization Authority – is responsible for the use for agricultural purposes of the water transported from the desert to the coast.
		Irrigation development in Libya is linked to the implementation of the water transport project from the desert.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8744/fao.htm (985 words)

	Palin's Travels: Benghazi, Libya, Sahara, Day 83
		In the middle of a roundabout on the outskirts of Benghazi is a huge installation commemorating the Great Manmade River Project.
		A quarter of a million of these sections were used in the first phase of the project alone, and apparently the number laid now would stretch from the southern tip of Italy to the Orkney Islands.
		There have been unforeseen problems, however, one of which is the high saline content of the underground water, which is causing corrosion and leakage that is either very serious or little more than expected, according to who you talk to.
	www.palinstravels.co.uk /book-1981&from=photoindex-36-12 (337 words)

	Review by David Seals of Escape to Hell
		They are building a Great Manmade River in the Sahara from vast subterranean seas of water, next to the oil oceans, and dams and irrigation canals thousands of kilometers long to turn the desert into a green agricultural resource.
		Because a mountainous formation known as 'Jabal Nefussa' blocks the natural flow of the piped water from the areas where the aquifers are located to the coastal plain, it was necessary to drill a tunnel through the mountain and install a pumping station.
		The persona of Qaddafi reminds me of the way Sitting Bull got in the face of the 19th century, until he was like one of Qaddafi's own larger-than-life paintings (which I saw in the lobby of the Libyan UN Mission in New York) on a big white horse in flowing romantic robes and headdress.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8744/dsreview.htm (3044 words)

	03 LIBYA CELEBRATES 30 YEARS OF REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Today there is a massive development and diversification of the economy taking place, which will be further enhanced with the completion of the Great Manmade River Project.
		Having rid themselves of all the pernicious influence of Western imperialism, they have now established the Great Socialist Libyan Arab peoples Jamahiriya (Jama-hiriya translates as the State of the masses), in which regime all economic relationships have to be based upon collective partnerships.
		It is clear that thirty years of developing a free, independent socialist Libya has caused fear and consternation in the imperialist camps, particularly American ruling circles, who see in Libya all the dangers for their hegemony of the middle east and Africa, as they do in regard to their other enfant terrible nightmare, Cuba.
	www.wpb.be /lalkar/lalkarnov99/03libya.htm (886 words)

	U.S. Department of State 96/04/04 Daily Press Briefing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It will, for us, be a loss that he was unable to carry forward with it -- a great loss, in fact -- and we will simply have to do everything we can to pick up where he left off and carry his work forward.
		But I could state that we believe that Libya is determined to move its chemical warfare program forward, despite the condemnation of the international community and political pressure from a number of quarters to halt such activities.
		I have the impression that they weren't going to cut a ribbon on this place in the next month or so, but that they've done a lot of work in recent years, and so therefore it had taken shape enough that we were able to make these determinations about it that I've given you.
	www.hri.org /docs/statedep/1996/96-04-04.std.html (5049 words)

	DOD: Excerpt from Proliferation: Threat and Response -11/97
		Iran may also be concerned by Israel’s strategic projection capabilities and its potential to strike Iran in a variety of ways.
		The Iraqis maintained that the projects to manufacture weapons using viral agents were unsuccessful but the 1995 defection of Hussein Kamel revealed otherwise.
		In response to international attention, Qadhafi claimed that Tarhunah was part of the Great Manmade River Project, a nationwide irrigation effort.
	www.iraqwatch.org /government/US/Pentagon/dod-prolif-97.htm (6683 words)

	World InfoZone - Libya Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There are fears about increasing the salinity of the soil by lowering the water table through overuse of the wells.
		The exploration for oil in the southern deserts of Libya discovered vast underground resouces of water which will be tapped by the "Great Manmade River Project".
		The "Great Manmade River Project", the world's largest civil engineering scheme, will enable Libya to reclaim land from desert with the aim of agricultural self-sufficiency by bringing water from the natural underground supplies in the south.
	www.worldinfozone.com /facts.php?country=Libya (603 words)

	AEC Ashford Engineering Consultants
		He has fifteen years geological work experience both in the UK and overseas on diverse projects ranging from groundwater resources and groundwater contamination to mineral extraction, mining, civil engineering and radioactive waste disposal.
		A major water wellfield in the Libyan desert for the Great Manmade River Project comprising 320 production wells approximately 500m deep in a sandstone aquifer.
		Research project: Water resources project in an alluvial aquifer in Romania: The application of hydrochemistry and groundwater flow modelling in determining river- aquifer interactions.
	www.ashfordengineeringconsultants.com /aec/peopleBMJcv.php (633 words)

	[No title]
		Severe cutbacks in imports over the past five years have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages.
		Austerity budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development projects.
		Windfall profits from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 improved the foreign payments position and may permit Tripoli to ease austerity measures.
	www.textfiles.com /politics/CIA/libya.txt (189 words)

	World InfoZone - Libya Information - Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As with other countries in North Africa Libya shows evidence in rock carvings and geological records of a time when its environment supported a wide range of flora and fauna and was not a desert.
		The outward spread of the desert caused by climate change may perhaps be halted by the Great Manmade River Project which aims to make use of the huge underground water supplies in the high lands to the south.
		Libya's past as a Roman province and before that as the site of a number of Greek colonies has left a great legacy of classical architecture particularly well preserved because of the lack of subsequent development.
	www.worldinfozone.com /country.php?country=Libya (565 words)

	homepage\North Africa
		Egypt is in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip.
		In 1969, the monarchy was overthrown in a coup led by Muammar Gadhafi who broke Libyan ties with Britain and the United States.
		More than nine-tenths of Libya's land area is desert or semi desert, and more than three-fourths of its population live along the narrow coastal strip.
	www.list.org /~mdoyle/Africa.htm (2530 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Saddam's secret weapons exports
		The Tarhunnah plant was built as a sideshow to Gadhafi's "Great Manmade River Project," built with the help of a giant South Korean construction firm.
		There are also guesthouses for senior project advisers from Iraq and Iran.
		Moreover, there is a small farm ensuring the supply of fresh milk, vegetables and dates for the WMD workers.
	www.wnd.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=21497 (2329 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Only a small fraction of Libya's land receives adequate rainfall to support agriculture without assistance from underground wells or from seawater.
		The Great Manmade River (GMR) project was begun in 1984 with the objective of carrying water in a large diameter pipeline from well-fields in the south to the northern coast, and from thence to Benghazi in the east and Sirt in the west.
		The scheme, which is expected to take 25 years to complete, has had little noticeable effect so far on the overall shortage, partly due to the high operational costs.
	www.arab.net /libya/la_agriculture.htm (387 words)

	CBC News: Martin's Libya trip welcomed by Canadian business
		The two men smiled and shook hands before heading for the ornate tent, not far from the remains of Gadhafi's bombed out residence, where one of his children died when U.S. fighter jets attacked the building in 1986.
		Prime Minister Paul Martin shares a laugh with SNC Lavalin CEO Jacques Lamarre after a multi-million dollar deal was signed for the Great Manmade River Project in Tripoli, Libya.
		The project will divert water from desert wells in southern Libya to northern coastal cities.
	www.cbc.ca /story/world/national/2004/12/19/martin-libya041219.html (1478 words)

	Libya -
		For this reason, the safe yield has been estimated at 500 million m³/year.
		Through the Great Manmade River Project about 2 km³/year of fossil water is expected to be transported from the desert to the coastal areas, mainly for irrigation but part will be used for the water supply of the major cities.
		It is estimated that 70 million m³ of water is desalinated each year.
	www.wca-infonet.org /cds_static/en/libya_en_606_all_1.html (382 words)

	Libyan success story for well-connected Corinthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		High-end tour operators, such as Cox and Kings and Abercrombie and Kent, have started to promote cultural programmes to Libya’s spectacular and little-visited Graeco-Roman sites, and Corinthia anticipates that 2006 will be another profitable year.
		There are a growing number of conferences on infrastructural development for the country – including the all-important EUR28 billion GMR (‘great manmade river’) project, now into its third phase of construction and already piping water from the underground lake in the Sahara to the coastal cities of Tripoli and Benghazi.
		Since it is the only international hotel company operating in Libya, rooms at the Corinthia are at a premium and rates are three times higher than at its competitors.
	www.freesun.be /freesun_news/10_march_2006/corinthia.html (393 words)

	Hobson's Choice: War on Terror Archives
		Typically they throw in Israel, alleging that "the Jews are using" the other three and that "the Jews are the most evil people on earth," and that Christians are going to hell.
		Beginning in 2003, there was a great movement to break that cycle of condemnation and alienation, but there remains a stupendous amount of work to be done, and nearly all of it is education.
		No, the weapon of the revolution to come is made only of paper and it is called the 'Civil Contingencies Bill', due to become law next year.
	www.jamesrmaclean.com /archives/cat_war_on_terror.html (15551 words)

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