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Topic: Great Northern War and Norway

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	EH.Net Encyclopedia: The Economic History of Norway
		Norway, with its population of 4.6 million on the northern flank of Europe, is today one of the most wealthy nations in the world, both measured as GDP per capita and in capital stock.
		Officially Norway was neutral during World War I. However, in terms of the economy, the government clearly took the side of the British and their allies.
		Norway suspended gold redemption in August 1914, and due to inflationary monetary policy during the war and in the first couple of years afterward, demand was very high.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/grytten.norway (3772 words)

	Great Northern War
		The Great Northern War was the war fought between a coalition of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland (from 1715 also Prussia and Hanover) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721.
		From the very beginning of the Great Northern War Sweden suffered from the inability of Charles XII to view the situation from anything but a purely personal point of view.
		The war was finally concluded by the Treaty of Nystad in 1721.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/great_northern_war.html (1196 words)

	Norway. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Norway is a constitutional monarchy; executive power, while nominally held by the monarch, is exercised by a council of ministers led by the prime minister.
		The history of Norway before the age of the Vikings is indistinct from that of the rest of Scandinavia.
		Norway was one of the original members of the United Nations (the Norwegian Trygve Lie was the first UN Secretary-General), and it became a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949.
	www.bartleby.com /65/no/Norway.html (2041 words)

	Short History of the Great Northern War
		Peter the Great built his new capital of Saint Petersburg on the newly conquered Baltic coast during the war, calling it his 'window on the west' from where trade, war and diplomacy could be conducted.
		When the Germans and Austro-Hungarians lost the Great War the part of Poland that was within their territories also became independent and Poland was even granted a 'free port' at Danzig / G'dansk giving her access to the sea.
		Great Britain was not called Great to reflect its growing power as most people think but to distinguish it from Brittany in France, one being Greater Britain and the other Lesser Britain.
	www.colonization.biz /scenario/1700his.htm (1360 words)

	::The Great Northern War::
		The Great Northern War was fought between Sweden's Charles XII and a coalition lead by Peter the Great.
		By the end of the war, Sweden had lost her supremacy as the leading power in the Baltic region and was replaced by Peter the Great's Russia.
		The Great Northern War had a number of distinct phases: 1700 to 1706; 1707 to 1709; 1709 to 1714; 1714 to 1718 and 1718 to 1721.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /great_northern_war.htm (1819 words)

	Norway
		Norway is one of the Nordic countries, occupying the western part of the Scandinavian peninsula, with a total area of 323 878 sq km.
		It is bordered by the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea in the west, Russia, Finland and Sweden in the east, and the Skagerrak (an arm of the North Sea) in the south.
		Norway is a constitutional monarchy which means that the constitution decrees that the country should be ruled by a monarch.
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/norway.htm (1692 words)

	Sweden, Russia and the Great Northern War
		His chaplain claimed that it was his duty to bring an end to the war as soon as possible, but Charles acquired no inspiration to bargain seriously for an end to the war, including a willingness to give up territory already lost.
		And opposition was growing also to the continuation of war, spurred by Charles' decree of raised taxes as the public's contribution to the war effort - a tax to be paid by nobles, high-ranking officers in the military and high ranking members of the bureaucracy.
		The old idea that wars should pay for themselves in the form of reward to the victors and that victory was natural for one's own side, was still alive in Sweden.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h30-sw.htm (6228 words)

	Russia in Wartime
		The war of 1903 between Russia and Japan was regarded by the majority of the Russian people as a dispute between the Government and Japan.
		Great clothing stores were reduced to ruins; valuable furniture was smashed to atoms; bookshops had their contents completely spoilt, and from the upper windows of music warehouses grand pianos were hurled into the thoroughfares, and there their demolition was completed.
		However, there was great confidence in the ability of the British and French warships and soldiers to knock a way through the Dardanelles, clear the passage of the Bosphorus, and thus provide an open route from the outer world to Odessa.
	www.greatwardifferent.com /Great_War/Russian_Battery/Inside_01.htm (6225 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Document: Novikov's telegram
		In this regard, it was thought that the main competitors of the United States would be crushed or greatly weakened in the war, and the United States by virtue of this circumstance would assume the role of the most powerful factor in resolving the fundamental questions of the postwar world.
		Europe has come out of the war with a completely dislocated economy, and the economic devastation that occurred in the course of the war cannot be overcome in a short time.
		In actuality, despite all of the economic difficulties of the postwar period connected with the enormous losses inflicted by the war and the German fascist occupation, the Soviet Union continues to remain economically independent of the outside world and is rebuilding its national economy with its own forces.
	edition.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/02/documents/novikov (4101 words)

	HyperWar: The Campaign in Norway [Chapter I]
		HyperWar: The Campaign in Norway [Chapter I] To understand the British operations in Norway, it is important to bear in mind the main physical features of the country—the barren mountains, thin and unevenly distributed population, great distances, and (sea transport excepted) very poor internal communications.
		East Norway experiences severe cold in winter with a thick, long continued snow cover, and the nearness of the principal watershed to the west coast causes the traveller from any western port to climb into the eastern winter with surprising speed.
		The sea has given Norway its characteristic trades—the fisheries, the relatively huge mercantile marine, the whaling—and the proximity of the sea to the waterfalls and the mines has been a main reason for the prosperity of the newer metallurgical industries as far north as Kirknes.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Norway/UK-NWE-Norway-1.html (2278 words)

	The Great Satan - by Paul Craig Roberts
		In his war propaganda, President Bush portrays America as a morally superior country whose innate virtue is the reason we are in Iraq.
		With the US now guilty of war crimes as defined by Article 3 of the Geneva Convention, our sanctimonious president will never again be able to wear American virtue on his sleeve without the entire world laughing in his face.
		The neocons, whose war this is, were quick to say that the US should be judged by what it proclaims, not by what it does.
	www.antiwar.com /roberts/?articleid=2455 (790 words)

	American Naval Participation in the Great War (With Special Reference to the European Theater of Operations)
		On account of the immense theater of war and the length and number of lines of communication, and the material deterioration resulting from three years' continuous operation with inadequate base facilities, the strength of the allied naval forces is dangerously strained.
		Gibraltar was the focus for the great routes to and from the east through the Mediterranean, and from it extended the communications for the armies in Italy, Saloniki, Egypt, Palestine, and Mesopotamia.
		Many escort vessels went through the entire war without a hostile submarine, but this was due in part to the fact that the submarines preferred to leave the protected convoys alone and to expend their efforts in the less dangerous work of attacking single ships of which one or more usually straggled from each convoy.
	www.history.navy.mil /library/special/american_naval_part_great_war.htm (11026 words)

	Great Northern War (1700-1721)
		Peter I the Great of Russia, Augustus II of Poland (also Elector of Saxony), and Frederick IV of Denmark saw Sweden as vulnerable due to the youth of the new king of Sweden, Charles XII, then sixteen.
		This left Peter the Great free to invade Ingria, where he defeated a Swedish army at the battle of Errestfer (7 January 1702), then at the battle of Hummselsdorf (18 July 1702), gaining control of the Neva Valley.
		The war took another twist in October 1710, when Charles XII, still in Turkish Moldavia, pursuaded the Turks to declare war on Russian, and a 200,000 strong Turkish amry was sent to the border.
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/wars_greatnorthern.html (1272 words)

	Great Northern War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The war began as a coordinated attack on Sweden by the coalition in 1700 and ended in 1721 with the Treaty of Nystad and the Stockholm treaties.
		Denmark was defeated in the summer of 1700, in what was to be the first major campaign of the war, and in such a way that she could not participate in the war for a number of years.
		Five years later, on September 24, 1706, he concluded the Polish War through the treaty of Altranstadt, but, as this treaty brought no advantage to Sweden, not even compensation for the expenses of six years of warfare, it was politically condemnable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greater_Wrath (1581 words)

	Decision To Invade Norway and Denmark
		Even though the occupation of Norway and Denmark had no significant effect on the outcome of the war, it established a milestone in the history of warfare by demonstrating the effective reach of modern military forces.
		A month later, on 9 October, in a secret memorandum on the conduct of the war, Hitler stated that the neutrality of the "Nordic States" was to be assumed for the future and that a continuation of German trade with those countries appeared possible even in a war of long duration.
		As a result of the Russo-Finnish war, it was stated, anti-German opinion was on the increase in Scandinavia, and Norwegian resistance to a British occupation was hardly to be expected.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/70-7_02.htm (8582 words)

	War: The Great Clarifier- by Justin Raimondo
		The idea of "Left" and "Right" is, today, being similarly transformed: wars always do this, and the Iraq war (and whatever comes next: perhaps Iran) is no different.
		Does It Matter?" Thirty contributors from across the political spectrum addressed the question, and it is one that is especially timely as Israel's war of aggression in Lebanon puts new strains on the limits of the traditional liberal-conservative dichotomy.
		Israel's disgraceful conduct in prosecuting the war has further alienated many who, like Professor Steve Bainbridge — who teaches law at UCLA and writes a popular blog — are dissenting from the neocon-orchestrated cheering section for the IDF.
	antiwar.com /justin/?articleid=9476 (977 words)

	HyperWar: The Campaign in Norway [Chapter II]]
		Both Norway and Sweden were genuinely desirous of helping the Finnish cause by all means short of their own implication in the war.
		A study for a possible operation against Norway and Denmark was accordingly authorised on 14th December: it was to be made by officers of the three services under the auspices of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces (OKW).
		The British plan, accepted by the Supreme War Council on 28th March, was to come into effect with the minelaying on 5th April, as a sequel to the dispatch of justificatory Notes to the Scandinavian powers on 1st or 2nd April.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Norway/UK-NWE-Norway-2.html (5465 words)

	Max Shachtman: The Soviet Union and the World War (1940)
		The discussion of the role of Russia in the war during the period of the Franco-Soviet Pact was based on hypotheses and prediction.
		It is a war between two big imperialist camps for the redivision of the world, with the Soviet Union as an integral part of one of the imperialist camps.
		In a war between Daladier and De la Rocque the fascist, bourgeois democracy would be at stake; the trade union bureaucrats supporting the democratic side would be participating, whatever their motives or methods, in a progressive war against fascism.
	www.marxists.org /archive/shachtma/1940/04/ussrwar.htm (4381 words)

	Narvik, Norway
		The northern Norwegian port of Narvik lies at the western end of a peninsula between the Rombaksfjord to the north and the Beisfjord to the south.
		The town, which received its municipal charter in 1902, is of great economic importance as the terminus of the Ofot Railroad (Lapland Railroad) from the Kiruna iron-mines in Sweden and an ice-free port.
		During the Second World War the German occupation of Norway facilitated the export of Swedish iron ore to Germany.
	www.planetware.com /norway/narvik-n-nrl-narv.htm (151 words)

	Sweden - Related Items - MSN Encarta
		alliance with Netherlands in war with Spain, 17th century
		Norway ceded to Sweden by Treaty of Kiel
		part of coalition in revolt against Olaf I of Norway
	encarta.msn.com /related_761563138_12.20/neutrality_in_World_War_I.html (81 words)

	Famous People in the Great War
		All these people were wounded, scratched, insulted, loved, disappointed, satisfied, challenged, brutalized, robbed from their ideals or otherwise shaped by the experiences they had during the Great War.
		at the age of 17 at the outbreak the war went into action as a lieutenant of cavalry on the Italian front; took part in the Battle of the Isonzo; shocked by the scenes of carnage he witnessed and impressed by the madness and futility of it all
		stated 'War is the world’s only hygiene', welcomed the war as a cleansing expression of pure energy that would sweep away the old world and replace it with a new Futurist society that is growing and improving through destruction
	www.greatwar.nl /famous/famouspeople.html (10324 words)

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