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Topic: Great Smog of 1952

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December 4

	Great Smog of 1952@Everything2.com
		The famously cold, damp city depended largely on coal-burning stoves to heat houses and buildings, and as the city grew colder people burned more of it; at the same time, the conversion of the city's electric trams to diesel-burning engines was being finished as autumn ended.
		But the fl, particulate-laced smog that fell on December 5th was heavy enough to halt all activity in the city.
		But the smog was toxic - various atmospheric processes can oxidize sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, which then combines with the moisture in the fog to produce dilute sulfuric acid.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1753704 (843 words)

	The effects of the smog
		But in December 1952 the accumulation of smoke close to the ground was so great that the sun never broke through, and the air stayed cool and static.
		On 5th December 1952 hanging in the air were thousands of tonnes of fl soot, sticky particles of tar and gaseous sulphur dioxide, which had mostly come from coal burnt in domestic hearths.
		However, research has shown that the adverse effects of the smog were not as much due to the original pollutants- the soot and sulphur dioxide- as to the acidity of the air.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session4/27/greatsmog52.htm (1463 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was a great disaster and formed one of the most important impetuses to the modern environmental movement.
		In early December of 1952 a cold fog descended upon London.
		These revelation caused a great shock that lead to a rethinking of air pollution.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/great_smog_of_1952.html (237 words)

	Great Smog of 1952
		The infamous fog of December 1952 has come to be known as 'The Great Smog'; the term 'smog' being a portmanteau word meaning 'fog intensified by smoke'.
		It was popularised in 1911 when Des Voeux presented to the Manchester Conference of the Smoke Abatement League of Great Britain a report on the deaths that occurred in Glasgow and Edinburgh in the Autumn of 1909 as a consequence of smoke-laden fogs.
		Legislation followed the Great Smog of 1952 in the form of the City of London (Various Powers) Act of 1954 and the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968.
	martinfrost.ws /htmlfiles/great_smog.html (3087 words)

	Great Smog of 1952 - TheBestLinks.com - Bus, Coal, December 4, London, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Great Smog of 1952 - TheBestLinks.com - Bus, Coal, December 4, London,...
		Great Smog of 1952, Bus, Coal, December 4, London, Smog, Tram, 1952, 1953, Air...
		It was a great disaster and formed an important impetus to the modern environmental movement.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Great_Smog_of_1952.html (296 words)

	Smog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The term smog was first used in 1905 by Dr H A Des Voeux to describe the conditions of fog that had soot or smoke in it.
		Smog is a combination of various gases with water vapour and dust.
		In fact, in the early part of the 20th century, heavy smog in some parts of Europe resulted in a decrease in the production of natural vitamin D leading to a rise in the cases of rickets.
	edugreen.teri.res.in /explore/air/smog.htm (684 words)

	Met Office: The Great Smog of 1952
		The fog of December 1952 was by no means the first to bring death and inconvenience to the capital.
		The infamous fog of December 1952 has come to be known as 'The Great Smog'; the term 'smog' being a portmanteau word meaning 'fog intensified by smoke'.
		Legislation followed the Great Smog of 1952 in the form of the City of London (Various Powers) Act of 1954 and the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968.
	www.metoffice.gov.uk /education/secondary/students/smog.html (1701 words)

	December 4 - The Great Smog
		Today marks the 54th anniversary of the Great Smog of 1952, the cause of up to 12, 000 deaths in London, and the motivator behind a string of passed Laws in Britain restricting the use of various fossil fuels hazardous to the atmosophere.
		The great smog of 1952 was a result of an unusually cold fog descended on London in early December, causing many London citizens to burn more coal and other "dirty fuels" than usual.
		The five days that the smog lasted, roughly four thousand people died, and a further eight thousand are suspected to have died as a result of the continuing dense atmosphere even after the majority of the smog subseded.
	www.dailyhistory.net /december-4-the-great-smog (583 words)

	Great London Smog
		century, tighter industrial controls and the declining importance of coal as a domestic fuel led to a reduction in smog pollution in urban areas.
		The deaths were attributed to the dramatic increase in air pollution during the period, with levels of sulphur dioxide increasing 7-fold, and levels of smoke increasing 3-fold.
		In response to the Great London Smog, the Government passed its first Clean Air Act in 1956, which aimed to control domestic sources of smoke pollution by introducing smokeless zones.
	www.enviropedia.org.uk /Air_Quality/Great_London_Smog.php (240 words)

	Changing Air Quality \| Clean Air Acts \| Great London Smog
		Smog occurs as a result of particular meteorological conditions in which smoke particles from the domestic and industrial burning of coal became trapped in fog.
		Fog and smoke frequencies began to reduce in the UK urban areas during the early 1900s, compared with the latter half of the nineteenth century.
		In particular, the smoke, grit and dust that arose from industrial and domestic sources due to coal burning had been controlled through the introduction of smokeless zones and the controls imposed on industries to reduced their particulate emissions.
	www.air-quality.org.uk /03.php (439 words)

	Great Smog of 1952
		It was a great disaster that killed thousands and formed an important impetus to the modern environmental movement.
		The infamous fog of December 1952 has come to be known as 'The Great Smog'; the term 'smog' being a portmanteau word meaning 'fog intensified by smoke'.
		It was popularised in 1911 when Des Voeux presented to the Manchester Conference of the Smoke Abatement League of Great Britain a report on the deaths that occurred in Glasgow and Edinburgh in the Autumn of 1909 as a consequence of smoke-laden fogs.
	www.martinfrost.ws /htmlfiles/great_smog.html (3087 words)

	Smog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		London was notorious for its thick smogs, or "pea-soupers", a fact that is often recreated to add an air of mystery to a period costume drama.
		Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area and is caused by a mixture of smoke and sulphur dioxide.
		Smog is caused by a reaction between sunlight and emissions mainly from human activity.
	www.artistopia.com /smog (884 words)

	Great Smog of 1952
		The Great Smog befell London starting on December 4, 1952 and lasted until March of 1953.
		It was a great disaster that killed thousands and formed an important impetus to the modern environmental movement.
		The smog was so thick that it would sometimes make driving impossible.
	www.xasa.biz /wiki/en/wikipedia/g/gr/great_smog_of_1952.html (273 words)

	Smog
		Smog has been causing health problems for plants, animals and humans for decades, and the Environmental Protection Agency is raising the standards that will govern how much smog is too much from a health point of view.
		Smog created in the summer is called ground-level ozone, the main culprit in what environmentalists believe is a public health crisis generated by coal-fired power plants.
		From the Great Smoky Mountains to the Grand Canyon, America's national parks are becoming a health risk for millions of visitors due to pollution from coal-burning power plants, according to an environmental report.
	healthandenergy.com /smog.htm (2421 words)

	What is smog?
		The term smog is a combination of two words "smoke" and "fog." It was coined by Dr. Des Vouex in 1905 in reference to the smoky fogs in Britain.
		In the Great Smog of 1952, it was estimated that over 4000 people died.
		Smog is a form of poor air quality that may appear as a brownish-yellow or a greyish-white haze.
	cms.burlington.ca /Page276.aspx (728 words)

	50 years after the great smog, a new killer arises \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		The great smog of 1952 was so thick people could not see their feet.
		Pollution had been seen as the price of progress, but the smog of 1952 woke the public to the terrible toll.
		London and provincial cities continued to have smogs but they became less dangerous as people switched to central heating and smokeless fuels, and by the mid-1960s they had disappeared.
	www.guardian.co.uk /waste/story/0,12188,851002,00.html (854 words)

	Fear of political embarrassment led to government cover up of link between air pollution and lung cancer
		Smog Conference: Leading historian documents how shift in public health agenda and political necessity combined to keep air pollution off the agenda.
		Passive smoking and the policies it helped to emphasise, combined with the individualism of 1970s public health and the new environmentalism of the '80s, led to "environmental individualism", bringing the two disciplines together at last', concludes Professor Berridge.
		The Conference is being organised by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and held at the Brunei Gallery Lecture Theatre (across Malet Street from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine).
	www.lshtm.ac.uk /news/2002/smogpollution.html (652 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The problem was made worse by use of low-quality high-sulfur coal for home heating in London in order to permit export of higher-quality coal, because of the country's tenuous economic situation [1].
		The "fog," or smog, was so thick that driving became difficult or impossible.
		Deaths in most cases dying during the Great Smog was due to respiratory tract infections from hypoxia (low level of oxygenation of blood) due to mechanical obstruction of the air passages by pus.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Great_Smog_of_1952 (399 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Smog of December, 1952, London, UK
		It was the indirect result of a four-day City of London fog in December 1952 on a scale never seen before.
		December, 1952 was part of a very cold winter with near-freezing temperatures, so lots of coal fires were burning to try to keep people warm.
		Wind had brought in other pollutants from the Continent and then it dropped, so not dispersing any of the smog, and all this became trapped under an 'inversion of an anticyclone that had developed over southern parts of the British Isles during the first week of December'.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/filmnetwork/A12736758 (894 words)

	Air Pollution K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		A primary air pollutant is one that is emitted directly to the air from a given source, such as the Carbon monoxide (CO) produced as a byproduct of combustion; whereas a secondary air pollutant is formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions involving primary air pollutants.
		The formation of ozone in photochemical smog is an example of a secondary air pollutant.
		The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the United States of America occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/environment/airpollution.html (1963 words)

	Ancestry.com - The Year Was 1952
		The year was 1952 and military forces from twenty nations were fighting in the Korean War.
		It was a fatal combination of nature and humans that brought on the Great Smog of 1952 in London, England.
		1952 was a particularly devastating year in terms of polio outbreaks, as epidemics were recorded in all forty-eight states and in the territories of Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.
	www.ancestry.com /learn/library/article.aspx?article=11639 (443 words)

	Smog
		There are two types of pollution smog: wintertime smog and summertime smog.
		More coal was burnt in wintertime for heating and so smog pollution was greatest at this time of year.
		The Great London Smog of 1952 caused 4000 deaths and persuaded the Government to clean up Britain's air.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Air_Quality/Younger/Smog.html (201 words)

	Steven Connor, Smog
		Fog in the eyes and throats of ancient Greenwich pensioners, wheezing by the firesides of their wards; fog in the stem and bowl of the afternoon pipe of the wrathful skipper, down in his close cabin; fog cruelly pinching the toes and fingers of his shivering little 'prentice boy on deck.
		Smog seems by contrast to betoken a kind of inertly embodied nescience: touching everything, merging everything into everything else, it never itself comes into focus, or knits itself into form.
		Smog is a ghastly parody of the living second skin of the atmosphere.
	www.bbk.ac.uk /english/skc/smog (2549 words)

	the great smog of 1952 - Robs' Blog
		on december 5th, 1952, a dense smog enveloped the city of london.
		more on the great smog can be found at:
		You are viewing the entry the great smog of 1952
	blogs.sun.com /robsblog/entry/the_great_smog_of_1952 (165 words)

	Pollution - Crystalinks
		The dark ages and early Middle Ages were a great boon for the environment, in that industrial activity fell, and population levels did not grow rapidly.
		The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste.
		Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.
	www.crystalinks.com /pollution.html (2106 words)

	Blocking Your View - Atmospheric Chemists Devise Monitoring System for Aerosol Pollutants
		Trapping aerosols on a filter to determine such properties as their size and light-absorption properties, the researchers incorporate the information to weather models to help anticipate potential health problems and improve tracking of the aerosols.
		Smog is a mixture of air pollutants that form smoke and fog in the air.
		"Smog" is a combination of "smoke" and "fog." The term was coined in 1905 to describe the fogs found in Great Britain.
	www.aip.org /dbis/stories/2005/14408.html (399 words)

	OCAA: Air pollution in the media (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A smog advisory advises residents of air quality levels 50 or higher -- a smog level that makes children and older people much more vulnerable to breathing difficulties.
		She attended the Toronto smog summit as an observer before participating in a Kitchener environmental forum.
		While London has a history of fogs going back to the Middle Ages, the great smog of 1952 was brought about largely because most houses in the city were heated by open coal fires that burned very sulphurous fuel.
	www.cleanair.web.net /media/july2.html (1849 words)

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