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Topic: Great Ape language

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	Chimpanzee communications and the evolution of human language
		Expecting other great apes to possess some form of these capabilities, he argues, is as absurd as expecting the guinea pig-like hyrax, the elephant's closest living relative, to possess a primitive form of the elephant's trunk.
		Whether this ape used the left hemisphere of the neocortex for communications, however, is not clear, as the question of which areas of the brain great apes use for communication has not been extensively studied.
		Language consists of discrete words, while human calls fall along a continuum that stretches from laughter to giggling to snorts to cries to sobs.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /~rkopp/collegepapers/chimps.html (3032 words)

	The Great Apes
		There are four kinds of great apes: gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees, and bonobos.
		Apes are larger, have fewer young (and spend a longer time raising them), spend more time upright, and depend more on their eyes than on their noses.
		But great apes are born helpless and must be carefully nurtured by their mothers.
	www.factmonster.com /spot/ape1.html (383 words)

	Think Tank - National Zoo\| FONZ
		There are between 5,000 and 6,000 distinct human languages in the world today, and countless more if dialects are included.
		Language is one form of communication and, by definition, involves thinking.
		For example, "body language" is a misnomer and may not involve thinking at all.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Animals/ThinkTank/Language/default.cfm (411 words)

	Language in Apes
		Language consists of various aspects which people believe are more or less important, for example, grammar, symbol usage, the ability to represent real-world situations, and the ability to articulate something new (Wallman 1992: 6).
		A very different reason for teaching language to apes is that the research would discover better methods for training mentally retarded children "who for various reasons fail to develop expressive linguistic skills during their early years" (Rumbaugh, Warner and von Glasersfeld 1977: 90).
		The collaborators of The Great Ape Project declare that apes should be included in a community of equals with humans: each member of this community should have the right to life, liberty, and freedom from torture (Cavalieri, Singer et al.
	www.davidmswitzer.com /apelang.html (4676 words)

	The Dolphin Institute - Resource Guide
		Sue Savage-Rumbaugh wrote in her book, Ape Language, that chimpanzees show at most a fleeting interest in television, and that from their behavior it was not possible to infer that they were seeing anything more than changing patterns or forms.
		Her own language -trained chimpanzee subjects, Sherman and Austin, only learned to attend to and interpret television scenes after months of exposure in the presence of human companions who reacted to the scenes by exclaiming or vocalizing at appropriate times.
		The results of the language comprehension work with the bonobo chimpanzee and the dolphin Akeakamai show many similarities, especially in the receptivity of the animals to the language formats used and in their proficiency at responding to sequences of symbols.
	www.dolphin-institute.org /resource_guide/animal_language.htm (3569 words)

	CNN.com - Seeking answers to big 'mystery ape' - Aug. 9, 2003
		A skull belonging to a 'mystery ape,' on the left, is placed next to a chimpazee skull for comparison.
		The forest in the north central area of the Democratic Republic of Congo, where the mystery ape lives, is known to be populated by chimpanzees.
		Williams, who speaks the local language, Lingala, interviewed villagers about their sightings of the creature in the Bili forest of what was once the Belgian Congo and later the Republic of Zaire.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/science/08/08/coolsc.mysteryape/index.html (893 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Fossil May Show Ape-Man Ancestor
		The remains were of a tree-climbing male ape estimated to have weighed about 68 pounds, about the same size as the smallest of modern chimpanzees.
		Many of the characteristics that define great apes are present in the new fossil -- broad chest, strong grip, and vertical climbing ability, but others are not.
		Moya-Sola noted that the ancient ape had small hands and fingers, the sign of a creature that can hop through the treetops but is unlikely to have been able to swing from branches.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A61017-2004Nov18?language=printer (829 words)

	Animal language - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki
		Research with apes, such as the controversial research Francine Patterson has done with Koko, may suggest that apes are capable of using language that meets some of these requirements.
		Koko's achievements were with a human language that she was taught although she would occasionally create new words to describe articles for which she didn't know the correct term (for example, she calls brussell sprouts "little stink balls").
		She also taught sign language to other gorillas, such as Michael, so her example shows that apes are capable of using and modifying "language", but not that they are capable of inventing one on their own.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Animal_language (1968 words)

	THE CHANTEK FOUNDATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Unique among ape studies, she emphasized the development of cultural models and processes in Chantek’s upbringing, wanting to know not only what was in the mind of an orangutan, but also how human symbol systems may have evolved and developed in human culture.
		Great apes in the Cultural Center will be residents, and the activities they perform will replicate the mental challenges they would face in natural settings.
		Increasingly, all ape language projects are turning to culture and cultural transmission as a key focus in their work.
	www.chantek.org (1932 words)

	Great Ape language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Research into non-human Great Ape language has generated a great deal of evidence suggesting that the great apes are capable of using sophisticated communication with humans and other apes.
		Sign language and computer keyboards are used in primate language research because non-human primates lack vocal cords and other human speech organs.
		Among the reasons for skepticism are the differences in ease with which human beings and apes can learn language, questions as to the whether there is a clear beginning and end to the signed gestures, and whether the apes actually understand language or are simply doing a clever trick for a reward.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_ape_language (1628 words)

	Hominidae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hominids are the members of the biological family Hominidae (the great apes), which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
		The theory of mind including such faculties as mental state attribution, empathy and even empathetic deception is a controversial criterion distinguishing the adult human alone among the hominids.
		This is also the case for some new world monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Ape (929 words)

	Language Unica Island: Journey into Communication - A ThinkQuest Project
		Therefore, more recent definitions of language have been along the lines of this: "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group communicates."That definition was written by Bernard Bloch and George L. Trager, two U.S. linguists, in 1942.
		Most of the languages of Europe, Northern India, and several of the languages of the region in between belong to this family.
		Sometimes, existing languages, such as English or French (which are already spoken as a second language by many) are used as LWCs.
	library.thinkquest.org /10005/library/language.html (1370 words)

	Spain Going Ape
		The argument that all the great apes have the same moral rights as human beings rests on the biological connection that human beings have to the other apes, and to the relatively high intelligence shown by non-human apes.
		Under that law, the initiation of force against a great ape, such killing, inflicting unnecessary pain, taking a baby away from its family, or enslavement (such as confining them in a cage), would be a crime, although zoos could continue to keep them if moving them elsewhere would be more harmful.
		If the great apes are accorded more respect, then this would help the world to give human beings also greater protection for their human rights.
	animalliberationfront.com /News/2006_06/SpainGoingApe.htm (732 words)

	Can Apes Acquire Language?
		What we do know for certain is that whenever and however language acquisition began in early man, it would bear little if any resemblance to the language we speak today.
		Maybe instead of expecting an ape to master our language - a language that has taken us centuries to develop, we should be in awe that these intelligent creatures are able to learn to communicate with us at all!
		One hypothesis of language acquisition is that there is a critical age during which this is likely to occur.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/twyford/73/thoughts.html (1383 words)

	News Releases
		GRINNELL, Iowa - The Great Ape Trust of Iowa is coming to Grinnell College as representatives of the organization visit the Grinnell campus.
		Located on 200 acres of lowlands, river, forest, and lakes, the Great Ape Trust is dedicated to providing sanctuary and an honorable life for great apes, studying the intelligence of great apes, advancing conservation of great apes, and providing unique educational experiences about great apes.
		When completed, the trust will be among the largest great ape facilities in North America and one of the first worldwide to include all four types of great ape: bonobos, chimpanzee, orangutans, and gorillas.
	www.grinnell.edu /offices/ce/news/112420041/jnl (218 words)

	GRASP: Great Ape Standing and Personhood
		The issue that certain apes (chimpanzees and orang-utans) should not be subjugated for the entertainment of other apes (ourselves) is not well explained by picking out the shabbiest possible zoo to condemn.
		As advocates for the rights of great apes, we are here to be clear: other apes are conscious individuals whose territories should be protected and whose interest in living in those territories, on their terms, should be respected.
		Additionally, non-human apes possess the key traits which so obviously underlie the constitutional protections held by human persons that the irrationality of our prejudice against Hart --and, by extension, against other nonhuman apes — is unmistakable.
	www.personhood.org (1291 words)

	Language of Great Apes, Great Ape Trust, Des Moines, Iowa
		One of the methods in which researchers at Great Ape Trust will communicate with bonobos is through the use of lexigram boards.
		The development of computer-monitored lexigram keyboards was a key component to studies conducted at the Language Research Center at Georgia State University in Atlanta.
		Great Ape Trust is certified by The American Zoo and Aquarium Association
	www.greatapetrust.org /bonobo/language/index.php (233 words)

	The Evidence Site: David McCord, Can Apes Testify? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Great Ape Project, a part of the Animal Legal Defense Fund, hopes to present an ape to testify, via sign language or a voice synthesizer, in support of a claim that apes have fundamental legal rights, including the right to liberty.
		Some scientists doubt that such apes are really thinking and speaking on their own, but reading the book Next of Kin (written by chimp language researcher Roger Fouts) should convince any fairminded observer that specially-trained chimps do indeed gain more than minimal competence in a humanly-understandable language.
		The second problem relates to the apes’ still limited ability to communicate: a witness has to be competent not only for direct exam, but also for cross.
	www.law.umich.edu /thayer/mccape.htm (652 words)

	ApeNet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The naturalistic preserves would continue to steep the apes in both great ape culture, and human culture and symbols, to provide a bridge for inter-species communication.
		A key concept is providing the apes expanded agency and choice and cultural surroundings for their enriched care, as they make tools, arts and crafts, and use sign language.
		The Maui Ape Preserve (MAP), to be established in conjunction with the University of Hawaii, is the first preserve to be supported by ApeNet, creating a global center for inter-species communication, research, education, and conservation, while raising the standard for captive care.
	www.apenet.org /preserves.html (287 words)

	Data Collection
		She is currently establishing the Maui Ape Preserve (MAP), the first tropical sanctuary for gorillas outside of Africa, and hi-tech visitor communication center, in order to save gorillas and other great apes from extinction.
		Miles is a primatologist with research interests in great ape language and cognition, evolution of human symbolic systems, orangutan behavior, and personhood of great apes and others.
		She is Research Director and President of the Chantek Foundation, and President of Ape-Net, a consortium of foundations and celebrities founded by British musician Peter Gabriel to support enculturated apes and foster great ape communication and conservation.
	www.chimpanzoo.org /2003reg_speakers.html (1629 words)

	The Canadian Great Ape Alliance
		The most unique and human-like yet least understood of all the great apes is the bonobo, a species both rare and endangered.
		Although sometimes called "The pygmy chimpanzee," this little-known ape is not really a chimpanzee, nor is it a gorilla or an orangutan.
		They have a complex yet poorly understood communication system that many scientists suspect may be something closer to language than mere emotional expression.
	www.great-apes.com /papers/bonobocrisis.htm (464 words)

	Koko.org/News/Events/040412_Research
		This new phase of research examines the structure (syntax) of their utterances, and may lead to a much greater understanding of the similarities and differences between human and non-human great ape language capabilities.
		making the argument for their preservation so compelling (by addressing the remaining objections of ape language skeptics) that the halting of the "bushmeat crisis" is given top priority by government and corporate decision-makers.
		Her Ph.D. dissertation, "Cross-Fostered Chimpanzees Modulate Signs of American Sign Language," provides an excellent springboard (and comparison) for some of the linguistic studies and analyses to be performed in the context of Project Koko.
	www.koko.org /news/Events/event_040412_res_ALRT.html (602 words)

	GREAT APE PRESS - a YPL Multimedia production in association with the San Bendidino Zoological Preserve
		These apes are the most amazing of creatures in many respects, but their apparent lack of verbosity has led them to be misunderstood by their Human brethren.
		Perhaps the most reflective of all Great Apes, aside from arguably a handful of Humans, Baltar is the poet of our generation.
		What is amazing is that this is but one of thousands of poems the Great Ape Master has written in such a short lifespan.
	www.iamlost.com /features/greatapepress (269 words)

	World Atlas of Great Apes and their Conservation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		"Great Apes are self-aware, complex communicators, and skilled exploiters of their environment.
		Created in association with The Great Apes Survival Project (GRASP), this book gives a thorough background on ape behavior and ecology for each species, including detailed habitat requirements, the apes' ecological role, and the possible consequences of their decline.
		Readers learn about work being done by specific organizations in support of great ape conservation, and where conservation is most needed and most likely to be effective.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/10254.html (730 words)

	ACP - Apes > Apes and Human Language
		The apes learned to use hand gestures, plastic symbols or keyboards to communicate with their trainers.
		They had it that the apes held conversations, and had “learned sign language.” To this day, assertions that apes can converse with humans using symbols or sign language abound in popular magazines and books and even college textbooks.
		“The apes can come to understand even the syntax of human speech at a level that compares favorably with that of a two-to-three-year-old child—if they are reared from shortly after birth in a language-structured environment.
	acp.eugraph.com /apes (2279 words)

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