Great circle distance

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Topic: Great circle distance

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Spherical distance

Distance

Haversine formula

Spherical coordinates

Spherical geometry

Antipodal point

Spherical trigonometry

Geographic coordinates

Map projection

Nabla in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

Mahalanobis distance

Vector fields in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

Geodesy

Geographic coordinate conversion

Magnetic north

	Distance - Open Encyclopedia
		In the case of two locations on Earth, usually the distance along the surface is meant: either "as the crow flies" (along a great circle) or by road, railroad, etc. Distance is sometimes expressed in terms of the time to cover it, for example walking or by car.
		The distance covered by a vehicle (often recorded by a odometer), person, animal, object, etc. should be distinguished from the distance from starting point to end point, even if latter is taken to mean e.g.
		Distance is a scalar quantity, containing only a magnitude, whereas displacement is an equivalent vector quantity containing both magnitude and direction.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Distance (507 words)

	ClaimsPages.com - Thousands of Free Claims Resources
		Great summary of the laws of all states.
		ADJUSTERS INSURANCE SCHOOL was founded after World War II for the express purpose of providing education courses in insurance adjusting for returning servicemen.
		Our Search categories include options to search by Company Name, A.M. Best or NAIC Number, Business Type, Location and Date.
	www.claimspages.com /resources/index.asp?catid=5&cat=Miscellaneous&sca... (400 words)

	Cool Study Tools
		Great Circle Distance Calculator - Allows you to put in latitudes and longitudes and this calculator will determine the shortest distance between two points.
		- This handy tool calculates distance between cities and countries.
		Homework Planet makes it easy for students to find great homework and research resources, tutoring services, reference tools, learning games, content experts, college info and more!
	www.homeworkplanet.com /cool.html (461 words)

	Cartographic Reference Resources - Perry-Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online
		Great Circle Distance Between Two Cities / Surface Distance Between Two Points (USDA)
		Mileage and Distances [U.S. and International] (Palm Beach Times)
		United States, Canada, Mexico - Driving Distance, Time and Routing (MapQuest)
	www.lib.utexas.edu /maps/cartographic_reference.html (256 words)

	gc_latlon
		returns the great circle distance (as a double if any of the input lat/lon values are double, and float otherwise) between two points on the surface of the globe in units specified by the value of iu.
		This function calculates the great circle distance between two points on the surface of the globe.
		Example 3 - calculate the great circle distance (in degrees) between the specifed coordinate pairs and interpolate 8 points in-between, return the longitudes in the range 0-360 [iu positive].
	ngwww.ucar.edu /ngdoc/ng/ref/ncl/functions/gc_latlon.html (256 words)

	Aviation Formulary V1.42
		Great circle distance can be likewise be expressed in radians by defining the distance to be the angle subtended by the arc at the center of the earth.
		Natural questions are to seek the great circle distance between two specified points and true course at points along the route.
		The great circle route from LAX to JFK crosses the 111degree W meridian at a latitude of:
	williams.best.vwh.net /avform.htm (256 words)

	avform.txt
		Since the length of a complete circular arc of unit radius is 2pi, the conversion is 360 degrees equals 2pi radians, or: angle_radians=(pi/180)angle_degrees angle_degrees=(180/pi)angle_radians Great circle distance can be likewise be expressed in radians by defining the distance to be the angle subtended by the arc at the center of the earth.
		Natural questions are to seek the great circle distance between two specified points and true course at points along the route.
		The first important fact to realise is that in general a great circle route has a true course that varies from point to point.
	williams.best.vwh.net /ftp/avsig/avform.txt (256 words)

	Digital Wave - Products
		Nautical miles moved, great circle distance, elapsed time, average boat speed, speed made good, average wind force, and mean wind directions are presented for each leg.
		Great circle distance, distance moved, and elapsed times are presented.
		The Great Circle Report is presented in the format you might use if you were to travel the great circle route between waypoints in a passage.
	www.digwave.com /products_reports.htm (256 words)

	flights
		Both the tanker and bomber fly great circle paths for a roundtrip distance of 21,614.5 nmi (mean circumference).
		It is interesting to note that in the higher latitudes, the change in magnetic variation and the convergence of the meridians are a close match which enables a magnetic rhumb line to be closer to a great circle in distance (example flights between Gander and Shannon) than it is to a true rhumb line path.
		Hint: A great circle is the path traced by the intersection of a plane passing through the center of a sphere and the surface of the sphere.
	www.navworld.com /navcerebrations/flights.htm (256 words)

	Geoscience Australia: Place names of Australia
		Great circle distance is the shortest distance between two points on a sphere.
		This coincides with the circumference of a circle which passes through both points and the centre of the sphere.
		Once the point of origin is defined, you will be prompted to enter and clarify the destination point.
	www.ga.gov.au /map/names/distance.jsp (256 words)

	Cruising World, Callahan, BT Challenge Report, 19 May 97
		The shortest route to the finish, like the route to truth, is rarely the rhumbline, especially when the distance is great.
		The great circle route would take you against the prevailing winds and currents, both north and south.
		In the three-dimensional world depicted on a globe, as opposed to the world projected on a map or Mercator chart, you can find the shortest distance between two far-flung points by stretching a string between them.
	old.cruisingworld.com /callahan/call0519.htm (256 words)

	Geography Handbook
		Maps distort distances so the great circle route may appear longer than a straight line on a flat map.
		Great Circle Route - the shortest distance between two places on the earth.
		Parallels circle the earth and show latitude (distance in degrees north or south of the equator at 0 degrees latitude).
	www.lakelandsd.com /geo/notes/02/handbook.html (256 words)

	Always Advance Hypothesis
		Natural Selection on monarch butterflies has favored flight tactics that result in a either a reduction in the Great Circle distance or a reduction in a close approximation of the Great Circle distance, depending upon the method of navigation, for each episode of migratory flight during the late summer and fall migration.
		This convergence indicates that if the butterflies have evolved a separate Great circle route, the 'goal' is located far off shore, at approximately Latitude N32°, Longitude W135°.
		The data for circling must either be excluded or pooled with observations of other butterflies that were flying straight during the same observation period in same altitude range and wind conditions.
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~w3gibo/alwaysadvancehypothesis.htm (256 words)

	Great Circle and Rhumb Line Computations
		The Great Circle Distance represents the shortest distance between two points on a sphere, such as the Earth.
		A Great Circle is that portion of a plane that cuts through the Earth and its center.
		A practical way to travel while closely approximating a Great Circle Route is to navigate with short Rhumb Line courses (ie, 500 n mi).
	home.houston.rr.com /eichblatt/rhumb.html (256 words)

	Start Story Here
		After all, prayers moving to Mecca from Philadelphia along a great circle route would be on the path of shortest distance.
		Geographers and pilots have long recognized that the shortest distance between two points on the globe is a great circle route.
		When the routes are viewed on a globe, though, it is clear that the shortest route is the great circle path, (see map two.)
	home1.gte.net /~bjmcg/story4islam_prayer.html (256 words)

	Great-circle distance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geodesics on the sphere are the great circles (circles on the sphere whose centers are coincident with the center of the sphere).
		Between two points which are directly opposite each other (called antipodal points) there infinitely many great circles, but all have the same length, equal to half the circumference of the circle, or πr, where r is the radius of the sphere.
		Between any two points on a sphere which are not directly opposite each other, there is a unique great circle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_circle_distance (256 words)

	Great Circle Route
		The great circle distance and bearing between two points can be calculated easily given the latitudes and longitudes of the origin and destination using the following formulas from spherical trigonometry:
		The equator is a great circle as are all meridians of longitude.
		A great circle is the intersection of a sphere with a plane passing through the center of the sphere.
	home.att.net /~srschmitt/great_circle_route.html (256 words)

	great circle. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		A segment of such a circle representing the shortest distance between two terrestrial points.
		A circle described by the intersection of the surface of a sphere with a plane passing through the center of the sphere.
	www.bartleby.com /61/84/G0248400.html (256 words)

	Great Circle International
		A Great Circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on the earth's surface and the shortest distance between any two places in the world will follow a great circle route.
		Great Circle International, LLC was incorporated to facilitate the worldwide transfer of environmental technology and to provide the finest in erosion control products and revegetation equipment.
		For centuries mariners have navigated the oceans following great circle routes, trading their goods and services to distant lands, returning with their ships filled with silks, spices and other new products from faraway civilizations.
	www.greatcircleint.com (256 words)

	Archaeogeodesy, a Key to Prehistory II, by James Q. Jacobs
		At Newark Circle the ratio of equal arc angles of latitude and longitude, adjusted for secular polar motion to 250 AD (1.3010 to 1) forms a right triangle with a 52.452° obtuse angle.
		The embankments are nearly six feet tall excepting the fourteen feet tall by one-hundred and seventy feet long mound connected to the circle opposite its entrance from the octagon.
		The largest Newark feature, the Octagon State Memorial, or Newark Octagon, consists of a true circle two-thousand eight-hundred eighty feet in circumference connected by three hundred feet long parallel embankments to a large octagon enclosing fifty acres.
	www.jqjacobs.net /astro/aegeo_2.html (256 words)

	Definition: great circle
		Note: On the idealized surface of the Earth, the shortest distance between two points lies along a great circle.
		great circle: A circle defined by the intersection of the surface of the Earth and any plane that passes through the center of the Earth.
	www.its.bldrdoc.gov /fs-1037/dir-017/_2490.htm (256 words)

	Great circle distance
		From this you can see that the shortest distance between the two points is given by the length of an arc of a circle concentric with the sphere and with the same radius as the sphere.
		Knowing that arc length is just the product of the radius and the angle subtended at the centre of the circle, you can use your knowledge of spherical polar coordinates and the dot product to find this distance.
		Challenge: Find the distance between London and New York,
	members.tripod.com /%7EPaul_Kirby/appletgreatcircle/greatc.html (256 words)

	Pilot's Web The Aviators' Journal - Direction and Distance
		Since a loxodrome is not a great circle, it follows that by tracking a loxodrome a longer distance must be traveled compared to a great circle line.
		The following are the mathematical formulas for calculating great circle distance and bearing.
		A great circle is a circle on a sphere's surface whose plane is passing exactly through the center of the sphere.
	www.pilotsweb.com /navigate/dis_dir.htm (256 words)

	great circle
		a circle on a spherical surface such that the plane containing the circle passes through the center of the sphere.
		a circle of which a segment represents the shortest distance between two points on the surface of the earth.
	www.infoplease.com /dictionary/great+circle (256 words)

	Great Circle Distance Calculator and Swell Arrival Time Calculator
		Use this tool to calculate the Great Circle distance between any two points on the planet (in nautical miles) or to determine how long it will take a swell to travel to your beach.
		These fields are not required when calculating Great Circle Distance only.
		Great Circle Distance Calculator and Swell Arrival Time Calculator
	www.stormsurf.com /page2/papers/Java/Swivel.shtml (256 words)

	Great Circle Mapper FAQ
		It displays a map depicting the great circle path between locations and computes the distance along that path.
		Beyond that, this page was written to study great circle routes, which aren't very interesting over short distances, so detailed local maps have not been included.
		A great circle path is the shortest path on the surface of a sphere between two points on that sphere.
	gc.kls2.com /faq.html (256 words)

	On Time Systems Inc.
		The great circle (the shortest distance route along the surface of the earth between the two points) is drawn in red.
		After route generation, the minimal fuel route is displayed, along with the great circle from the source to destination.
		The solution route is shown in white, while the great circle is still in red.
	www.otsys.com /warp.htm (256 words)

	Great Circle Route
		The great circle distance and bearing between two points can be calculated easily given the latitudes and longitudes of the origin and destination using the following formulas from spherical trigonometry:
		The equator is a great circle as are all meridians of longitude.
		A great circle is the intersection of a sphere with a plane passing through the center of the sphere.
	home.att.net /~srschmitt/great_circle_route.html (256 words)

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