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Topic: Greater Colombia

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	Greater Colombia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Greater Colombia (Gran Colombia in Spanish) is the name given to the Republic of Colombia of 1819-1830, which was a short-lived republic in South America consisting of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.
		The official name at the time was the Republic of Colombia; the word "Greater" that precedes the name was not used by contemporaries, and is an addition by later historians in order to distinguish it from the present-day Republic of Colombia, so there never was a country named "Greater Colombia".
		A greater degree of centralisation was established here, as several convinced federalists now came to believe that it would be necessary in order to better manage a unified war effort, at least for the time being.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greater_Colombia (836 words)

	Colombia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Colombia’s chief ocean ports, however, lie on the Caribbean coast to the north: Santa Marta, Cartagena, and Barranquilla.
		Colombia settled (1917) its boundary disputes with Ecuador, and in 1934 a border clash with Peru over the town of Leticia was settled by the League of Nations in Colombia’s favor.
		Colombia’s economy began to recover from the setbacks of the early 1970s as economic diversification and incentives to lure foreign capital into the country were initiated.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Colombia.html (2825 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| South America - Colombia
		Colombia's first national police force, consisting of an estimated 450 men, was organized in 1891 with the assistance of a commissaire of France's National Police.
		Colombia saw a net increase in coca cultivation in 1998, with virtually all of the new growth occurring outside of the areas where spray operations are concentrated.
		Colombia is the center of the international cocaine trade, with drugs flowing out of the country at a stable and constant rate.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/samerica/colombia.html (21365 words)

	colombia
		Colombia's defense forces are frequently occupied in opposing rural violence, often stemming from militant guerrilla groups and drug lords' armies.
		Colombia's housing shortage is largely a result of the rapid growth of the urban population.
		Colombia is expected to register continuous economic growth for the remainder of the 1990s.
	cms.westport.k12.ct.us /cmslmc/foreignlanguages/samerica/colombia.htm (4782 words)

	Colombia. Background Notes, August 2000
		Colombia's present constitution, enacted on July 4, 1991, strengthened the administration of justice with the provision for introduction of an accusatorial system which ultimately is to replace entirely the existing Napoleonic Code.
		Colombia's total foreign debt at the end of 1999 was $34.5 billion with $14.7 billion in private sector and $19.8 billion in public sector debt.
		Colombia was a participant in the December 1994 and April 1998 Summits of the Americas and followed up on initiatives developed at the summit by hosting two post-summit, ministerial-level meetings on trade and science and technology.
	www.pdgs.org.ar /country/colombia-ci.htm (5246 words)

	Colombia on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Colombia still ranks as the largest U.S. market in central and South America.(agricultural trade)(St...
		COLOMBIA [Colombia], officially Republic of Colombia, republic (2005 est.
		Institutionalizing global wars: state transformations in Colombia, 1978-2002: Colombian policy directed at its wars, paradoxically, narrows the government's margin of maneuver even as it tries to expand it.(Strong and weak states: cases of governance)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/colombia_history.asp (3114 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Spanish sailed along the north coast of Colombia as early as 1500, but their first permanent settlement, at Santa Marta, was not made until 1525.
		Although the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) renewed their truce in March 1986, peace with other revolutionary movements, in particular the AD/M-19--then the largest insurgent group--and the National Liberation Army (ELN) was remote as Betancur left office.
		The main objectives of Plan Colombia are to promote peace, combat the narcotics industry, revive the Colombian economy, improve respect for human rights, and strengthen the democratic and social institutions of the country.
	www.n2geo.org /countries/history.php?country_id=181 (1423 words)

	COLOMBIA: To Save a Democracy
		In addition, Colombia is eager to strengthen its diplomatic ties with the United States, Europe and Asia.
		The issue of human rights is often forgotten in the debate over how to address Colombia’s problems, but the issue is coming to the forefront of the debate as people continue being kidnapped, displaced from their homes and even killed for their "disloyalty" to the guerrilla and paramilitary groups working with the narco-traffickers.
		Additional training and equipment for Colombia’s navy and air force are necessary for protecting human rights and for blocking primary drug export routes in the air and along Colombia’s rivers.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /citizen/07feb00/flen0207.html (882 words)

	Latin America : The New Brunswick Latino Association
		Colombia, in the northwest part of South America, is the only country on that continent that borders both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
		Colombia is bordered by Panama on the northwest, on the east by Venezuela and Brazil, and on the southwest by Peru and Ecuador.
		In the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia became one of the international centers for illegal drug production and trafficking, and at times the drug cartels (the Medillin and Cali cartels were the most notorious) virtually controlled the country.
	www.nblatino.ca /english/about/latin_america/index.cfm?viewCountry=6 (2207 words)

	Colombia
		Colombia is the only major Latin American country which did not have to reschedule its external debt during the debt crisis of the 1980s.
		Colombia was a participant in the December 1994 Summit of the Americas and followed up on initiatives developed at the summit by hosting two post-summit Ministerial-level meetings on trade and science and technology.
		Colombia's labor law is flexible in terms of contract structures, salaries, and the termination of contracts.
	www.onlinelearning.net /instructors/smurr/LatAm/sam/colo.html (10089 words)

	Colombia (02/06)
		Colombia's Ministry of Defense, charged with the country's internal and external defense and security, exercises jurisdiction over an army, navy--including marines and coast guard--air force, and national police under the leadership of a civilian Minister of Defense.
		Colombia has improved protection of intellectual property rights through the adoption of three Andean Pact decisions in 1993 and 1994 as well as an internal decree allowing fro data protection, but the United States remains concerned over deficiencies in licensing and copyright protection.
		Colombia has participated in all five Summits of the Americas, most recently in November 2005, and followed up on initiatives developed at the first two summits by hosting two post-summit, ministerial-level meetings on trade and science and technology.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/35754.htm (4922 words)

	Colombian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Colombia was part of the territory known as the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada (established in 1740), which also extended over present-day Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
		The population of Colombia was estimated at aproximately 800,000 in 1770.
		Colombia and Panama became the Republic of New Granada.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/aurelia/colhis.htm (337 words)

	History of Colombia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		President Alvaro Uribe, a Harvard and Oxford-educated lawyer, was elected President of Colombia in May 2002 on a line platform to restore security to the country.
		Among his promises was to continue to pursue the broad goals of the Pastrana administration's Plan Colombia, but within the framework of a long-term security strategy.
		Though much attention has been focused on the security and military aspects of Colombia's situation, the administration also is spending significant time on issues such as expanding international trade, supporting alternate means of development, and reforming Colombia's judicial system.
	www.historyofnations.net /southamerica/colombia.html (1205 words)

	GeographyIQ - World Atlas - South America - Colombia - Government and Political Conditions
		Between May 2002 and September 2004 Colombia saw a decrease in homicide by 17.6%, massacres by 55.4%, kidnappings by 35.1%, and acts of terrorism by 18.4%.
		Colombia's Constitution, enacted in July 1991, strengthened the administration of justice with the provision for introduction of an accusatory system that will ultimately replace the existing Napoleonic Code.
		Colombia's highest judicial bodies include the co-equal Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Constitutional Court, and the Superior Judicial Council.
	www.geographyiq.com /countries/co/Colombia_government_summary.htm (2093 words)

	South America - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The South American nations that border the Caribbean Sea – including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known as Caribbean South America.
		The Muisca were the main indigenous civilization in Colombia.
		Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana also have significant fl populations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/South_America (2293 words)

	Great Colombia - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Great Colombia (Gran Colombia in Spanish) is the name given to the Republic of Colombia of 1819, which was a short-lived republic in South America consisting of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.
		The official name at the time was the Republic of Colombia; the word "Great" ("Gran" in Spanish) that precedes the name was not used by contemporaries, and is an addition by later historians in order to distinguish it from the present-day Republic of Colombia, so there never was a country named "Great Colombia".
		Permanent calls for modifications of the political division (along with related economic and commercial disputes) during the existence of Great Colombia, as a result of local confrontations between the regions, led to local changes and compromises.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Greater_Colombia (864 words)

	history240lecturepages17
		Nevertheless, he was unable to halt the secession of Ecuador and Venezuela from the union of Greater Colombia.
		Colombia’s congress also rejected the treaty because of “Yankee Imperialism,” and the U.S.'s intrusion upon its national sovereignty.
		By a treaty in 1921, Colombia received $25 million in settlement from the United States for the loss of Panama, and recognized its independence.
	home.att.net /~history240/history240lecturepages17.html (2007 words)

	TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents
		The Spanish sailed along the north coast of Colombia as early as 1500; however, their first permanent settlement, at Santa Marta, was not established until 1525.
		In August 2000 the capital's name was officially changed from "Santa Fe de Bogotá;" to the more commonly used "Bogotá;." On July 20, 1810, the citizens of Bogotá; created the first representative council to defy Spanish authority.
		In 1984, President Belisario Betancur, a Conservative who won 47% of the popular vote, negotiated a cease-fire that included the release of many guerrillas imprisoned during the effort to overpower the insurgents.
	www.traveldocs.com /co/history.htm (832 words)

	PLATES Caribbean Bibliography
		Geodynamics of the Northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia).
		The Guerrero suspect terrane (western Mexico) and coeval arc terranes (the Greater Antilles and the Western Cordillera of Colombia): a late Mesozoic intra-oceanic arc accreted to cratonal America during the Cretaceous.
		Magmatic evolution of the northwestern Andes of Colombia.
	www.ig.utexas.edu /research/projects/plates/biblio/carib/t.htm (3843 words)

	Toward Greater Peace and Security in Colombia: Forging a Constructive U.S. Policy - Council on Foreign Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Colombia’s rampant lawlessness, insecurity, and corruption represent one of the major threats to democracy and economic progress in Latin America.
		Toward Greater Peace and Security in Colombia calls for a multi-track approach that supports Colombia’s efforts to achieve peace and reconciliation by helping to professionalize the country’s military forces, curtail widespread human rights abuses, strengthen political, judicial, and social reform efforts, and restore the economy.
		While the “threat of a nuclear attack by terrorists has never been greater,” the U.S. government has yet to make prevention the highest priority, says a new CFR report.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=3828&excerpt=1 (1407 words)

	Colombia
		In 1861 the country was called the United States of New Granada; in 1863 it became the United States of Colombia; and in 1885, it was named the Republic of Colombia.
		Colombia now has the third-largest displaced population in the world, with only Sudan and the Congo having more.
		Colombia - Colombia, officially Republic of Colombia, republic (2005 est.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107419.html (1450 words)

	History
		Santander advocated a union of federal sovereign states, while Bolívar championed a centralized republic.Although Bolívar's authority prevailed by and large in the constitutional assembly (1828), Greater Colombia soon fell apart.
		Soon afterward Colombia recognized (1914) Panama's independence in exchange for rights in the Canal Zone and the payment of an indemnity from the United States.For the next four decades political life remained fairly peaceful, although there was economic and social unrest in the 1920s and 1930s.
		The violence continued, and many journalists and government officials were killed.In 1986, Virgilio Barco Vargas, of the Liberal party, was elected president; he was succeeded in 1990 by César Gaviria Trujillo, also a Liberal.
	www.jmk.su.se /global02/salvador/history.html (1117 words)

	Colombia
		Bolívar united Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador in the Republic of Greater Colombia (1810-1830), but lost Venezuela and Ecuador to separatists.
		The population of Colombia (1993 estimate) was 34,942,767, giving the country an overall population density of about 30 persons per sq km (about 79 per sq mi).
		Although Colombia is a country of many racial mixtures, its culture is diversified more by region than by ethnicity.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/22/fmy10.shtml (647 words)

	98.11.17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This book is considered the fullest and most accurate mid-19th century account of Colombia, written by a foreign visitor.
		Until the 19th century the central Andes were an undeveloped region, but with improved transportation, the introduction of coffee culture, and the exploitation of high-grade coal reserves, its cities became the economic and industrial core of the republic.
		The revolution was to last nine years before the independence of 'Greater Colombia' was secured.
	www.netrax.net /~rarebook/s981117.htm (432 words)

	AllRefer.com - Colombia : History : History to 1858, South America (South American Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Prominent among the first revolutionary leaders was Antonio Narino, who took part in the uprising at BogotA on July 20, 1810.
		The revolution was to last nine years before the victory of SimOn BolIvar at BoyacA (1819) secured the independence of Greater Colombia (Span., Gran Colombia).
		Although BolIvar's authority prevailed by and large in the constitutional assembly (1828), Greater Colombia soon fell apart.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Colombia-history.html (404 words)

	PBI Colombia Project Home
		To do this, PBI Colombia operates four sub-teams in Barrancabermeja, Bogotá;, Urabá, and Medellín.
		These teams operate as observers in the area, accompanying people or organisations under threat, making regular visits to conflict zones, distributing information about the evolution of the conflict, working with civil and military authorities and carrying out public relations and lobbying work to give international support.
		This international support is made up of a wide range of institutions,members of parliaments, NGOs, church organisations, civil servants andmembers of the diplomatic community, who have expressed their support for the work of PBI Colombia.
	www.peacebrigades.org /colombia.html (356 words)

	Colombia - Gurupedia
		It is bound to the north by Panama and the
		Colombia has a diverse population that reflects its colourful history and the peoples that have populated her from ancient, to colonial and modern times.
		African slaves, are the basis of Colombia's current demographics.
	www.gurupedia.com /c/co/colombia.htm (834 words)

	Colombia: History
		Colombia has its biggest demobilization of outlawed groups in nation;s history as paramilitaries disarm
		History of the Atlantic pearl-oyster, Pinctata imbricata, industry in Venezuela and Colombia, with biological and ecological observations.
		FARC indicted in U.S. on drug charges: In the biggest drug-trafficking indictment in U.S. history, a grand jury charged leaders of Colombia's FARC guerrillas with running a drug network.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0857443.html (1843 words)

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