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Topic: Greater Scaup

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	NRDC: Nature along New York and New Jersey's Atlantic Coastlines - November
		Greater and lesser scaup are diving ducks that arrive from Alaska and from Canada's boreal regions to their wintering grounds here on the Atlantic coast, where they feed on clams and other animals and plants.
		Greater and lesser scaup, which often spend time together in the Harbor Bight area, raise their young in different places, with greater scaup nesting on tundra -- mostly in Alaska -- and lesser scaup scattering more widely to breed, from Quebec to the prairie pothole region to the Arctic circle.
		Greater scaup are at risk from the usual suspects -- habitat loss, pollution, disturbance, overharvesting and predation -- and their fondness for an invertebrate diet may be making them particularly vulnerable to water contaminated with toxins, which accumulate in their bodies when they feed in polluted areas like the Harbor Bight.
	www.nrdc.org /water/conservation/hbyear/hbnov.asp (620 words)

	* Scaup - (Bird): Definition
		Scaup are diving ducks with a resemblance to tufted ducks.
		Scaup is the most common of the small New Zealand ducks and is still found in many parts of the country, although its numbers have been greatly reduced compared with earlier days and in spite of hydro lakes offering additional habitat...
		The more common of the two Scaup species to migrate through the state, as the Greater Scaup is generally more common along the coast.
	en.mimi.hu /bird/scaup.html (421 words)

	Greater Scaup--BIOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATE SPECIES RESIDING IN ESTUARIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The maximum age of a greater scaup recorded in nature is approximately 22 years.
		Bird counts indicate that during winter, approximately 330,000 greater scaup occur in bays and estuaries of the Atlantic coast, between Massachusetts and the Chesapeake Bay (Bellrose, 1980).
		The greater scaup forages in 1 to 10 meters of water by diving for benthic organisms.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /BIOECO/grscaup.htm (4478 words)

	All About Birds
		The Greater Scaup is found primarily along the seacoast and on large bodies of water.
		Occasionally an older female Greater Scaup will have male-like head color and male patterning on her back, but she still has the typical white face patch of a female.
		The nest of a Greater Scaup is usually lined with a thick layer of down plucked by the mother from her own breast.
	birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Greater_Scaup.html (277 words)

	Lesser Scaup - David Blevins Nature Photography
		Lesser and Greater Scaup males are very difficult to distinguish in the field and females are almost impossible.
		Female Greater Scaup sometimes have a light colored ear patch but this can be lost at certain times of the year.
		Lesser Scaup are common at the Sanctuary all year except in the summer when most have migrated inland to the interior of British Columbia, Alberta, or farther north to breed.
	www.blevinsphoto.com /lesserscaup.htm (412 words)

	Range
		In North America greater scaup traditionally breed in the arctic and northern boreal forest regions of Alaska and the Canadian territories.
		Scaup nests on the island increased from 21 in 1986 to 148 in 1989, and decreased to 104 in 1995.
		Our objectives for this study were to examine how habitat changes on Grassy Island have influenced the nesting biology of greater scaup, to examine the relationships between gull colonies and greater scaup nest location, and to examine the effects of inclement weather and flooding on greater scaup nesting success and duckling survival.
	www.rw.ttu.edu /newsletter/Researchhigh1998/Nest%20Site%20Selection%20and%20Brood%20Habitat%20Use%20by%20Greater%20Scaup%20on%20the%20Saint%20John%20River,%20New%20Brunswick.htm (316 words)

	National Wildlife Federation: Montana\|Hunting\|Fishing\|Migratory Birds\|Greater Scaup
		This scaup is the more common of the two scaup in the northern United States, where it is usually seen in large rafts, often composed of thousands of birds, on large lakes or coastal bays.
		Although the two scaup can be difficult to tell apart, any very large flock of scaup on the northeast coast in winter may be assumed to be the greater scaup.
		Because it dives for mollusks and other animals and is not as much of a vegetarian as the redhead or the canvasback, the greater scaup is not considered as choice a game bird, although it is still shot in large numbers annually.
	www.huntingandfishingjournal.org /migratory_greater_scaup.php (207 words)

	Greater Scaup - Wildlife - Presidio of San Francisco
		A female Greater Scaup swims at Crissy Marsh.
		The Greater Scaup dives primarily for mollusks and other aquatic invertebrates but also feeds on aquatic plants, especially in freshwater environments.
		The females have a dark head with a white patch in front of the bill, and a rusty color chest and dusky brown body.
	www.nps.gov /goga/prsf/nathist1/wildlife/birds/greater_scaup.htm (143 words)

	Lesser Scaup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) is a small diving duck.
		It has been reported that both the Lesser and the Greater Scaup have shifted their traditional migration routes to take advantage of the presence of zebra mussels in Lake Erie.
		This may pose a risk to these birds because zebra mussels are efficient filter feeders and so accumulate environmental contaminants rapidly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lesser_Scaup (234 words)

	Scaup Habitat Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Scaup; greater (Aythya marila), and lesser (Aythya affinis)
		Greater scaup frequent larger lakes (Palmer 1975), using both fresh and saltwater bodies depending on availability, time of year, and tide stage (Burger 1983).
		Scaup have the capability to feed in water 6 to 7 m deep, but seem to prefer a depth of 1-3 m (Cottam 1939, Cronan 1957, Palmer 1975, Bellrose 1980, Terres 1980, Mulholland 1985).
	www.fws.gov /r5gomp/gom/habitatstudy/metadata/scaup_model.htm (782 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Anatidae - Greater Scaup (Aythya marila)
		is easily separated from both the Greater Scaup and the Lesser Scaup by the presence of a distinct white ring near the apex of the bill.
		Habitat: The Greater Scaup is found in northern ponds and lakes as well as oceanic bays during the breeding season.
		Behavior: The Greater Scaup is a diving duck, diving and swimming under water in its search for food.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/ducks/Amarila.htm (440 words)

	The Academy of Natural Sciences - Research - Visual Resources for Ornithology - VIREO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Greater scaup: Best seen on sleeping birds, Greaters have more rounded nape contour, and the peak of the head is further forward.
		Lesser scaup: In general, Lessers have a smaller, purplish head with taller crown peaked towards the rear of the crown.
		Greater scaup: The back and scapulars of adult males in both species are finely barred with fl and white zigzags, which blend to a pale gray when seen at a distance.
	www.acnatsci.org /~wechsler/lightbox/ID-Front/scaup.html (337 words)

	Robert Kelly Woodcarvings - Duck Decoy Carvings
		The Lesser Scaup is one of the most abundant diving ducks in the Northwest.
		Lesser Scaups are among the latest migrants moving north in the spring, still moving toward their breeding grounds in mid-May. In the fall, migration is equally late, with the last birds leaving the breeding grounds only when the water freezes.
		It is difficult to determine long-term population trends of Lesser Scaup due to the similarity between the two species of scaups, large yearly fluctuations, and the late migration and breeding season of the Lesser Scaup.
	www.rkwoodcarving.com /lesserscaup.htm (559 words)

	VOLUME 1 (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lesser Scaup usually occur on freshwater and Greaters are usually found on the sea or lower estuaries.
		Greater Scaup are hardly larger than Tufted Duck, yet weigh 20% more on average indicating a more bulked structure.
		Drake Lesser Scaup are epitomized by their dark velvety heads (giving a purple sheen, this can be difficult to see in some lights), vermiculated zebra mantle, bold white flanks and a dark rear end.
	www.wildlifeweb.f9.co.uk /birdscot/docs/article2-3.htm (1800 words)

	December 2001 Mystery Bird
		Greater Scaup has not nested in California before, but Lesser Scaup has; so I was eager to get the identification confirmed.
		Lesser Scaups have much narrower heads than Greaters and that difference is based on the actual skull, not the feathers.
		Using this formula, the upper birds are Lesser Scaup and the lower one is a Greater.
	fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us /~jmorlan/dec01.htm (965 words)

	DVOC - Ornithological Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Scaup is Scottish for a ledge that may be partially exposed at times above the surface of the water.
		Scaup also comes from Scaup bank which provides a bed for shellfish, which of course the birds feed on.
		On average female Greaters have more white around the base of the bill, but the difference is slight and probably of not much use.
	www.acnatsci.org /hosted/dvoc/OrnithStudy/Presentations/Scaup.htm (396 words)

	Dastardly Duos 1--Tucson Audubon Society
		The Lesser Scaup’s crown has an angular look with the highest point at the rear, while the Greater Scaup has a rounded head with the highest point more centrally located.
		On the Lesser Scaup this stripe is confined to the secondaries.
		On the Greater Scaup it extends to the inner six primaries, giving it a bright look for most of the length of the wing; on the Lesser Scaup it appears to be just on the inner half.
	www.tucsonaudubon.org /birding/duos1.htm (315 words)

	National Wildlife Federation: Montana\|Hunting\|Fishing\|Migratory Birds\|Lesser Scaup
		Similar to the greater scaup, but crown is higher and forehead steeper, giving the head a more angular appearance.
		Both the lesser and greater scaup are popularly called "Bluebills." Confined to the New World, this scaup is thought to be descended from an earlier invasion of North America by the ancestor of both modern species of scaup.
		In the northern states, where the greater scaup is more common in winter, the lesser is often found in small parties on fresh water, while in the south it is seen in large flocks on lakes and salt water.
	www.huntingandfishingjournal.org /migratory_lesser_scaup.php (262 words)

	Long Point World Biosphere Reserve: 1998 Newsletter
		Lesser and Greater Scaup are two closely related species of ducks that migrate through Long Point en route to and from their wintering areas on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, and their breeding areas throughout the prairies, western boreal forest and western sub-arctic.
		Consequently, the substantial increase in scaup use of Long Point, despite rapidly declining continental populations, is likely due to more birds using the area in response to this novel and readily available food source.
		Therefore, while scientists are almost certain that the availability of zebra mussels has influenced the migratory patterns of scaup, it may well be that their preference for this readily available, yet somewhat toxic food source is in turn contributing to, or even causing their continental decline.
	www.kwic.com /~longpointbio/bio28.htm (722 words)

	Original Artwork: Don Balke: Greater Scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		After the breeding season on the arctic tundra, the Greater Scaup will lead its seven to ten offspring south to warmer climates, with "lay-overs" on such waters as the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Japan, where large flocks will rest and ride out the choppy waves, diving and feeding.
		The profile of the head is also an aid to identification; the Greater Scaup's is rounded and not as pointed as that of the Lesser.
		Yet for the novice birder, distinguishing the Greater Scaup from the Lesser is an art which is mastered only through experience and practice.
	www.artworkoriginals.com /EB5TBWRM.HTM (465 words)

	Ducks at a Distance: A Waterfowl Identification Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Except for the wing marks, greater and lesser scaup appear nearly identical in the field.
		Greater scaup prefer large open water areas; lesser scaup often use marshes and ponds.
		Hens are silent; drake lesser scaup purr; drake greater scaup have a discordant scaup, scaup.
	www.remington.com /magazine/ducks/scaup.htm (105 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Anatidae - Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)
		The head of the male Greater Scaup is a dark metallic green, not purple, but the difference is difficult to see in some light conditions.
		are easily separated from either the Lesser or Greater Scaup by the presence of a distinctive white ring around the apical portion of the bill.
		Habitat: The Lesser Scaup is found on ponds and marshes during the breeding season.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/ducks/Aaffin.htm (484 words)

	* Greater Scaup - (Bird): Definition
		The Greater Scaup is very similar in appearance to its close cousin, the, but is generally found further north in the summer,...
		Black Duck (1300) Mallard (150) Green-winged Teal (1) Greater Scaup (27) Common Eider (160) Surf Scoter (6) White-winged Scoter (65)...
		Lesser Scaup are far more likely than Greater Scaup to be found on fresh water inland during the winter.
	en.mimi.hu /bird/greater_scaup.html (233 words)

	Aythya affinis - Petit Fuligule (Petit Morillon) - Lesser Scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Like the female Greater Scaup, the female Lesser Scaup is brown with a distinct white face mask near the bill.
		The Lesser Scaup can most often be spotted on lakes and ponds that are no deeper than three metres, in open or partially wooded countryside.
		The populations of Lesser Scaup have a greater proportion of males, between 60 and 80 percent, than any other species of duck.
	www.virtualmuseum.ca /Exhibitions/Birds/MSS/Anglais/pfuligul.htm (301 words)

	THE OTTER SIDE - Waterfowl Images
		Greater scaup occur in the northern portions of North America, Europe, and Siberia.
		The male Greater Scaup is distinguished from the similar Lesser Scaup by the characteristic rounded head shape and large "nail" at the tip of the bill.
		This female Greater Scaup was photographed at the mouth of the Shark River inlet along the central New Jersey coast.
	www.otterside.com /htmfiles/fowl16.htm (450 words)

	Birds of Nova Scotia - Greater Scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Remarks Among duck-hunters this bird is popularly known as a "blue-bill" or "greater blue-bill." Its proper name is probably derived from the bird's infrequent call, scaup scaup.
		It is a particularly hardy duck, capable of withstanding severe cold and rough weather in winter along the coast where it "rafts" in the vicinity of its feeding grounds.
		There is a report that a Greater Scaup followed by a brood was seen during summer 1968 in the Red River Lakes area of Inverness County, where the elevation is about 425 m.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0065.htm (383 words)

	ESPN.com - Lots less lesser scaup
		The smaller lesser scaup primarily uses the Mississippi Flyway whereas the greater scaup uses both the Mississippi and Atlantic Flyways.
		Because lesser scaup are sought widely by duck hunters in the Mississippi Flyway, and because it is the most abundant diving duck wintering in Mississippi and Louisiana, scientists from Mississippi State University (MSU) and Louisiana State University (LSU) initiated research in 1999 to help solve the mystery surrounding the bird's decline.
		Additionally, weights generally were greater or similar to estimates from birds collected at comparable locations in the flyway during the 1980s.
	sports.espn.go.com /espn/print?id=1804185&type=story (605 words)

	Comparison of Greater and Lesser Scaups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Note the rounder head of the Greater Scaup with the peak of the head being farther forward.
		Greater and more purple in the Lesser, although this is not a difference that can be relied upon.
		as the name indicates, is smaller in size averaging 16.5 inches in length as opposed to 18 inches for the Greater Scaup.
	www.utahbirds.org /featarts/Scaup.htm (112 words)

	Greater Scaup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), or just Scaup in Europe, is a small diving duck.
		This bird's name may come from its call scaup scaup.
		This page was last modified 15:08, 3 September 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greater_Scaup (141 words)

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