Greco-Italian War - Factbites

Greco-Italian War - Factbites
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Topic: Greco-Italian War

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	Greco-Italian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Greco-Italian War was a conflict between Italy and Greece from October 28, 1940 to April 6, 1941.
		Greco-Italian War – Invasion of Yugoslavia – Battle of Greece – Battle of Crete
		In the Epirus sector, the Italian attack ground to a halt by November 9.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Italian_War (3141 words)

	Okhi Day - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This ultimatum, which was presented to Metaxas by the Italian ambassador in Greece, Grachi, on October 28, 1940, at dawn (04:00 AM),after a party in the German embassy in Athens, demanded of Greece to allow Axis forces to enter Greek territory and occupy certain unspecified "strategic locations" or otherwise face war.
		After the end of the war October 28 became a public holiday in Greece.
		Celebrated throughout Greece on October 28 each year, Okhi day (also called Oxi Day) commemorates the refusal of an Italian ultimatum by the Greek dictator (in power from August 4, 1936 until January 29, 1941), Ioannis Metaxas on October 28, 1940.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxi_Day (209 words)

	Italy - Biocrawler
		During the first Social war (90 BCE), the Samnites and their allies (Sabines, Samnites, Umbrians and others) produced coinage while competing with Rome bearing the word "Vitelio." There is much debate as to the exact origin of the name Italia, and there are many theories concerning its etymology.
		The architects of Italian unification were Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, a general and national hero.
		On June 2, 1946, a referendum on the monarchy resulted in the establishment of the Italian republic, which led to the adoption of a new constitution on January 1, 1948.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Italy (1719 words)

	The Greco-Italian War—May to August 1940 (part 2) - Alternative Futures Past - StrategyPage.com
		The Italian armed forces of May 1940 are not particularly formidable in the context of war with a great power.
		Italian logistics are bad—barely able to sustain a unit in a static position, and incapable of dealing with one in motion.
		Italian soldiers themselves are a mixed bag, quite capable of hard, stubborn defensive fighting when properly led, but usually not very effective on the offensive.
	www.strategypage.com /af/articles/20020808.asp (1245 words)

	Greco, El - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Greco, El
		A foreigner when he arrived, speaking only Greek and Italian, El Greco stayed in Toledo for the rest of his life, and the religious and spiritual character of his works links him inseparably with the spirit of the time and place.
		Perspective and normal effects of lighting were disregarded, and the young El Greco is recorded as having said that the daylight blinded him to the inner light.
		The later period of his life produced portraits superbly characterized (and refuting the supposition that El Greco's elongations in other works were due to some defect of eyesight).
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Greco,+El (780 words)

	War
		War and Morality, are G.E.M. Anscombe's “War and Murder” and Jan Narveson's “Pacifism: A Philosophical Analysis”.
		War is a phenomenon which occurs only between political communities, defined as those entities which either are states or intend to become states (in order to allow for civil war).
		Clausewitz famously suggested that war is “the continuation of policy by other means.” Surely, as a description, this conception is both powerful and plausible: war is about governance, using violence instead of peaceful measures to resolve policy (which organizes life in a land).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/war (10663 words)

	Summary of "the Inhabited Places in Aegean Macedonia"
		The Greco-Turkish War from 1919-1922 and the Convention of Lausanne from 1923' 4.
		Greco-Turkish War from 1919 to 1922 and the conventions that followed as well as the denationalizing and assimilation politics of the Greek state and the big colonization that followed to a great measure changed the ethnic composition of Aegean Macedonia.
		In this war especially by the Greek forces were killed thousands of innocent Macedonians of whom the bigger part of women and children, especially in the Kukush and Demir Hisar regions, where the military operations have been carried out.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /MacedonianGreekConflict/Summary.html (6584 words)

	Battle of Greece
		The Battle of Greece is the continuation of the Greco-Italian War beginning with the German invasion of Greece to the fall of Kalamata in the Peloponnese.
		Italian possessions in Dalmatia and their conquests in Albania provided a good springboard for an attack on Greece, which Mussolini felt would be easy prey.
		The Greek Army, however, proved an able opponent, checking the Italian advance at several notable battles, including The Battle of Saranda, where the Greek army captured the Albanian port named for the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, and the Battle of Pindus.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greece/History/BattleOfGreece.html (387 words)

	The Balkan causes of World War I
		After the Greco-Turk war of 1897, the ethnic fighting in Macedonia, the two Balkan Wars, and the Italian war with Turkey in 1911, war in the Balkans was not unusual.
		The debate began during the war itself as each side tried to lay blame on the other, became part of the "war guilt" question after 1918, went through a phase of revisionism in the 1920s, and was revived in the 1960s thanks to the work of Fritz Fischer.
		The war party in Vienna hoped that the Serbs would fail to agree, and that this could be an excuse for war.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect15.htm (4360 words)

	FOREIGN POLICY [1897-1922]
		During the Greco-Italian war that broke out in 1911 aiming at the capture of Tripolis and the Cyrenean by the Italians, the capture of the Dodecanese has been decided by the Italians, in order to check the supply of the Turks.
		The Italian occupation has been presented to the inhabitants as temporary in the context of the Italo-Turkish war.
		The Italians reacted, but Venizelos curbed their objections and the 5th article of the Venizelos-Tittoni Agreement (29 July 1919) ceded to Greece the islands with the exclusion of Rhodes, which acquired autonomy.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/13/en/foreign_policy/choros/09.html (695 words)

	1940
		Italian forces in Cyrenaica under Marshal Graziani, cross the Libyan/Egyptian border and advance toward Sidi Barrani in Egypt.
		Italian troops enter the Port of Berbera, the capital of British Somaliland, where they are welcomed by strafing RAF Blenheims.
		Italian troops In Italian Somaliland then occupy Zeila, thereby sealing the border between French and British Somaliland and opening up the coastal track to Berbera.
	www.wargamer.com /ww2timeline/1940africa.asp (422 words)

	helmodww2v
		The Italian offensive, which was grossly under strength, collapsed when it met determined Greek resistance, and by 14 November the Greeks begun a counter-offensive to drive the Italians back into Albania.
		On 9 March the Italians launched a second offensive against the Greeks on the Albania front, but despite now having 28 divisions at their disposal they were unable to break through.
		When Italy declared war of 10 June 1940 Mussolini still maintained that he had no interest in Greece, but on 28 October 1940, after accusing Greece of allowing the UK to violate its neutrality, he sent troops across the border from Albania.
	www.ucc.ie /staff/jprodr/macedonia/helmodww2v.html (1382 words)

	GREECE : Encyclopedia Entry
		World War II On 28 October 1940, the Italian dictator Mussolini called on the Greeks to allow the troops to enter the country and to surrender its arms.
		During World War II, when Greece was occupied by Nazi Germany, 86% of the Greek Jews were murdered by the invading Axis and only a minority survived and most of them have emigrated to Israel.
		The invasions of the Turks after the battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the ensuing civil wars largely passed the region by, and Greece continued its provincial existence unharmed.
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Greece (6526 words)

	Blood and Tears by Dr. George Papavizas
		Due to the war any communication with USA was cut off and the family suffered economically.
		This is also the story of the multitude of young Greek men and women thrown reluctantly into the dismay and horror of civil war.
		Due to the delay of this critical timetable the tide of the war had been changed permanently.
	www.helleniccomserve.com /bloodandtears.html (1554 words)

	László Velics and Occupied Greece
		The ambassador protected the Italians in Greece twice; once, during the Greco-Italian War of 1940-41, and, again, when Italy attempted to leave the war in 1943.
		Velics made good use of his Italian contacts when Archbishop Damaskinos turned to him on behalf of the wounded and crippled victims of the recent Greco-Italian War.
		The Italians bragged that they were the true masters of Athens but, in reality, the Wehrmacht limited their authority whenever possible, contrary to the Berlin-Rome agreement which apportioned occupational authority.
	www3.sympatico.ca /thidas/Hungarian-history/Velics.html (8861 words)

	World War 2 - Timelines - War in Europe - Southern Europe - 1940
		The Italians protest to the Greeks about their 'non-neutral' attitude towards Italy.
		Italians claim to have made some advances but Greeks hold most positions.
		Italy declares war on Britain and France, effective from the 11th June 1940.
	www.worldwar-2.net /timelines/war-in-europe/southern-europe/southern-europe-index-1940.htm (337 words)

	The American School of Classical Studies at Athens:ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS
		Michalis Myridakis served as an officer in the Greco-Italian War (1940-1941).
		At the peak of his career, in the midst of the Great War and the big crisis in the Greek political scene with the severance in the relations of King Constantine and Eleftherios Venizelos, Skouloudis was summoned by the King to head the government for a short period of time (1915-1916).
		The collection consists of official documents pertaining to foreign policy during World War II; periodicals and newspapers pertinant to the Cretan Revolutionary movement in 1905 and the Batttle of Crete in 1941; and underground press of the Resistance during the German occupation and the Civil War.
	www.ascsa.edu.gr /archives/Gennadius/Catalog1.htm (4653 words)

	__/ Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs \__
		October 28th, 1940 is the day on which the fascist Italian leader Mussolini declares war in Greece, thereby signifying the commencement of the Greco - Italian War of '40 - '41, conducted in the mountains of Epirus.
		The victorious rejection of Italian invaders in Greece constitutes the first victory of the Axis allied forces and as such it is recognized and saluted by the entire world, as an action of courage central in the outcome of the war.
		During the first stage of the war for Greek Independence (1821 - 1824) the Greeks virtually fight alone, supported by the financial aid of volunteers from other European countries; the Greek purpose is deeply sympathized there eventually evolving into an entire philhellenism movement.
	www.mfa.gr /english/greece/through_time/history/ottoman.html (2485 words)

	War Museum of Athens
		Its aim and mission is the exhibition of war memontoes, the documentation and study of war history as well as the presentation of the stuggles for freedom of the Greek nation from ancient times to the present day.
		On the mezzanine, the room is devoted to the first Greek airmen and the ground floor to the P. Saroglou collection.
	www.culture.gr /4/42/421/42103/42103i/e42103i1.html (70 words)

	Jewish Web Index - Make it easier for you to do your personal research
		Created by the Mussolini government for use as a prisoner of war camp, it was used to detain political opponents and later, when the Nazis took control, Italy's Jews were brought here before being deported.
		The ghetto was established in 1516 during a war between most of the powers of Europe against Venice.
		In 1834, after the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire (1821-1829) it attracted some families from Germany.
	jewishwebindex.com /italy.htm (5777 words)

	Uprising!
		Hitler responded simply that "The Yugoslav problem must be solved according to Italian demands, when the time comes for it." This statement was of decisive influence on Hitler's decision to declare war after hearing the news of March 27, that the Yugoslav peoples had annulled Yugoslavia's entry into the Axis.
		The extension of World War II to Yugoslavia happened quite unexpectedly: on March 26 and 27, 1941, mass demonstrations organized chiefly by the CPY showed that the people of Yugoslavia opposed any inclusion of Yugoslavia within the Axis.
		Competition between the Bulgarian and Italian armies to seize a greater portion of Macedonian territory resulted both in disputes and even armed clashes on the local level.
	www.unet.com.mk /mian/uprising.htm (1221 words)

	Ioannis Metaxas -
		In June 1917, with Allied support and 60,000 Cretan soldiers, the king was deposed and Venizelos empowered, declaring war on June 29, 1917.
		Following studies in Germany, he returned to join the General Staff and was part of the modernizing process of the Greek Army before the Balkan Wars (1912-1913).
		Eleftherios Venizelos, the prime minister, resigned over the refusal to aid the Dardanelles campaign and used the war as the major issue in the elections.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Ioannis_Metaxas (642 words)

	Constantine
		Besides the fact that the Greeks were fighting for their homeland they also harbored a deep animosity towards the Italians for their betrayal of the Greek cause during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 when the supposedly allied Italians secretly sold weaponry to the Turkish side and then cut a deal to support the Turks.
		At the end of the war there were 10% fewer Greeks alive than when the war started and the overall devastation of the country took years to recover from but this small country showed the world at a time when it mattered the most that freedom is worth fighting for.
		This amazing Greek victory over the Italians became known as The Epic of 1940 to the Greeks and to the rest of the world as the first defeat of the Axis powers that gave them reason to hope that the aggression could be halted.
	www.capecodtoday.com /blogs/index.php/Constantine (2735 words)

	MMATTEI.COM - The photos and music of Maurice Mattei
		For a brief summary of the Greco/Italian War see:
		The Italians were not prepared because according to Ciano, Greece had stated they did not intend on asserting a defense.
		The Italians were getting hit hard and the soldiers were dying like flies.
	www.mmattei.com /addend0507.htm (1147 words)

	rogueclassicism
		The period of German, Italian and Bulgarian occupation in World War II left terrible scars, not only on the population — with hundreds of thousands dead, the deprivation, oppression and destruction — but also on Greece’s archaeological and cultural heritage.
		From the Acropolis to Babylon, it is the fate of monuments to suffer during wars and occupations.
		During the lead-up to the Iraq War I was trying to decide whether to read it or not.
	www.atrium-media.com /rogueclassicism/2004/11/17.html (5120 words)

	HADASSAH MAGAZINE
		At the entrance to the Jewish cemetery on Agios Giorgiou, part of the city’s Third Cemetery in the Nikea quarter, is a memorial to the Jewish soldiers who died in the Greco-Italian War, 1940-1941.
		Though the community was destroyed during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire (1821-1829), it revived in 1834, attracting some families from Germany.
		After the war, there were about 5,000 in Athens; of these, 1,500 later emigrated to Israel.
	www.hadassah.org /news/content/per_hadassah/archive/2003/03_APR/traveler.htm (2306 words)

	neot
		he Greco-Italian War, Greco-German War and the Civil War took a heavy toll on Lesbos and the island suffers the economic consequences.
		uring World War I British and French troops are based on the island (Loutra, Akoth, the Gulf of Kalloni, Thermi etc.).
		This was the beginning of the Balkan Wars.
	www.lesvosonline.gr /lesvos/culture/History/neot.htm (225 words)

	The Collections
		Of particular interest from the later period are the medals instituted to honour the heroes of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the Asia Minor Campaign (1919-1922) and those of the War of 1940.
		The oldest medals (end of the 17th Century) are from the period of the Venetian-Turkish Wars in Greece.
		Maps of the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and The First World War 1914-1918.
	www.culture.gr /4/42/421/42103/42103e/e42103e8.html (1442 words)

	Biography of Archbishop of Crete, TIMOTHEOS III
		During the Greco-Italian war he served in the army as a preacher on the North Epiros fonts.
		During the bitter bondage, which followed the Greco-Italian war, he offered his service voluntarily to the National Organization of Christian solidarity.
		Immediately after he graduated he served as sergeant in the Greek army.
	www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org /resources/hierarchs/crete/bios/bio_timotheos_papoutsakis_arch_crete.htm (428 words)

	Doxiadis
		Head of the Greek Delegation at the Greco-Italian War Reparation Conference (1949 - 1950).
		Greek Military Cross, for his services during the war 1940 - 1941 (1941).
		from a family that played an important role in the settlement of Greek war refugees in
	www.ekistics.org /Doxiadis.htm (1385 words)

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