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Topic: Greco-Turkish War

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Probert Encyclopaedia: Wars (G-J) The Iran-Iraq War between Iran and Iraq lasted from 1980 to 1988, and was claimed by Iran to have begun with the Iraqi offensive on the 21st of September 1980, and by Iraq with the Iranian shelling of border posts on the 4th of September 1980. The Great War was a war between the Central European Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and allies on one side and the Triple Entente of Britain and the British Empire, France, and Russia and their allies (including the USA which entered in 1917), on the other side between 1914 and 1918. Wars (G-J) The Gallic Wars were a series of campaigns conducted by Julius Caesar between 58 and 51 BC leading to the Roman conquest of Gaul. www.probertencyclopaedia.com /FWB.HTM

1897 GRECO-TURKISH WAR - LoveToKnow Article on 1897 GRECO-TURKISH WAR The Turkish navy, an important factor in the war of 187 778, had become paralytic ten years later, and the Greek squadron held complete command of the sea. Expeditionary forces directed against the Turkish line of communications might have influenced the course of the campaign; but for such work the Greeks were quite unprepared, and beyond bombarding one or two insignificant ports on the coast-line, and aiding the transport of troops from Athens to Volo, the navy ~racticalIy accomplished nothing. The Turkish right wing, however, moving on Damani and the Reveni Pass, encountered resistance, and the left wing was temporarily checked by the Greeks among the mountains near Nezeros. 94.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GR/GRECO_TURKISH_WAR_1897.htm

Wars Serbia had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 of 1877-78, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although she lost a small area to Turkey in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885). The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the fringes of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century. The wars were an important precursor to World War I, to the extent that Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbias territory and regional status. read-and-go.hopto.org /Wars

THE CRIME Turkish Cypriot members of the joint Parliament were denied access to their seats unless they bowed to the changes unilaterally made by Greek Cypriots to the Cyprus constitution. As a result of these,one fourth of the Turkish Cypriot population was driven out of 103 villages and were forced in to enclaves composing 3% of the area of Cyprus with all the mosques and other holy places of the Muslims being destroyed and desecrated in these villages. The Turkish Cypriot side has long been proposing that a joint property claims commission be set up to look in to the property claims and to develop modalities to settle the property issue on the basis of the agreed principle of bi-zonality. www.thecrime.org /detailmix.asp?id=30

Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Greco-Turkish War occurred after World War I, when the Greeks attempted to extend their territory beyond eastern Thrace (in Europe) and the district of Smyrna (Izmir; in Anatolia). Treaty of Lausanne, (1923), final treaty concluding World War I. It was signed by representatives of Turkey (successor to the Ottoman Empire) on one side and by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) on the other. The Turkish straits between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea were declared open to all shipping. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)

Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) The Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, also called the War in Asia Minor and (in Turkey) the Turkish War of Independence, was a war between Greece and Turkey fought in the wake of World War I. The war arose because the western Allies, particularly British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial gains at the expense of the Ottoman Empire if Greece entered the war on the Allied side. Although Greeks sometimes refer to these events as a holocaust or a genocide, and although thousands of Greeks were killed in the course of the transfers, there was no intent on the part of the Turkish authorities to massacre the Greeks, and the great majority of Anatolian Greeks escaped with their lives, if little else. www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922).html

Talk:Smyrna - Enpsychlopedia Soon the guerilla type resistance was united under the command of the nationalist turkish government of Kemal Atatürk in Ankara and the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 erupted. At the end of the first world war the Greek Government was promised western anatolia, including Smyrna, as an award for forcing the Turkish government to sign the Treaty of Sevres through military presence in Turkey. The fact is Turkish troops burned Smyrna, massacred a huge number of Greeks and Armenians, who were the large majority, and the rest of the non-turkish population was forced to flee. www.grohol.com /psypsych/Talk:Smyrna

Chronology 1922 Turkish Nationalist leader Mustapha Kemal proclaimed the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate and the establishment of the Turkish republic. Turkish Nationalist forces captured Smyrna, the Greek base of operations, but the city was destroyed by fire. Turkish Nationalist forces began a counter-offensive against the Greeks capturing Afiun-Karahissar and Brussa. www.indiana.edu /~league/1922.htm

Greco-Turkish wars --  Encyclopædia Britannica The first war, also called the Thirty Days' War, took place against a background of growing Greek concern over conditions in Crete, which was under Turkish domination and where relations between the Christians and their Muslim rulers had been deteriorating steadily. U.S. dancer and choreographer José Greco was born in Montorio nei Frentani, near Campobasso, Italy, and came to the United States in 1928. (Turkish: “Convert”), Jewish sect founded in Salonika (now Thessaloníki, Greece) in the late 17th century, after the conversion to Islam of Shabbetai Tzevi, whom the sectarians believed to be the... www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9037909

inaf.htm Turkish people have also begun to comprehend that these warm sentiments are not insincere. In this way, 'the Turkish existence' was abused, for one and a half centuries in the political life of Greece, by the King, Church, Army and politicians." Greece is a neighbour, which has always created problems for the Turkish State. Thus showing the territories within the Turkish boundaries as a 'national goal' led to the birth of a 'national ideology', which was called 'Megalo Idea'. yoyo.cc.monash.edu.au /groups/Turkish/inaf.htm

Greco-Turkish relations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Turkish nationalist sentiment became inflamed at the idea that Cyprus would be ceded to Greece, and the Greek communities of Istanbul and Izmir were targetted in the Istanbul Pogrom of 1955. This led directly to the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, in which Greece seized Crete, the islands, the rest of Thessaly and Epirus, and coastal Macedonia from the Ottomans, in alliance with Serbia and Bulgaria. According to the Turkish government, the Greek-Turkish maritime border had never been properly defined, and Turkey now claimed that the seabed resources, namely oil, should be shared by the two countries, while the Greeks insisted that 12 nautical miles (22 km), as defined by international treaties, is their territorial right. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Turkish_relations   (2350 words)

1897 GRECO-TURKISH WAR - LoveToKnow Article on 1897 GRECO-TURKISH WAR The Turkish navy, an important factor in the war of 187 778, had become paralytic ten years later, and the Greek squadron held complete command of the sea. Expeditionary forces directed against the Turkish line of communications might have influenced the course of the campaign; but for such work the Greeks were quite unprepared, and beyond bombarding one or two insignificant ports on the coast-line, and aiding the transport of troops from Athens to Volo, the navy ~racticalIy accomplished nothing. The Turkish right wing, however, moving on Damani and the Reveni Pass, encountered resistance, and the left wing was temporarily checked by the Greeks among the mountains near Nezeros. 94.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GR/GRECO_TURKISH_WAR_1897.htm   (1498 words)

First World War.com - Who's Who - Baron von der Goltz Tasked with the modernisation of the Turkish army Goltz was so successful that it required the intervention of the major European powers to call a halt to the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 which Turkish forces appeared to be on the verge of winning. Handed command of the Turkish First (Bosporus) Army in Mesopotamia (present day Iraq) following a power struggle with Liman von Saunders, Goltz proved unpopular with Turkish War Minister Enver Pasha. Wilhelm Leopold Colmar, Baron von der Goltz (1843-1916) served as commander in chief of Turkish forces in Mesopotamia and successfully conducted the siege of the Anglo-Indian force in Kut. www.firstworldwar.com /bio/goltz.htm   (1498 words)

PS264 War and Peace The quotations are from the Correlates of War codebook. It is a comprehensive list of interstate wars between recognized members of the interstate system. International Conflict Management (Theories of War and Peace) astro.temple.edu /~gherrera/ps264wars.htm   (1498 words)

Armenia.txt I think the Greco-Turkish war, with Greece successfully seizing Constantinople is very reasonable, with a third or more of Turkey lost to the Armenians, I think the Greeks would take the entire Aegean coast. Alternatively, Greece could win the Greco-Turkish war and the Bosporous would be in different hands. It was one of the first parts of pre-WW I Turkey that was reconquered by the Turkish nationalists to construct the new nation state of Turkey. www.alternatehistory.com /shwi/Armenia.txt   (1498 words)

The Greco-Turkish War 1919-1922 The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents relating to the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922. The Ottoman Empire was dealt its death blow in World War I. By the Treaty of Sèvres the victorious Allies reduced the once mighty empire to a small state comprising the northern half of the Anatolian peninsula and the narrow neutralized and Allied-occupied Zone of the Straits. A short description of the war written by Ulrich Trumpener, discussing the major issues involved during the period of the war. www.albany.edu /~pd6062/pathfinder.html   (1498 words)

THE TURKS OF WESTERN THRACE In 1913, as a result of the war, the Treaty of Bucharest granted most of Western Thrace to Bulgaria, which administered the territory until the end of the First World War. 23 Continued communal violence in Cyprus after independence in 1960—including massacres of members of the Turkish community in December 1963—led to the Turkish government’s cancellation of residence permits for 12,000 Greek citizens living in Istanbul as well as the confiscation of their property. Wide-scale violence against the Greek community of Istanbul, believed to have been engineered by the Turkish government of then Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, destroyed an estimated 3-4,000 shops and precipitated the exodus of thousands of ethnic Greeks from the city in 1955. www.hrw.org /reports/1999/greece/Greec991-03.htm   (1498 words)

British Documents on Foreign Affairs—Series B: The Near and Middle East The subjects of Volumes 1–5 are: the end of the war, 1918–1920; the allies take control, 1920–1921; the Turkish revival, 1921–1923; the expansion of Ibn Saud, 1922–1925; and the Syrian revolt, 1925–1927. Turkey was at the forefront of the cold war and its relations with the two superpowers, as well as with Britain, were observed. Volume 29 (1922–1923) focuses on the Turkish victory in August 1922 over the Greek army, the political and military crisis of Chanak, and the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. www.lexis-nexis.com /academic/2upa/Imes/bdfaSeriesB.asp   (1498 words)

ΤΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΔΙΔΑΣΚΟΝΤΕΣ Causes of war at the regional level are directly linked to the causes of war at the broader international level. Moreover, regarding the single most important cause of war, that is, inter-regional uneven growth owing to hegemonic strategies of the recent past, the collective security systems lack means to deal with it and consequently lack effective jurisdiction whatsoever. In fact, as already implied, to Turkey’ s taxim claims, “enosis” without ever acknowledging Turkish occupation is the expected rational reaction of the Greek side. www.ifestos.edu.gr /6.htm   (1498 words)

Bookreporter.com - THE MAZE by Panos Karnezis Unlike many war novels, the violence is something that exists for the most part in the margins, coloring the actions of the characters in a subtle and complex way. The mayor is about to marry the madame of the brothel, the church is overrun with rats and the Turkish Muslim quarter is surrounded by an open sewer. The brigade may finally escape the maze of the Anatolian desert, but each man is forever marred not only by the war but by what has happened since the war ended. www.bookreporter.com /reviews2/0374204802.asp   (1498 words)

Summary.htm The Greco-Turkish War from 1919-1922 and the Convention of Lausanne from 1923' 4. Greco-Turkish War from 1919 to 1922 and the conventions that followed as well as the denationalizing and assimilation politics of the Greek state and the big colonization that followed to a great measure changed the ethnic composition of Aegean Macedonia. In this war especially by the Greek forces were killed thousands of innocent Macedonians of whom the bigger part of women and children, especially in the Kukush and Demir Hisar regions, where the military operations have been carried out. www.gate.net /~mango/Summary.htm   (1498 words)

Greco-Turkish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 (also called the War in Asia Minor, the Catastrophe of Asia Minor, and in Turkey called the Turkish War of Independence) The name Greco-Turkish War is given to two armed conflicts between Greece and Turkey or its predecessor the Ottoman Empire : The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 (also called the Thirty Days' War) en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Turkish_War   (1498 words)

Athena Review, 3,3: Minoan Crete: Harriet Boyd and the Excavation of Gournia Her decision was timely, since the Greco-Turkish War had liberated Crete from Turkish control, resulting in a more stable political climate which, if still somewhat unsettled, was no longer the site of ground warfare. However, after serving as a volunteer nurse on the Thessalian front during the Greco-Turkish War, Boyd, despite her disappointing experience at the American School, set her sights on travelling to Crete to fulfill her dream of performing archaeological fieldwork. She supported the war effort of World War I by giving many fundraising lectures on behalf of the Smith College Relief Unit, as well as by taking supplies to the island of Corfu for wounded soldiers. www.athenapub.com /11boyd.htm   (1498 words)

DOMESTIC POLICY [1897-1922] The period inaugurated with the Greek defeat in the unfortunate Greco-Turkish war of 1897 is characterized by universal discontent and the demand for renewal of national life in all sectors and especially the restructuring of the state mechanism. The "shame of 1897" will inedibly leave its mark on the political climate until the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, acting as a catalyst in arousing awareness of the insufficiency of the political status and the need for political reformation both on the level of structure and human resources. The political instability and the gestations of the first period after the 1897 war terminated to a certain degree in 1899 with the electoral victory of the Trikoupist party, in the leadership of which Georgios Theotokis has been appointed. www.fhw.gr /chronos/13/en/domestic_policy/facts   (758 words)

Reader's Companion to Military History - - Greco-Turkish War In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War, most Greeks living in Asia Minor lost their ancestral homes, either by flight or, later, by a compulsory population exchange negotiated with Ankara. Hostilities between Greek troops and Turkish nationalists first erupted in May 1919, following the occupation of Smyrna (Izmir) and its hinterland by the Greeks as part of the price exacted from the Turks for their support of the Central Powers in World War I. The Greek defeat also led to a Turkish showdown with Britain and the eventual replacement of the Sèvres peace treaty by a new settlement acceptable to the Turks (the Treaty of Lausanne). college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_020800_grecoturkish.htm   (758 words)

STRAITS Chapter 14 The Turkish Cabinet, Enver modestly asserted, understood how little use Turkey would be as an ally, so all it demanded was the protection of the Great Powers concerned while Turkey concluded an alliance with one of the lesser nations, either Greece or Bulgaria (though with the Cabinet strongly inclined towards the latter). There were waverers within the Turkish Cabinet who might have been persuaded to pursue the course of a better understanding with the Entente if some tangible measure of support had been forthcoming from London; yet all the Turks got was well-intentioned but hurtful warnings which were perceived as indicative of a pro-Greek attitude. The prospect of the Austro-Serb crisis exploding into war in which, following the conclusion of the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria would probably side with the Triple Alliance, coupled with the imminent arrival of their dreadnoughts meant it was now or never. www.manorhouse.clara.net /book2/chapter14.htm   (758 words)

Article of the Month They were forced to leave their homes during the 1919-1922 Greco-Turkish War, which triggered a massive populations exchange of thousands, with Christians moving to Greece and Muslims moving to Turkey. In September 1922, under attacks from the Turkish army newly reenergized by Ataturk’s leadership, thousands of Greeks left town when their shops and homes and the historic downtown were destroyed by an enormous fire. George was raised in the Greek town of Thessaloniki, hometown of Turkish nationalist leader Kemal Ataturk, who helped bring down the Ottoman Empire and replaced it with the modern state of Turkey in 1923. www.geocities.com /samegarden/article2.htm   (758 words)

Int0718.txt Most critics contend that it especially overlooks or distorts Ataturk's role in the WWI massacres of Armenians or in the slaughter of Greek civilians during the Greco©Turkish War, known in Turkey as the War of Independence. Tarquin Olivier, the son of the late Sir Laurence Olivier, is producing the film with his Turkish wife, Zelfa. Olivier noted, "Venizelos had gone to Istanbul and they had signed the Greek and Turkish pact which was the golden era of friendship between the two countries. www.photius.com /thus/Int0718.txt   (758 words)

Stirpes - Greece Wins Greco-Turkish War Say, After the end of World War 1, Greece was able to defeat Ataturks forces during the Greco-Turkish War. If the Turkish State was created i think Greece and Armenia would have remained friends, because of a common enemy in the region. We saw what happened with the whole deportation scheme after the WWI and Republic wars between Greece and Turkey and both groups from each side was exchanged. forum.stirpes.net /printthread.php?t=1003   (758 words)

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Thaumaci During the last Greco-Turkish war, in 1897, it was the final halting place of the vanquished Greek army. Vainly besieged in 198 B.C. by Philip, it was taken in 191 by the consul Acilius Glabrio in the war against Antiochus. The Greeks call it to-day Domokos; it is the chief town of the demos of Thaumakoi, and a well-fortified place; it has 1600 inhabitants, and is beautifully situated on a rock crowned by a medieval fortress, west of which are some old walls. www.newadvent.org /cathen/14556c.htm   (758 words)

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