Greco-Turkish War (1897)

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Topic: Greco-Turkish War (1897)

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	Greco-Turkish relations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkish nationalist sentiment became inflamed at the idea that Cyprus would be ceded to Greece, and the Greek communities of Istanbul and Izmir were targetted in the Istanbul Pogrom of 1955.
		This led directly to the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, in which Greece seized Crete, the islands, the rest of Thessaly and Epirus, and coastal Macedonia from the Ottomans, in alliance with Serbia and Bulgaria.
		According to the Turkish government, the Greek-Turkish maritime border had never been properly defined, and Turkey now claimed that the seabed resources, namely oil, should be shared by the two countries, while the Greeks insisted that 12 nautical miles (22 km), as defined by international treaties, is their territorial right.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Turkish_relations (2350 words)

	1897 GRECO-TURKISH WAR - LoveToKnow Article on 1897 GRECO-TURKISH WAR
		The Turkish navy, an important factor in the war of 187 778, had become paralytic ten years later, and the Greek squadron held complete command of the sea.
		Expeditionary forces directed against the Turkish line of communications might have influenced the course of the campaign; but for such work the Greeks were quite unprepared, and beyond bombarding one or two insignificant ports on the coast-line, and aiding the transport of troops from Athens to Volo, the navy ~racticalIy accomplished nothing.
		The Turkish right wing, however, moving on Damani and the Reveni Pass, encountered resistance, and the left wing was temporarily checked by the Greeks among the mountains near Nezeros.
	94.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GR/GRECO_TURKISH_WAR_1897.htm (1498 words)

	DOMESTIC POLICY [1897-1922]
		The period inaugurated with the Greek defeat in the unfortunate Greco-Turkish war of 1897 is characterized by universal discontent and the demand for renewal of national life in all sectors and especially the restructuring of the state mechanism.
		The "shame of 1897" will inedibly leave its mark on the political climate until the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, acting as a catalyst in arousing awareness of the insufficiency of the political status and the need for political reformation both on the level of structure and human resources.
		The political instability and the gestations of the first period after the 1897 war terminated to a certain degree in 1899 with the electoral victory of the Trikoupist party, in the leadership of which Georgios Theotokis has been appointed.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/13/en/domestic_policy/facts (758 words)

	Greek Struggle for Macedonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 was a painful blow that appalled Greeks and made them to seek the reasons for that catastrophic loss.
		The nationalist organisation "Ethniki Etairia" considered to be responsible for the outbreak of the war, dissolved under the pressure of Prime Minister Theotokis.
		Already since 1899, Bulgarian guerrillas which acted in Macedonia, organized and administrated by officers of the Bulgarian army, turn against Turkish authorities with the slogan "autonomy for Macedonia".
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Greek_Struggle_for_Macedonia (706 words)

	Greece Ottoman Empire War 1897
		The first war, also called the Thirty Days' War, took place against a background of growing Greek concern over conditions in Crete, which was under Turkish domination and where relations between the Christians and their Muslim rulers had been deteriorating steadily.
		By the end of April, however, the Greeks, who were inadequately prepared for war, had been overwhelmed by the Turkish army, which had recently been reorganized under German supervision.
		Subsequently, the Turkish troops also left Crete, which had been made an international protectorate, and an autonomous government under Prince George, the second son of the Greek king, was formed there (1898).
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/golf/greekturk1897.htm (313 words)

	Kondouriotis, Paul on Encyclopedia.com
		He became a national hero through his victories over the Turkish fleet in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/K/Kondouri.asp (102 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Baron von der Goltz
		Tasked with the modernisation of the Turkish army Goltz was so successful that it required the intervention of the major European powers to call a halt to the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 which Turkish forces appeared to be on the verge of winning.
		Having returned to Germany in 1897 as a Lieutenant General Goltz next saw significant service with the outbreak of war in August 1914 - having been made Field Marshal in 1911 following further service in Turkey - when he was appointed military governor of Belgium following its seizure by the German army.
		Handed command of the Turkish First (Bosporus) Army in Mesopotamia (present day Iraq) following a power struggle with Liman von Saunders, Goltz proved unpopular with Turkish War Minister Enver Pasha.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/goltz.htm (400 words)

	FOREIGN POLICY [1897-1922]
		The period 1897-1922 begins with the end of the Greco-Turkish war of 1897 and ends with the Asia Minor Catastrophe and the uprooting of the Greek communities of the Ottoman East.
		The acute disagreement of the Prime Minister and the King led to the National Schism that terminated with the predominance of the Venizelists and the entrance of Greece in the war on the side of the British and the French.
		The policy of irredentism has been put to the test throughout this period, sometimes with success as was the case of the two Balkan wars (1912-13, 1913-14) and the First World War and sometimes with disastrous results as was the case with the operations of the Greek army in Asia Minor (1919-1922).
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/13/en/foreign_policy (656 words)

	The Cretan Question, 1897-1908.
		Insurrection in Crete early in 1897 led directly to the Greco-Turkish War of that year.
		The Greeks, beaten by German-trained Turkish troops, called on the powers, who, before mediating, demanded that Cretan autonomy under Turkish suzerainty instead of the annexation of the island by Greece, be accepted by the Greek Government.
		The powers urged the departure of the Turkish troops, who were still troublesome.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/boshtml/bos133.htm (777 words)

	Reporting America at War . About the Series . Episode One Transcript PBS
		While most of his colleagues were covering the war from headquarters in Algeria, Pyle would be living with the 80,000 men of Army II Corp in the combat zone.
		Throughout the war, newspapers portrayed the conflict as a crusade to advance the cause of democracy, and detailed lurid atrocities the Germans had never actually committed.
		And if the war was presented in the right way to the public, then there would be genuine public support, which there was.
	www.pbs.org /weta/reportingamericaatwar/about/ep01_transcript.html (9384 words)

	The Macedonian Question, 1878-1908.
		At the time of the Greco-Turkish war of 1897 action on the part of Bulgaria and Serbia was prevented by an agreement reached between Austria and Russia to preserve the status quo in European Turkey.
		Turkish administration, despite the projected law of vilayets of 1880 (a measure agreed upon between the Turkish Government and European commissioners, but never promulgated), went on unchanged, embodying the customary evils of Turkish rule.
		The decision to leave Macedonia under Turkish rule was the fatal error of the Congress of Berlin.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/boshtml/bos131.htm (1233 words)

	Greco-Turkish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 (also called the Thirty Days' War)
		The Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 (also called the War in Asia Minor, the Catastrophe of Asia Minor, and in Turkey called the Turkish War of Independence)
		The name Greco-Turkish War is given to two armed conflicts between Greece and Turkey or its predecessor the Ottoman Empire:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Turkish_War (122 words)

	Greco-Turkish War (1897) - Wikipedia
		Wähle „Greco-Turkish War (1897) suchen“ um nach Greco-Turkish War (1897) zu suchen.
		Ein Wörterbucheintrag zu Greco-Turkish War (1897) hat seinen Platz im Wiktionary (Wiktionary).
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897) (144 words)

	MSN Encarta - Stephen Crane
		Although Crane had never experienced military service, the understanding of the ordeals of combat that he revealed in this work compelled various American and foreign newspapers to hire him as a correspondent during the Greco-Turkish War (1897) and the Spanish-American War (1898).
		Crane settled in England in 1897; his private life, which included several extramarital affairs, had caused gossip in the United States.
		The work, the story of a young prostitute who commits suicide, won praise from the American writers Hamlin Garland and William Dean Howells but was not a popular success.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761560542/Stephen_Crane.html (370 words)

	NJPoets.com - Skylands Writers & Artists Assoc., Inc. - Stephen Crane
		Crane, himself, had never lived through the experience of serving in the military, but his profound understanding of the ordeals of armed combat, inspired both American and foreign newspapers to enlist him as a war correspondent at the junctures of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the Spanish American War begun in 1896.
		He served as a journalist in Cuba and in Greece, and in 1897 he married Cora Taylor, who was the mistress of a Florida brothel which he frequented upon his return from Cuba.
		Cora Taylor would remain his devoted friend and wife until the end of his life and she would nurse him on his deathbed, but his unorothodox, common law marriage, coupled with his bohemian ways stimulated rumors that Crane was a drug addict and even a worshipper of satan.
	users.tellurian.net /swaa/crane.html (908 words)

	Stephen Crane - Free Online Library
		He was also the author of various other stories, and acted as a war correspondent in the Greco-Turkish War (1897) and the Spanish American War (1898).
		Crane, Stephen, American writer, was born at Newark, New Jersey, on the 1st of November 1870, and was educated at Lafayette College and Syracuse University.
		Set during the Civil War, Henry Flemming joins the Union Army and is forced to confront his fears.
	crane.thefreelibrary.com (170 words)

	... < G R E E C E >...
		After the Greco-Turkish war of 1897, which proved a disaster for Greece, the Bulgarians managed to win over a considerable proportion of the Slav-speaking inhabitants of Macedonia.
		Their devotion to the Greek national cause led the Bulgarians to call them 'Graikomans', that is, fanatical Greeks.The reward for the efforts and sacrifices of the participans in the Macedonian Struggle came with the victorious Balkan Wars of 1912-13, by which Macedonia shook off the Ottoman yoke that had lain upon it for five centuries.
		Thus it came about that on the feastday (20 July) of the Prophet Elijah in 1903 there was a Bulgarian rising, known as the Iliden rising, which the Turkish army soon bloodly suppressed.
	www.grecian.net /GREECE/macedonia/macedonia.htm (1050 words)

	The truth about Macedonia
		After Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 in Macedonia the infiltration increased alarmingly and units were under the command of high ranking Bulgarian and Russian officers.
		The Turkish forces then took their revenge on all of western and northern Macedonia burning 22 villages (about 8,000 houses), destroying crops, stealing animals and leaving 40,000 homeless Greeks.
		The Greek leaders were able to escape and notify the relieving Turkish forces about the trap and the town was saved from reprisals.
	www.network54.com /Forum/post?forumid=22270&messageid=1110086101 (572 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History
		Abd al-Hamid was victorious in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897, but Crete, which had been the issue, was ultimately gained by Greece.
		The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
		Turkish expansion reached its peak in the 16th cent.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1083 words)

	FOREIGN POLICY [1897-1922]
		The peace Treaty, that ratified the end of the unfortunate Greco-Turkish war of 1897, was signed on 4 December 1897.
		The treaty decided the establishment of a state of autonomy for Crete, while Prince George would become High Commissioner.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/13/en/foreign_policy/institutions (39 words)

	Metaxas, John on Encyclopedia.com
		A career soldier, he served in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, in which he was assistant chief of staff.
		He was later chief of staff, but was exiled (1917), along with most other prominent figures of Constantine I's government, as pro-German when Greece joined the Allies in World War I. He returned in 1920 and became prominent as a royalist politician during the Republic of 1924-35.
		After the monarchy had been reestablished in Greece, Metaxas became premier in Apr., 1936.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m/metaxas.asp (353 words)

	American Study Collection in American Resource Center
		Crane next reported on the Greco-Turkish war in 1897; this was the first experience in war for the man who had written The Red Badge of Courage two years earlier.
		After experiencing war in Greece, he felt more certain that his book had been accurate and wrote: The Red Badge is all right." Despite this, he referred to the book and its success as "a mere incident"; he preferred poetry, which he felt gave a fuller picture of his philosophy.
		At the beginning of the Spanish-American War in 1898, Crane tried to enlist in the American navy, but was rejected because he had tuberculosis.
	usinfo.org /literature/s1.htm (735 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Thaumaci
		During the last Greco-Turkish war, in 1897, it was the final halting place of the vanquished Greek army.
		Vainly besieged in 198 B.C. by Philip, it was taken in 191 by the consul Acilius Glabrio in the war against Antiochus.
		The Greeks call it to-day Domokos; it is the chief town of the demos of Thaumakoi, and a well-fortified place; it has 1600 inhabitants, and is beautifully situated on a rock crowned by a medieval fortress, west of which are some old walls.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14556c.htm (305 words)

	The Greco-Turkish War 1919-1922
		The Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents relating to the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922.
		The Ottoman Empire was dealt its death blow in World War I. By the Treaty of Sèvres the victorious Allies reduced the once mighty empire to a small state comprising the northern half of the Anatolian peninsula and the narrow neutralized and Allied-occupied Zone of the Straits.
		A short description of the war written by Ulrich Trumpener, discussing the major issues involved during the period of the war.
	www.albany.edu /~pd6062/pathfinder.html (3370 words)

	Timeline Turkey to 1960
		His new mission was to persuade the neutral Turkish government to enter the war on the side of Germany.
		The Serbs were defeated by the invading Turkish Ottoman army at the Battle of Kosovo Polje, the "Field of Blackbirds." In the battle, the Serb prince Lazar was captured by the Turks and beheaded.
		The severed head of Kara Mustapha, Turkish grand vizier, was preserved by Austria as a souvenir of the siege of Vienna.
	timelines.ws /countries/TURKEYA.HTML (9616 words)

	Epirus
		The heaviest fighting took place during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 on the heights to the north of the town above the villages of Hanopoulo and Grimbovo.
		In 1897 the pass was held by Greek forces led by a young English composer Clement Harris who died in the subsequent Turkish counter attack.
		South of Ioannina is the main Turkish fortress of the Balkan Wars, Fort Bezane.
	members.aol.com /balkandave/epirus.htm (1063 words)

	Literature Online Chapter 14 -- Biography
		Although he was born more than six years after the end of the American Civil War, Stephen Crane's novel The Red Badge of Courage depicted that war so vividly, and rendered the fears of men in battle so intensely, that many veterans who read the book were convinced that he was one of them.
		They settled in England in 1897, where they were quickly accepted into a circle of British and American novelists, including Henry James, Joseph Conrad, Harold Frederic, and Ford Madox Ford.
		She was to become his companion for the rest of his life—although she called herself Cora Crane and was introduced by Crane as his wife, no evidence of a marriage has ever come to light—and an untiring champion of his work and reputation after his death.
	occawlonline.pearsoned.com /bookbind/pubbooks/kennedycompact_awl/chapter14/objectives/deluxe-content.html (870 words)

	The Collections
		The oldest medals (end of the 17th Century) are from the period of the Venetian-Turkish Wars in Greece.
		Of particular interest from the later period are the medals instituted to honour the heroes of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the Asia Minor Campaign (1919-1922) and those of the War of 1940.
		Seals of the Greek communities from the period of Turkish domination.
	www.culture.gr /4/42/421/42103/42103e/e42103e8.html (1442 words)

	Richard Harding Davis
		It was not his first time under fire, having reported from the trenches during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
		Davis’s reputation as an active war correspondent was solidified when, at the Las Guasimas action, he directed the fire of about half a dozen soldiers towards the Spanish, firing some 20 rounds from a borrowed Krag carbine himself.
		Davis’s last years were also spent in charitable efforts, raising support for the Allied soldiers in World War I. Apathetic disinterest, he lectured his readers, might merit a visit to the doctor, cautioning them to tell him there was something wrong with their hearts.
	www.spanamwar.com /davis.htm (1979 words)

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