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	William Smith : A Smaller History of [Ancient] Greece - The Greek Colonies
		The colonies in Macedonia and Thrace were very numerous, and extended all along the coast of the AEgean, of the Hellespont, of the Propontis, and of the Euxine, from the borders of Thessaly to the mouth of the Danube.
		The colonies on the coast of Macedonia were chiefly founded by Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea; and the peninsula of Chalcidice, with its three projecting headlands, was covered with their settlements, and derived its name from the former city.
		Of the colonies in Thrace, the most flourishing were Selymbria and Byzantium [the city where Constantinople was later built, opening the Byzantine period of Greek history], both founded by the Megarians, who appear as an enterprising maritime people at an early period.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greece-6-colonies.asp (1437 words)

	Greek Colonies - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Colonies, Greek, overseas territories of the ancient Greek city-states.
		Greek colonies ("apoikiai") In Ancient Greece, colonies were sometimes founded by vanquished peoples, who left their homes to escape subjection at the hand of...
		The largest modern cities derived from Greek colonies are probably Marseille in France (Massilia), Naples in Italy (Neapolis, the "New City" -- remembered in the name of "Neapolitan" icecream), and...
	encarta.msn.com /Greek_Colonies.html (211 words)

	Greek Language - MSN Encarta
		Phonetically the two are identical, both varying from Ancient Greek principally in the substitution of stress for pitch in accented syllables and in the altered pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs.
		In declension, Modern Greek (purist and vernacular) has abandoned two basic forms used in Ancient Greek: the dual, a form indicating that a noun, pronoun, or adjective refers to two persons or things; and the dative case, which is now used only in a few idiomatic expressions.
		In vocabulary, Modern Greek vernacular is characterized by the use of a large number of words borrowed directly from foreign languages, especially from Italian, Turkish, and French, and by a great facility for combining words.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552508/Greek_Language.html (1719 words)

	Greek Language - ninemsn Encarta
		Phonetically the two are identical, both varying from Ancient Greek principally in the substitution of stress for pitch in accented syllables and in the altered pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs.
		In declension, Modern Greek (purist and vernacular) has abandoned two basic forms used in Ancient Greek: the dual, a form indicating that a noun, pronoun, or adjective refers to two people or things; and the dative case, which is now used only in a few idiomatic expressions.
		In vocabulary, Modern Greek vernacular is characterized by the use of a large number of words borrowed directly from foreign languages, especially from Italian, Turkish, and French, and by a great facility for combining words.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552508/Greek_Language.html (1688 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Italo-Greeks
		Greeks in the South from communication with the Latin Church, whose intellectual culture, moreover, was far inferior to that of Byzantium.
		In Rome, where Greek was the official language of the Church until the third century, there was always a large colony observing the Greek Rite.
		Greeks of Sicily obtained from Pius VI an episcopus ordinans resident at Piana dei Greci.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08206a.htm (1595 words)

	colonization. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Greeks, from a desire for wealth or as a result of the expulsion of a political faction or the defeated inhabitants of a city, established colonies in Asia Minor and Italy, spreading Hellenic culture and stimulating trade.
		Greek colonies were patterned after the parent state and were at first subject to its jurisdiction.
		The increase in overseas trade and colonial consumption helped to stimulate the Industrial Revolution, which in turn, because of the increased technological superiority afforded Europe, especially Great Britain, and because of the greater desire for markets and raw materials, gave added impetus to colonization and made it easier to accomplish.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/coloniza.html (882 words)

	Greek Art and Architecture - MSN Encarta
		Greek Art and Architecture, the art and architecture of Greece and the Greek colonies dating from about 1100 bc to the 1st century bc.
		Few examples of Greek architecture or large sculpture have survived in their original, undamaged form and no large Greek paintings are known.
		During the Archaic period, as Greek society expanded geographically and economically, greater wealth and foreign contacts led to the development of formal architecture and monumental sculpture.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561691/Greek_Art_and_Architecture.html (1282 words)

	Greek Wine History: Ancient Greece
		The influence of Greek colonization is still felt in the wine industries of Georgia and the Crimea, to which, in ancient times, the Greeks brought all their resources to bear.
		Modern Greek grape varieties such as Limnio, Athiri, Aïdani, Muscat, etc., believed to be surviving examples of the ancient oenological palette, may offer some clues to their flavor, yet the local wines of regions where traditions have survived—no matter their varietal complexion—would seem more logical in providing signposts to the distant past.
		The ancient Greeks can be credited with much: the elevation of wine to a deeply-rooted cultural phenomenon; an apparent technical mastery of wine production; and the development of a sophisticated and archetypal level of commerce, all of which have had a profound effect on Western notions of wine and culture.
	www.greekwinemakers.com /czone/history/2ancient.shtml (1432 words)

	Ancient Greek religion - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Greek religion is the polytheistic religion practiced in ancient Greece in form of cult practices, thus the practical counterpart of Greek mythology.
		It is perhaps misleading to speak of "Greek religion" as a unified system of dogma or ritual; perhaps the most conspicuous aspect of the religions practised in the Greek city states is their overall variety and their localism.
		The virtues fostered by Greek religion were chiefly respect for the gods, who were majestic (sebastos, σεβαστος) and sublime (semnos, σεμνος) Given the variety of rituals and traditions in the Greek religious state, the believer was obliged to hold the faiths of his neighbours in a similar regard to those of his own city.
	www.egnu.org /thelema/index.php/Ancient_Greek_religion (2052 words)

	Ancient Greek City States - Government - Crystalinks
		The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Greek peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, the last being the Dorian invasion.
		Greek colonies were not politically controlled by their founding cities, although they often retained religious and commercial links with them.
		Some Greeks regarded the Macedonians as barbarians, but whatever their original ethnic origins, they were of Greek language and culture by the 5th century.
	www.crystalinks.com /greeksocial.html (2919 words)

	HSC Online
		Greek colonisation was unlike the sort practised by European imperial powers such as Spain, Portugal, France and England in the modern era.
		Greek colonies were not interested in subjugating and living among native populations, although some hellenisation (spreading of Greek culture) did take place inevitably as the result of proximity.
		These colonies were set up to gain rich trade from the interior, especially in silver, iron, timber and grain; Miletus' colonies elsewhere on the shores of the Black Sea were set up for export of local produce; the colonies in and around the Hellespont region were established for strategic control of trade routes e.g.
	hsc.csu.edu.au /ancient_history/historical_periods/greece/greek_world/Colonisation.htm (1866 words)

	Greek & Roman Antiquities - Articles - Ancient History - Ancient Greece (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the modern Greek school-books, "ancient times" is a period of about 1000 years (from the catastrophe of Mycenae until the conquest of the country by the Romans) that is divided in four periods, based on styles of art as much as culture and politics.
		Greek culture was a powerful influence in the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe.
		Marble statuette from the Cycladic islands, 3000 BC The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Greek peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, the last being the Dorian invasion.
	www.greekandromancoins.com /ancientgreece-a-9.html (2952 words)

	Greek Mythology: From Rome to Today
		Greek religion originated from the worship of one god, who was called Zeus, and developed into the worship of many.
		Instead of making their gods great, transcendent, and mysterious, the Greeks, in the words of Edith Hamilton, an honorable citizen of Athens, “…made their gods in their own image.” This is the beginning of humanism, for not only did the Greeks make their gods human-like, but actually glorified the human body in their gods.
		The Greeks had a complicated view of their gods as fickle, even proper sacrificing would not guarantee the favor of the gods.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/cot/t2w06greekinfluence.htm (1105 words)

	Kjell Gustafson's homepage - Greek (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Greek is in the almost unique position of providing a written linguistic tradition which has been unbroken for about 2500 years.
		Greek is the main language spoken in Greece.
		The recorded history of Greek goes back to the texts written in the so-called Linear B script used on thousands of clay tablets which were found in various locations in the Peloponnese on the Greek mainland, and on the island of Crete.
	www.speech.kth.se /~kjellg/kg_greek.htm (945 words)

	Greek
		Ancient Greek was spoken in Greece, on Crete and Cyprus, in parts of the eastern Mediterranean and western and northern Anatolia, on Sicily and in southern Italy, on the northern Black Sea coast, and sporadically along the African coast and the French Riviera.
		Modern Greek is the language of about 9,340,000 people in Greece and the Greek islands and about 480,000 on Cyprus; it is also spoken in isolated villages of Turkey, Sicily, and southern Italy, and in many areas throughout the world to which Greeks have immigrated, notably Australia and North America.
		The principal changes that distinguish modern Greek are superseding of pitch-accent by stress; further iotacism of vowels; transforming the voiced plosives b and d to the voiced fricatives v and dh; loss of modal particles; and less variable word order because of replacement of pitch-accent by stress.
	thor.prohosting.com /~linguist/greek.htm (2420 words)

	Barry & Darling Ancient Coins
		Coinage was invented in Lydia, on the eastern shore of the Aegean in the late 7th century BCE and spread quickly across the Greek islands, then across the Greek mainland and to the Greek colonies in South Italy, Sicily, Africa, Spain and the Black Sea.
		Before long, the Greeks discovered that coins were most pleasing with a bust obverse ("heads") and a full figure of animal or person/deity or some other symbol reverse ("tails").
		Greek coins were issued by cities (in Archaic and Classic times) and have Greek images and legends.
	www.ancient-times.com /info/greek_origins.html (994 words)

	Greek Naples
		It is generally accepted, though, that the earliest colonisers were of Greek origins and that the earliest settlements were on the isle of Megaride (the site of Castel dell'Ovo) sometime between the ninth and seventh centuries B.C. Archaeological finds suggest that the early colonisation was undertaken by Rhodeans.
		Doubtlessly, another Greek colony on these coasts would have fitted in well with the plans of Pericles, and Neapolis would, in its turn, have gained commercial and trading advantage as a Greek colony when it came to dealing with the many Greek merchants who were then plying the Mediterranean.
		This original Greek centre still remains at the heart of Naples, forming the skeleton on which generations have built but never obliterated, much as the Greek culture, persisting in Naples throughout the era of Roman domination, has left its indelible traces in the physiognomy and language of twentieth century Parthenopeans.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html (1640 words)

	Greek Philosophy
		Greek colonies came to ring the Aegean and Black Seas, the southern coast of Italy, eastern Sicily, Cyrenaica in Libya, and in places on the coast of Gaul (modern France) and northeastern Spain.
		The clue to what happened in the Greek cities may be found in something else that seems to be a unique characteristic of Greek history: By the time we know much about events, traditional kings in Greeks cities are mostly gone.
		Greek philosophy began in Ionia (today on the west coast of Turkey), in the wealthiest and most active cities of their time in Greece.
	www.friesian.com /greek.htm (13878 words)

	Greek Colonization in the archaic period
		The “founder” of the colony (oikistes) first had to be identified; so too the settlers themselves. The motives of the colonists varied and not all migrated voluntarily to the “new world”.
		Colonies were also founded in the Hellespont and along the coast of the Black Sea.
		The Greeks in ‘Magna Graecia’ did not have to deal with loosely organized indigenous groups in this area, but their settlement region was rather restricted through the spheres of influence of the Etruscans and the Phoenicians in such a way that the density of city formation in a relatively small area was quite extensive.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mapplace/EU/EU05-colonization/EU05-colonization_30Apr04.htm (2422 words)

	column
		Greek colonies abroad continued to flourish and new settlements were established, particularly in the region of the Black Sea.
		Colonies were founded at Mediterranean sites such as Cyrene on the North African coast and Massilia (Marseilles) in southern France.
		Coinage was invented by the East Greeks or by the Lydians, the neighbors of the Greeks on the coast of Asia Minor, and was systematically adopted by the Greek city-states.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Greek_World/time-03.html (228 words)

	RAMBAUD ON THE GREEK COLONIES AND THE SCYTHIA OF HERODOTUS
		The early Greeks had established factories and founded flourishing colonies on the northern shores of the Black Sea.
		We know that the colonists carefully preserved the Greek civilization, cultivated the arts of their mother cities, repeated the poems of Homer as they marched to battle, loved eloquent speeches as late as the time of Dion Chrysostom, and offered a special cult to the memory of Achilles.
		Beyond the line of Greek colonies dwelt a whole world of tribes, whom the Greeks designated by the common name of Scythians, with whom they entered into wars and alliances, and who served them as middlemen in their trade with the countries of the north.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/GrScyth.html (673 words)

	Greek Spider - Your guide to Greece and Cyprus!
		Plato was a very famous ancient Greek who wrote many famous ancient Greek writings such as "The Republic", "The Laws", etc. He lived during and after the destructive Peloponnesian War, he was a member of the Athenian upper class and had been born into the aristocracy of the city of Athens.
		He was born just after the catastrophic Peloponnesian War began and watched the destruction of the ancient Greek world at the end of the fifth century.
		Famous ancient Greek Philosopher that was put to death as a result of his beliefs.
	www.greekspider.com /ancientgreeks/plato.htm (397 words)

	Velia Elea versus Pompeii Hercolaneum: Velia Elea, an undisclosed greek city in Cilento National Park Campania Italy
		Few Greek colonies were founded from scratch as there was almost always an existing populace already there; it usually meant the colonists blending in with the natives, and a new power gradually replacing the old.
		Greek colonization took place along the coasts of Sicily and Southern Italy, up as far as the Gulf of Taranto on the Ionian side, and as far as the Campania coastline on the Tyrrhenian side.
		The Greek colonies in Italy developed magnificent artistic and spiritual forces, and made a remarkable contribution to the history of art.
	www.villaprato.com /velia_eng.htm (3148 words)

	Ancient Greek colonies \| 5.97 \| Maria Daniels (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Greek Colonies and the Panhellenic Sanctuaries at Delphi and Olympia
		The ancient Greeks had a long history of founding colonies.
		Greek colonists frequently retained political, commercial, and religious ties to their mother-cities.
	www.perseus.tufts.edu /cl135/Students/Maria_Daniels/colonies.html (281 words)

	BRILL
		He has published extensively on the archaeology of Greek colonisation and the Black Sea region, and excavated for many years in the eastern and northern Pontus.
		Greeks set up colonies and other settlements in new environments, establishing themselves in lands stretching from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to North Africa in the south and the Black Sea in the north east.
		The chapters cover Mycenaean expansion, Phoenician and Phocaean colonisation, Greeks in the western Mediterranean, Syria, Egypt and southern Anatolia, etc. The volume is richly illustrated.
	www.brill.nl /default.aspx?partid=10&pid=10122 (645 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Story of the Greeks by H. A. Guerber
		In Sicily and southern Italy the soil was so fertile that the people soon grew very rich; and, as they had vessels in plenty, they traded everywhere, and became noted for their commercial enterprise.
		The first of the Greek colonies in southern Italy was the city of Sybaris.
		The young man denied having broken the statues, and asked that his trial might take place at once, so [167] that he might prove his innocence before he started out; but, in spite of this urgent request, it was postponed, and he was forced to depart with this cloud hanging over him.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=guerber&book=greeks&story=colonies (574 words)

	[No title]
		Greek colonies came to ring the Aegean and Black Seas, the southern coast of Italy, eastern Sicily, Cyrenaica in Libya, and in places on the coast of Gaul (modern France) and northeastern Spain.
		Phoenician colonies coexisted with Greek cities in Cyprus and Sicily, but excluded Greeks on Sardinia and Corsica, in the south of Spain, and especially along North Africa.
		Phoenician colonial power was particularly concentrated at Carthage (Kart Hadasht, the "New City"), eventually seen by Rome as her greatest rival, and in the south of Spain, were Cadiz (Gades) was a Phoenician city.
	www.lycos.com /info/greek--modern-greek.html (612 words)

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