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Geography   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Today’s geographers investigate a wide range of world issues—from the erosive power of glaciers in Iceland to the explosive growth of large metropolitan cities and the alarming rate of deforestation in the Amazon. The chief goal of geographers is to understand the environment and the human use of that environment. Geographers may analyse the possible locations, the distribution of the population, travel costs to and from each potential site, and other factors. www.pacificislandtravel.com /nature_gallery/geography.html   (2092 words)

The Myth of Continents Whereas the best Greek geographers had recognized the conventional nature of the continents--and insisted that the Red Sea made a more appropriate boundary between Asia and Africa than the Nile River--such niceties were often lost on their counterparts in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. The continents accordingly formed the core of Guyot's geographical exposition--one aimed at revealing "the existence of a general law, and disclos[ing] an arrangement which cannot be without a purpose." Not surprisingly, the purpose Guyot discerned in the arrangement of the world's landmasses entailed the progressive revelation of a foreordained superiority for Europe and the Europeans. Geographers in the Islamic realm, for their part, had adopted the ancient threefold global division from the Greeks at a much earlier date, although the continents generally played an insignificant role in their conceptions of the terrestrial order before the twentieth century. partners.nytimes.com /books/first/l/lewis-myth.html   (4252 words)

Pomponius Mela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Excepting the geographical parts of Pliny's Historia naturalis (where Mela is cited as an important authority) the De situ orbis is the only formal treatise on the subject in classical Latin. On the divisions and boundaries of Europe, Asia and Africa, he repeats Eratosthenes; like all classical geographers from Alexander the Great (except Ptolemy) he regards the Caspian Sea as an inlet of the Northern Ocean, corresponding to the Persian and Arabian (Red Sea) gulfs on the south. His Indian conceptions are inferior to those of some earlier Greek writers; he follows Eratosthenes in supposing that country to occupy the south-eastern angle of Asia, whence the coast trended northwards to Scythia, and then swept round westward to the Caspian Sea. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pomponius_Mela   (645 words)

Malaspina Great Books The Greek text, which was not known in Europe until the 15th century, was first published in the 16th by Simon Grynaeus, who was also the first editor of the Greek text of Euclid, at Basel (1538). It had been a common belief among Greek geographers, from the earliest attempts at scientific geography, not only that the length of the inhabited world greatly exceeded its breadth, but that it was more than twice as great, an unfounded assumption to which their successors seem to have felt themselves bound to conform. Most earlier Greek geographers and "cosmographers" supposed the inhabited world to be surrounded on all sides by sea, and to form a vast island in the midst of a circumfluous ocean. www.malaspina.org /Ptolemy.htm   (6719 words)

1(a). Introduction to Geography The early Greeks were the first civilization to practice a form of geography that was more than mere map making or cartography. Greek philosophers and scientist were also interested in learning about spatial nature of human and physical features found on the Earth. Geographic knowledge saw strong growth in Europe and the United States in the 1800s. www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/1a.html   (1930 words)

Ethiopia - LoveToKnow 1911 The etymology of the name, which to a Greek ear meant "swarthy-faced," is unknown, nor can we say why in official inscriptions of the Axumite dynasty the word is used as the equivalent of Habashat (whence the 1 For the topography and later history see Sudan and Abyssinia. From his time onwards various names of tribes are enumerated, and to some extent geographically located, most of these appellations being Greek words, applied to the tribes by strangers in virtue of what seemed to be their leading characteristics, e.g. In the 4th century A.D. the state of Meroe was ravaged by the Nubas (?) and the Abyssinians, and in the 6th century its place was taken by the Christian state of Nubia (see Dongola). www.1911encyclopedia.org /Ethiopia   (1938 words)

Strabo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. Strabo was born in a wealthy family from Amaseia in Pontus (modern Amasya Turkey), which had recently become part of the Roman Empire. The Geography is an extensive work in Greek, spanning 17 volumes, and can be regarded as an encyclopedia of the geographical knowledge of Strabo's time. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strabo   (522 words)

Ethiopia But a different origin is claimed for the name by many modern writers, some of whom say that the Greeks borrowed the word from the Egyptians, and that as early as the Twelfth Dynasty the Egyptians knew the land under the name Ksh, or Kshi. Greek writers often call this region the kingdom of Napata, or of Meroë, after two cities that were successively the centre of its political life during the second period of its history. But to-day we know without a doubt that the Ethiopia known to the Greeks, far from the the cradle of Egyptian civilization, owed to Egypt all the civilization she ever had. www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/e/ethiopia.html   (5705 words)

[No title] Greek philosophers and scientist were interested in learning about spatial nature of human and physical features found on the Earth. The Greek geographer Eratosthenes (circa 276 - 194 BC) was the first who accurately calculated the equatorial circumference of the Earth to be 40233 kilometers using simple geometric relationships. Little academic progress in Geography occurred after the Greeks except in the Middle East where Arab academics began translating the works of Greek and Roman geographers starting in the 8th century and began exploring southwestern Asia and Africa. www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/GeographyFacts.htm   (1018 words)

History of Iran: The Persian Wars Herodotos intends to explain the historical phenomenon that the Greek city states were able to challenge a state organization based on the rational exploitation of the physical and intellectual resources of a territory embracing a great part of the inhabited earth. Greek geographers repeatedly mention an entity called sfragis, but this term is not explained except by saying superficially that it means "seal," although Greek papyri indicate that sfragis is an entity to which plots of land are related in cadastral surveys. It is true that Herodotos had some difficulty in reporting exactly the mathematical elements of the Persian geographic survey, but the very fact that he tried to cope even with the aspects of ancient geography that were taxing him because of their technicality, prove how well he grasped the importance of geographical information. www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/persian_wars2.php   (2840 words)

Pomponius Mela - LoveToKnow 1911 Nothing is known of the author except his name and birthplace - the small town of Tingentera or Cingentera in southern Spain, on Algeciras Bay (Mela ii. But Pomponius is unique among ancient geographers in that, after dividing the earth into five zones, of which two only were habitable, he asserts the existence of antichthones, inhabiting the southern temperate zone inaccessible to the folk of the northern temperate regions from the unbearable heat of the intervening torrid belt. Like most classical geographers he conceives the Dark Continent as surrounded by sea and not extending very far south. 1911encyclopedia.org /Pomponius_Mela   (642 words)

Saudi Aramco World : Enter the Greeks   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) The head of the Persian expedition, it seems, was Greek, as were many of the seamen, and they, apparently, sent word back to Greece, then a rising young challenger of the long-established Phoenician maritime power. It was a world too wherein the Greeks were known not as moralists and philosophers, but as generals and mercenaries, serving in the Persian and Egyptian armies. There and at al-Hinnah, another Greek trading town of similar size 10 miles to the northeast, great wells were dug and beautifully lined with fitted stone; some are still in use today. www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198002/enter.the.greeks.htm   (2290 words)

Meena Alexander   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) However, the Greeks are considered to be the founders of geography as a scientific discipline. Edward Said asserts that the "slow and often bitterly disputed recovery of geographical territory which is at the heart of decolonisation is preceded--as empire had been--by the charting of cultural territory" (252). Thus, despite the efforts of geographers, perhaps maps are ultimately inescapable from their condition as a representation of human design and therefore a representation of human bias. www.english.emory.edu /Bahri/Mapping.html   (1509 words)

Geography, Astronomy and Mathematics He was preceded by Greek geographers and travelers who relied on the peoples of Egypt and Babylon in proving the truth of the traditional theories of Geography, which cover amongst other things the Nile, Ethiopia and the seven zones of the world. There were outstanding geographers in the Islamic East, who added to `that branch of science sound conclusions derived from their observation of stars, and what they saw during their expeditions and investigations of history. However overstated the contribution of the Greeks to the mathematical heritage may be, it is an unquestionable fact that they had taken from the Orient before the Orient took from them, and that the sons of that Orient handed over that legacy to the Europeans, after they had elaborated and added to it their innovations. www.witness-pioneer.org /vil/Books/AM_AIEC/geography.html   (3770 words)

STUDIES BY CLASSICAL WRITERS SHOW THAT MECCA COULD NOT HAVE BEEN BUILT BEFORE THE 4TH CENTURY A A survey prepared by two geographers commissioned by Alexander the Great also excludes the presence of Mecca from accounts in the 4th century B.C. We come to the 4th century B.C. Alexander the Great sent two Greek geographers to make a survey of Arabia in preparation for an invasion Alexander was planning. The Greeks are very careful to distinguish the temple, which has special importance and is revered by many, in a land, regardless of where it is located. The Greek and Roman geographers were very interested with the strip of land which extended in depth from the shore of the Red Sea to about 100 miles inland, and in length from Sinai to Yemen. religionresearchinstitute.org /mecca/classical.htm   (9398 words)

Ancient Measurements of the Circumference of the Earth The Greek geographers of the Roman period report the figure of 240,000 and 180,000 stadia for the circumference. Greek and Roman writers associate the name of Eratosthenes, who was the head of the Library of Alexandria in the second half of the third century B.C., with the introduction of a stadion of 700 to the degree, by which the circumference of the earth is 252,000 stadia. Thomson argues that ancient geographers used only one kind of stadion, that which I call geographic, so that by a calculation of 700 stadia to the degree the estimate would have been about 1/7 in excess (he says 11-12%, but quotes other scholars who reckon the excess as slightly less than 1/7). www.metrum.org /measures/measurements.htm   (12676 words)

1310   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Hipparchus, a Greek astronomer (190-126 BC), is believed to have invented the astrolabe, star measurer, and recorded the positions of about 1000 of the brighter stars and created the first star map. The Arab Geographer Idrisi (AD 1099-1154) a descendant of the prophet Mohammed was directed by King Roger II of Sicily, to collect all known geographic information and assemble it in an accurate representation of the world. Idrisi divided the inhabited earth into 7 “climates,” that were described by the Greek Geographers, beginning at the equator and stretching northward to the point where it was supposed that it was too cold for humans to live. www.geo.utep.edu /pub/nick_miller/1310/LECTURE_1.html   (1580 words)

History of maps and cartography Greek and Roman cartography reached a culmination with Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy, about A.D. His "world map" depicted the Old World from about 60°N to 30°S latitudes. A high level of geographic accuracy is demonstrated along with marginal illustrations that enhance the map. Geographic information systems comprise computer hardware, software, digital data, people, organizations, and institutions for collecting, storing, analyzing, and displaying georeferenced information about the Earth (Nyerges 1993). academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm   (1319 words)

Bryn Mawr College Graduate Student Symposium: All for One or One for All? (Re)constructing Identity in the Ancient World Archaeological material in the area of Campania has been dated from the period before Greek settlement in the Italic Iron age in the mid-tenth century B.C., to the beginning of Roman colonization in the late 4th Century B.C. The material in question is distributed mostly between the three major centers of Capua, Cumae and Paestum. It is essentially an adjective used to characterize the culture of the peoples occupying the regions of Campania and Lucania from the end of the Greek and Etruscan occupation to the beginning of the Roman occupation, or the beginning of the Hellenistic period in the Mediterranean. See D'Agostino in Greek World, p.540, arguing for this contact to have occured in the territory of the 'Caudini', the mountain region adjacent to the plain on which Capua was situated. www.brynmawr.edu /Acads/Arch/guesswho/leonardis.html   (5125 words)

Pilot Guides.com:Axum and the Ark of the Covenant Formed by a mainly Arabic community from the 10th to the 1st centuries BC, the Axumite Empire was controlling trade routes from Africa to Asia for nearly 1000 years and minting coins at a time when barely any other country was affluent or sophisticated enough to afford or require such business innovation. Greek geographers described Axum and its trade in ivory and slaves. Axum town is surrounded by dry hills with drab houses roofed with corrugated iron contrasting against the ruins of ancient monument - temples, fortresses, palaces, and churches. www.pilotguides.com /destination_guide/africa/ethiopia/axum.php   (996 words)

THE ORIGIN OF THE PRE- IMPERIAL IRANIAN PEOPLES Greek records place them in southern Russia in the 8th century B.C., however, recent archaeological evidence testifies that they, Cimmerians, and other Steppe Iranians may have been there far earlier. Greek geographers of the 4th century B.C. also credit the Scythians with inhabiting the largest part of the known world (map Red 16). Greek writers called the fighting Iranian women they met in the Ukrainian steppes, the Amazons; later Greek sources placed them further east, in northeastern parts of Iran. www.azargoshnasp.net /history/Scythians/scythioric.htm   (1236 words)

HVAÚZ, a town of southwestern Iran The Arabic geographers are confused about the original name of the town. The geographers note that the town suffered badly during the Zanè rebellion of the later 3rd/9th century which enveloped lower Iraq and K¨u@zesta@n. A third major event was the construction of the Transiranian railroad, which reached the town in 1929, crossing the river by a mile-long iron bridge (whose foundations rest on those of the great Sasanian barrage). www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v1f7/v1f7a012.html   (2353 words)

Search Results for "Geographers" Ancient geographers are not agreed as to the exact limits of the country. by Arab geographers, was taken in 1875 by the rulers of Egypt; when they withdrew... Historically, geographers considered it to extend from the natural boundary of the Isthmus... www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Geographers   (287 words)

Hapgood This was very exciting, as for several centuries geographers had been trying without success to find a "lost map of Columbus" supposed to have been drawn by him in the West Indies. This was quite a startling development for Hapgood and his students, for it could only mean that the Greek geographers of Alexandria had in front of them source maps that had been drawn without the Eratosthenian error. In other words, the geographers who designed the square portolan grid for which Hapgood and his students discovered a trigonometric solution had apparently applied their projections to maps that had originally been drawn with another projection. members.tripod.com /~Glove_r/Hapgood.html   (4909 words)

A Manual of Greek Literature, page 527   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) It was translated by La Porte du Theil and Coraes, with the exception of Du Theil's share, which was left unfinished on his death in 1815, and which was completed by Letronne, who translated the sixteenth and seventeenth books. Gosselin added the geographical explanations, and five maps to illustrate the systems of Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Polybius, and Strabo, with respect to the inhabited portion of the earth. His rijs Uapdias treptrjyrjrtK^s is quoted by Athenaeus, and his ^raBp-ol IIap9tKoi (probahly a part of it) are printed among the works of the minor Greek geographers in the collections of Hoschel (1600), Hudson (1703), and Miller, Paris, 1839. www.ancientlibrary.com /greek-lit/0540.html   (662 words)

Britannica India: Did you Know? It was used by ancient Greek geographers from the 4th century BC and even earlier, who distinguished “Albion” from Ierne (Ireland) and from smaller members of the British Isles. The word atlas is derived from Titan Atlas, whose figure holds the globe on his shoulders, in Greek mythology. Asthenia is a condition in which the body lacks strength as a whole or in any of its parts. www.britannicaindia.com /duk_det_inside.asp?art_id=234   (240 words)

The Persepolis Chart In my opinion Cape Sunion, the extreme promontory of Attica, was an anchor point of the Persepolis Chart which draws a line between two sheets at 24°02’E. Usually Greek geographers place this point at the latitude of the extreme SE limit of the Peloponnese and place both locations at the latitude of Rhodes. It is assumed that the Greek Thinai reflects a Malay Cin and that the Greeks could not have known the Malay term before the first century B.C. The last conclusion is unwarranted, but in any case the prevailing opinion of historians of China is that the name of China, or Thinai, comes from Ts’in. Beginning with the last third of the fourth century B.C., the princes of Ts’in began a campaign for the conquest of the entire country, a campaign that reached its climax when in -221 a prince of Ts’in assumed the title of “First Emperor” and established for ever the unity of the state. www.metrum.org /mapping/persepolis.htm   (1850 words)

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