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Topic: Greek tragedies

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Tragedy

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	Introduction to Greek Tragedy
		Tragedy stresses the vulnerability of human beings whose suffering is brought on by a combination of human and divine actions, but is generally undeserved with regard to its harshness.
		Tragedy was a public genre from its earliest beginnings at Athens; that is, it was intended to be presented in a theater before an audience.
		Tragedy was still being written and produced in the Athenian theater in Aristotle's day, but the plays of the three great tragedians (Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides) and no doubt of other playwrights were also being read privately.
	depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu /classics/dunkle/studyguide/tragedy.htm (2217 words)

	Greek tragedies
		In the fifth century, Greek tragedy was performed only at the wine festivals: the country Dionysia and Lenaia (both in December) and the Great Dionysia (in March), which was also a major political event, as the tribute from client city states was exhibited and war orphans were paraded before the performances.
		It is becoming clear that the theatrical realisation of the emotional power of tragedy requires the use of masks, both to integrate the chorus in the drama, and to affect the actor's vocal projection, by forming a resonating chamber, and modern mask-makers concentrate as much on the sound as the appearance.
		Greek tragedy as we know it represents the original literary canon: the extant plays are those which the Alexandrian scholars thought were the best, and listed as kanones ('rods' or 'rules').
	www.ciudadseva.com /textos/estudios/edipo/edipo04.htm (3506 words)

	Didaskalia - Introduction to Greek Stagecraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The tragedies and comedies of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE that remain to us today were almost all written for performance in the Theatre of Dionysos at Athens.
		Because Greek tragedy and comedy originated with the chorus, the most important part of the performance space was the orchestra, which means 'a place for dancing' (orchesis).
		Each set of three tragedies was followed by the performance of a satyr play, a short spoof of a myth related to the theme of at least one of the tragedies.
	didaskalia.open.ac.uk /StudyArea/greekstagecraft.html (2267 words)

	Greek Theater
		Although the origins of Greek Tragedy and Comedy are obscure and controversial, our ancient sources allow us to construct a rough chronology of some of the steps in their development.
		Ancient Greeks from the 5th century BC onwards were fascinated by the question of the origins of tragedy and comedy.
		Whether tragedy has, then, fully realized its possible forms or has not yet done so is a question the answer to which both in the abstract and in relation to the audience [or the theater] may be left for another discussion.
	academic.reed.edu /humanities/110Tech/Theater.html (3005 words)

	Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.)
		By the age of sixteen, he was already known for his beauty and grace and was chosen to lead a choir of boys at a celebration of the victory of Salamis.
		Sophocles chose to make each tragedy a complete entity in itself--as a result, he had to pack all of his action into the shorter form, and this clearly offered greater dramatic possibilities.
		This tragedy of fate explores the depths of modern psycho-analysis as Oedipus unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother in an attempt to avoid the very prophecy he ultimately fulfills.
	www.imagi-nation.com /moonstruck/clsc1.htm (638 words)

	Agamemnon Study Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Greek theatre was something new in its time; it developed out of a mixture of ancient myths, stories and religious rituals, contemporary lyric poetry, the genius of a remarkably few men, and the Greek love of theatrical spectacle.
		Greek tragedies are intensely emotional and focus on the horror of murder and violent death, often within the family.
		Greek tragedies are often family tragedies: Agamemnon, for example, harks back to the sacrifice of a child (Iphigenia), enacts the murder of a spouse (Agamemnon), and looks forward to the murder of a parent (Clytemnestra).
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/eng251/agamemguide.html (5343 words)

	drama, Western -> Greek Drama on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The precise evolution of its main divisions— tragedy, comedy, and satire —is not definitely known.
		According to Aristotle, Greek drama, or, more explicitly, Greek tragedy, originated in the dithyramb.
		Tradition has it that at the Dionysia of 534 BC, during the reign of Pisistratus, the lead singer of the dithyramb, a man named Thespis, added to the chorus an actor with whom he carried on a dialogue, thus initiating the possibility of dramatic action.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/drama-we_greekdrama.asp (873 words)

	Sophocles and His Tragedies
		Aeschylus felt what a Greek tragedy ought to be as a religious union of the two elements of the national poetry.
		His tragedy was not essentially different from that of Aeschylus, and when he chose subjects which the latter had treated, his completed drama bore the same relation to its forerunner that a finished statue bears to an unfinished group.
		After the retirement of Aeschylus, he was recognized as beyond dispute the greatest master of tragedy, and, as we have seen, during the lifetime of the former, wrested from him the tragic prize.
	www.theatrehistory.com /ancient/sophocles001.html (1212 words)

	Greek Drama
		Also, Aristotle's famous theory of the "tragic flaw," that is, that the reason the hero of a tragedy suffers a bad change in fortune is because he or she has some character "flaw," is not very helpful in understanding most Greek tragedies.
		The plot of a tragedy usually followed a known myth, partly perhaps for ease of exposition; but much flexibility was possible in handling the story.
		It is important to understand that drama began in the Greek world as a form of religious ritual; and although drama in classical Athens became a great day out and ripping good entertainment, especially if there was alot of blood and gore, its religious character was never really lost on the audience.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/GREECE/DRAMA.HTM (797 words)

	Greek Theaters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Greek tragedies and comedies were always performed in outdoor theaters.
		Early Greek theaters were probably little more than open areas in city centers or next to hillsides where the audience, standing or sitting, could watch and listen to the chorus singing about the exploits of a god or hero.
		From the late 6th century BC to the 4th and 3rd centuries BC there was a gradual evolution towards more elaborate theater structures, but the basic layout of the Greek theater remained the same.
	english.tyler.cc.tx.us /engl2332nbyr/Greektheaters.htm (448 words)

	Aeschylus and His Tragedies
		His first occupation was in a vineyard, and his reverence for the god of the vine inspired him to follow the bent of his genius and contribute to the spectacles then newly established in honor of Dionysus.
		His earliest tragedy, composed when he was twenty-six years of age, failed to win the prize, and it was not until fifteen years later that he gained his first tragic victory.
		Such is the wonderful power of art in its highest forms, that tragedy, as set forth by the three great masters, and never treated with the same effect by their countless imitators, has ever been held the gravest, most moral and most profitable of all forms of poetry.
	www.theatrehistory.com /ancient/aeschylus001.html (1590 words)

	EssayLib.com :: free essays : History : Ancient Greek Drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The form of the Greek physical theater evolved over two centuries interestingly, the permanent stone theaters that survive today as ruins were not built until the 4th century BC - that is, after the classical period of playwriting.
		His tragedies, first performed about 500 BC, were presented as trilogies, or groups of three, usually bound together by a common theme, and each trilogy was followed by a satyr drama (low comedy involving a mythological hero, with a chorus of satyrs).
		Medea, in Greek mythology, was a sorceress and the daughter of Aeetes, king of Colchis.
	www.essaylib.com /library/essay/101587.html (2184 words)

	THE ANCIENT GREEK DRAMA & THEATRE HISTORY PAGE
		Similarly, the word orchestra is derived from the Greek word for a platform between the raised stage and the audience on which the chorus was situated.
		Tragedy, derived from the Greek words tragos (goat) and ode (song), told a story that was intended to teach religious lessons.
		Tragedies were not simply plays with bad endings, nor were they simply spectacles devised to ‘make 'em laugh and make 'em cry.’ Tragedy was viewed as a form of ritual purification, Aristotle's catharsis, which gives rise to pathos, another Greek word, meaning 'instructive suffering'.
	anarchon.tripod.com /indexGREEKTH.html (4687 words)

	Sophocles
		The Oedipus Rex (or Tyrannus) is a supreme example of unconscious irony and is regarded as the perfection of Greek tragedy.
		Oedipus at Colonus (his last tragedy), Electra, and Antigone, also rate high and were most popular on the Attic stage.
		He added the third actor and thus pronounced the doom of the chorus as an element of prime importance in Greek tragedy.
	www.theatredatabase.com /ancient/sophocles_001.html (514 words)

	UI lecture series to focus on ancient Greek tragedies
		IOWA CITY, Iowa -- As part of an ongoing series on Greek theatre, the University of Iowa department of classics is sponsoring a five-part lecture series by a noted authority on Greek drama and culture.
		He is widely published in the fields of Greek tragedy, Greek and Roman cultural history and numismatics, the study and collection of ancient coins.
		With proceeds from the sale of the farm, the UI established a fund to bring top scholars in a variety of disciplines to the university for lectures and discussions.
	www.uiowa.edu /~ournews/1997/march/0303greek.html (360 words)

	Oresteia Study Guide
		Structure: all Greek tragedies are organized by a pattern that alternates choruses (stasima) and action (episodes -- literally means "after" or "in between the odes").
		Greek poets typically view the divine world as somehow connected with or symbolic of events on earth.
		306-478 kommos: this is the longest one in Greek tragedy.
	www.temple.edu /classics/oresteia-meineck.html (1257 words)

	Sophocles and Ancient Greek Theater Resource Page
		On this page the background of Ancient Greek Theater and its impact on Greek culture is explored as well as an in depth look at how the development of tragedy and comedy affected the way theater was accepted by the public.
		The page focuses mainly on the foundation of Greek theatre and the formation of the cult of Dionysus that led to eventual ceremonial performances and the evolution of today’s drama.
		These were the moments that lead to the revolution in Greek culture as far as drama was concerned.
	www.itc.csmd.edu /lan/richs/lrwp/LRWP-Greek.htm (2243 words)

	[ The Greeks ] - Educational Resources - Lesson 4
		Introduce the topic of Greek drama by telling the class that drama evolved From religious festivals in honor of Dionysus, the god of wine and the cha ging seasons and explaining the significance of the 'City Dionysia' and the first actor, Thespis.
		Establish that tragedy was the favorite type of Greek drama and at the heart of all tragedies lay a character's hubris.
		Aristotle believed Oedipus Rex to be the finest of all tragedies because the protagonist's recognition of the truth coincides with the reversal of his fortunes.
	www.pbs.org /empires/thegreeks/educational/lesson4.html (1489 words)

	stagingaplay
		Imagine you are a tragic poet named Agathocles and you want to put on a tragedy in Athens at the festival of the greater Dionysia (the end of March).
		Tragic poets normally presented their plays in groups of four: three tragedies and a satyr play (a humorous treatment of a mythological theme).
		Other tragic poets often presented three tragedies and a satyr play which were unconnected thematically, e.g.
	academic.reed.edu /humanities/110Tech/staging.html (3233 words)

	Greek Tragedy Topics, Assignments, Notes
		Speakeasy Studio and Cafe, enter the “McManus: Greek Tragedy” studio, and post a written reflection on one of the two tables in Event 1: Greek Theatrical Performance.
		Assignment (due Oct. 12): go to the Speakeasy Studio and Cafe, enter the “McManus: Greek Tragedy” studio, and follow the instructions there for posting an essay on one of the two tables in Event 2.1: Aeschylus’; Oresteia.
		Brief Assignment (due Oct. 19): go to the Speakeasy Studio and Cafe, enter the “McManus: Greek Tragedy” studio, and post on the Theater/Acting/Stagecraft table a reaction to the videotaped segment of Peter Hall's dramatization of the Agamemnon that we viewed in class on October 14.
	www.cnr.edu /home/bmcmanus/tragedyassign.html (2152 words)

	The Classical Tradition
		The primacy of the Greeks in the canon of Western literature is neither an accident nor the result of a decision imposed by higher authority; it is simply a reflection of the intrinsic worth of the material, its sheer originality and brilliance.
		Classics Unveiled has a "mythnet" with a catalogue of the Greek gods, both the Olympian gods, which we encounter in Homer, and the Titans, the more ancient gods whom the Olympians displaced.
		One of the great sculptures of the Hellenistic period of Greek art is the scultpure of Laocoon in the Vatican.
	alpha.fdu.edu /~jbecker/classics/classicssyll.html (1488 words)

	The Classical Greek Chorus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Greek chorus continued to play an important role in classical Greek drama, especially in tragedy.
		Ranging in number from 50 in the time of Thespis to 15 in later classical Greek drama, the chorus consisted of Athenian citizens and were not professional actors.
		Nietzsche suggests that it was the rhythmic dance and chants of the chorus, positioned always to mediate the physical space separating audience and actor, that evoked the visionary experience that was the very essence of tragedy.
	www.selu.edu /Academics/Faculty/jwiemelt/classes/engl230/chorus.htm (229 words)

	Greek Drama
		Northern Virginia Community College Excellent resource examining various aspects of ancient Greek theatre, including the structure of Greek tragedies, satyr plays, acting and Greek comedy.
		Temple University Glossary of key terms for the context and performance of Greek tragedy.
		University of Idaho Excellent webpage discussing conventions of Greek tragic theatre, including major playwrights, the acting area, the use of mask and the function of the chorus.
	www.theatrelinks.com /greek.htm (701 words)

	Greek tragedy
		The scale of the theatre compares with modern sporting arenas: the Athenian Theatre of Dionysus could hold perhaps 18,000 people, though Plato (Symposium 175e) implies that there were 30,000 spectators.
		Substantial fragments of the Euripidean tragedy Hypsipyle, the Sophoclean satyr play Ichneutai (Trackers), and Menander's comedy Dyscolus (The Bad-tempered Man) were discovered there (as well as work by Aristotle, Callimachus, Homer, and Pindar).
		The plays are sometimes cited by abbreviations (Choe, OT, OC, Trach), by Latin versions of their names (Prometheus Vinctus, Oedipus Rex, Hercules Furens), by clumsy transliterations of the Greek names (Bakchai, Oidipous Turannos, Herakles, Phoinissai), or even by the Greek names with latinised spelling (Oedipus Tyrannus, Phoenissae).
	www.cus.cam.ac.uk /~blf10/tragedy.html (3562 words)

	Women in Classical Greek Drama
		She believes that she is bringing Iphigenia to aulis to be married to Achilles and, in a motherly way, is proud that the renowned warrior has chosen her child to be his bride.
		She mocked the underlying law of Greek behaviour, the law of moderation.
		An ancient Greek man seemed to be helplessly attracted to the glory of war in spite of the horror of it.
	www.umanitoba.ca /womens_health/ducros1.htm (1430 words)

	No Greek tragedies at Euro 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The answer is a qualified no: Football will not end up as its American cousin but the responsibility for ensuring that rests on the major players, the countries that underwhelmed us with their mediocrity at Euro 2004 and the last World Cup too.
		It was not a fluke; it was the result of careful planning, total commitment and tight teamwork, qualities that are basic to any winning side.
		You can almost forgive the Zidanes and Beckhams for taking it a bit easy; the $100,000 for three weeks’ work was essentially what they get paid each week, bonuses extra, by their clubs.
	www.indianexpress.com /full_story.php?content_id=50467 (827 words)

	USATODAY.com - Greek police detail security threats during Olympic games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ATHENS —; Greek authorities dealt with more than 700 security scares during the Athens Games, including a bomb hoax before the opening ceremony and a propane leak at a luxury hotel that was hosting hundreds of representatives from major Olympic sponsors.
		More than 70,000 police, soldiers and other members of the Greek armed forces provided security at Olympic sites.
		Another 35,000 troops guarded railways and borders, while Greece's armed forces were placed on alert during the Olympics.
	www.usatoday.com /sports/olympics/athens/news/2004-10-14-security-threats_x.htm (420 words)

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