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Topic: Green fluorescent protein

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	Nikon MicroscopyU: Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins
		The discovery of green fluorescent protein in the early 1960s ultimately heralded a new era in cell biology by enabling investigators to apply molecular cloning methods, fusing the fluorophore moiety to a wide variety of protein and enzyme targets, in order to monitor cellular processes in living systems using optical microscopy and related methodology.
		Green fluorescent protein, and its mutated allelic forms, blue, cyan, and yellow fluorescent proteins are used to construct fluorescent chimeric proteins that can be expressed in living cells, tissues, and entire organisms, after transfection with the engineered vectors.
		Although native green fluorescent protein produces significant fluorescence and is extremely stable, the excitation maximum is close to the ultraviolet range.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/livecellimaging/fpintro.html (6322 words)

	Green fluorescent protein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria that fluoresces green when exposed to blue light.
		In cell and molecular biology, the GFP gene is frequently used as a reporter of expression.
		Color mutants have been obtained from the GFP gene as well: in particular the cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) are two colour variants employed for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein (385 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Fluorescence Microscopy
		In living cells, fluorescent proteins are most commonly utilized to track the localization and dynamics of proteins, organelles, and other cellular compartments, as well as a tracer of intracellular protein trafficking.
		Fluorescence Illumination in Stereomicroscopy - The application of stereomicroscopes for GFP observation is now so prevalent that stereo fluorescence illuminators are more frequently referred to as GFP illuminators, even though they can be utilized for many other applications in both the life sciences and the electronics manufacturing industry.
		The fluorescence illumination reveals which organisms are producing the fluorescent protein and the stereoscopic vision coupled to a large field of view and ample working distance enables observers to conduct experiments with forceps, pipettes, or micromanipulators.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/fluorescence (1980 words)

	Green fluorescent protein - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The wild type GFP from Aequorea victoria has a major excitation peak at a wavelength of 395 nm and a minor one at 475 nm.
		Its emission peak is at 509 nm which is in the lower green portion of the visible spectrum.
		The GFP from the sea pansy has a single major excitation peak at 498 nm.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /green_fluorescent_protein.htm (290 words)

	JAX Mice Expressing Fluorescent Proteins or lacZ - The Jackson Laboratory
		GFP has since become a reporter gene of choice because it requires no biochemical transformation, contrast agent, or the use of harmful ionizing radiation in order to be visualized.
		Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression.
		Green fluorescent protein imaging of tumor cells in mice.
	jaxmice.jax.org /models/fluorescent_proteins_or_lacZ.html (622 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein
		GFP is a 238 amino acid polypeptide that acts as an energy-transfer acceptor under physiological conditions in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria deriving excitation energy from emission of blue light via a calcium binding-activated photoprotein, aequorin.
		GFP is capable of producing a strong green fluorescence when excited by blue light (without the need for a substrate), which can be monitored using standard ultraviolet microscope technology.
		GFP expression allows the isolation of stable cell lines expressing an uncharacterized protein for which there is no specific antibody or in which an epitope tag would produce an altered function.
	www.uq.edu.au /vdu/GTDUgfp.htm (386 words)

	Information Directory green fluorescent protein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		GFP is a fluorescent protein isolated from coelenterates, such as the Pacific jellyfish, Aequoria victoria, or from the sea pansy, Renilla reniformis.
		Heterologous expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from the jellyfish...
		GFP is a small protein in which a trio of amino acids becomes modified to form a chromophore which absorbs blue light and fluoresces yellow-green.
	www.healthy-shopper.com /protein/green-fluorescent-protein.htm (592 words)

	GFP BUNNY
		"Alba", the green fluorescent bunny, is an albino rabbit.
		"GFP Bunny" does not propose any new form of genetic experimentation, which is the same as saying: the technologies of microinjection and green fluorescent protein are established well-known tools in the field of molecular biology.
		Improved fluorescence and dual color detection with enhanced blue and green variants of the green fluorescent protein.
	www.ekac.org /gfpbunny.html (8806 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein Tagging: A Report (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Green flourescent protein (GFP) was discovered by chance as scientists were extracting and isolating the photophores of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria.
		GFP has proved to be ideal for scientific experiments due to its ability to catalyse its own chromophore (light-producing molecule).
		Extracts of GFP were prepared from the cells by the procedure described by Walmsley et al,[8] which involved washing the cells clear of the supporting medium, crushing by vortexing with 0.45 mm diameter glass beads, re-washing and centrifugation.
	www.goshen.edu /~sashamd/GFP (992 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein as a Noninvasive Intracellular pH Indicator -- Kneen et al. 74 (3): 1591 -- Biophysical ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		in molar absorbance at 480 nm and a consequent decrease in fluorescence.
		GFP mutants are brightly fluorescent and have excitation and emission
		of fluorescence emission at 500 nm by excitation at 390 nm is
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/74/3/1591 (5060 words)

	The Molecular Structure of Green Fluorescent Protein
		The protein is in the shape of a cylinder, comprising 11 strands of -sheet with an -helix inside and short helical segments on the ends of the cylinder.
		Wavelength mutations and posttranslational autoxidation of green fluorescent protein.
		Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopic studies of segmental mobility in aequorin and a gren fluorescent protein from aequorea forskalea.
	www-bioc.rice.edu /Bioch/Phillips/Papers/gfpbio.html (4825 words)

	One- and Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Lifetimes and Anisotropy Decays of Green Fluorescent Proteins -- Volkmer et ...
		Protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria, and its mutants
		Fluorescence anisotropy decays were monitored at 514 nm for all three types of GFP and are shown in Figure 3.
		Use of the green fluorescent protein and its mutants in quantitative fluorescence microscopy.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/78/3/1589 (5617 words)

	biomeda - V10272 - GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) ( Monoclonal Antibodies )
		GFP is a 27 kD monomeric protein, which autocatalytically forms a fluorescent pigment.
		The wild type protein absorbs blue light (maximally at 395nm) and emits green light (peak emission 508nm) in the absence of additional proteins and substrates.
		Proteins from all species which are tagged with GFP protein.
	www.biomeda.com /gfp-green-fluorescent-protein.V10272.html (286 words)

	The Fluorophore of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
		GFP is a fluorescent protein isolated from coelenterates, such as the Pacific jellyfish, Aequoria victoria, or from the sea pansy, Renilla reniformis.
		GFP tolerates N- and C-terminal fusion to a broad variety of proteins.
		Its emission peak is at 509 nm in the lower green portion of the visible spectrum.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C08/C08Links/pps99.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/projects/gmocz/gfp.htm (1734 words)

	teaching
		Wiedenmann, J., Carsten Elke, Klaus-Dieter Spindler, and Werner Funke (2000) Cracks in the ß-can: Fluorescent proteins from Anemonia sulcata (Anthozoa, Actinaria).
		Yeh, E., Gustafson, K. and Boullianne, G. Green fluorescent protein as a vital marker and reporter of gene expression in Drosophila.
		Reichel, C., Mathur, J. Eckes, P. Langenkemper, Koncz, C., Schell, J., Reiss, B and Maas, C. Enhanced green fluorescence by the expression of an Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein mutant in mono- and dicotyledonous plant cells.
	www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk /Haseloff/teaching/PDFlists/PDFindex/7_GFP.html (759 words)

	Click here now! green fluorescent protein. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Protein builds muscle and consuming one gram per pound of bodyweight each day is a good bet for growth.
		What we do know, however, is that protein builds muscle and consuming one gram per pound of bodyweight each day is a good bet for meeting your musclebuilding needs.
		The main reason for this is that under stressful conditions, such as prolonged weight training, the body can break down proteins (from muscle) and burn them as energy.
	www.build-muscles.org /bodybuilding/630_green_fluorescent_protein.html (480 words)

	Green fluorescent protein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The GFP from the sea pansy a single major excitation peak at 498
		Some mutants of the GFP gene have produced with increased fluorescence.
		Green Day Is An Awesome Punk Band That Been Around Since 1989.This Greatest Hits Cd Is Packed With There Hard Rocking Guitars,Bass And Drums.If You Like This Cd,I Strongly Recommend 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours,Kerplunk!,dookie,Imsomniac,Nimrod,Warning...
	www.freeglossary.com /Green_Fluorescent_Protein (351 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Fluorescent Protein Fluorophore Interactive Java Tutorials
		The spectral properties of fluorescent proteins are dependent upon the structure of the fluorophore as well as the localized interactions of amino acid residues in the immediate vicinity, and in some cases, residues far removed from the fluorophore.
		This interactive tutorial explores the molecular re-arrangement that occurs during the maturation of the Kaede fluorescent protein fluorophore, which emits green fluorescence, as well as the mechanism of photoconversion that cleaves the peptide backbone to yield a red fluorescent optical highlighter.
		Kindling fluorescent protein does not exhibit emission until illuminated with green or yellow light in the region between 525 and 580 nanometers.
	www.olympusconfocal.com /java/fpfluorophores (1186 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Confocal Image Galleries
		Fluorescently Labeled Cells in Culture - The culture of whole tissues and isolated cells were first undertaken in the early 1900s as a technique for investigating the behavior of animal cells in an isolated and highly controlled environment.
		Fluorescent Protein Expression in Zebrafish Embryos - Spectral variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) are quite useful for double or triple labeling experiments or when targeting fluorescence expression with a particular laser system.
		Nuclei of the cells fluoresce a bright blue, while a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotropic factor (TrkB) is stained green in the image.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /gallery (1211 words)

	Marc Zimmer / Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
		Today researchers are using this ancient glowing protein to pursue exciting new discoveries, from tracking the process of bacterial infection to detecting chemical and biological agents planted by terrorists.
		He then discusses the biological reasons that glowing proteins first evolved in jellyfish and fireflies and looks at the history of bioluminescence and the dedicated scientists who devoted their careers to explaining this phenomenon.
		In industry a red fluorescent protein originally found in corals may find a use in sheep as a substitute for environmentally harmful wool dyes.
	camel.conncoll.edu /ccacad/zimmer/MZ-8/MZ-8 (1647 words)

	RCSB Protein Data Bank
		The green fluorescent protein, shown here from PDB entry 1gfl, is found in a jellyfish that lives in the cold waters of the north Pacific.
		The green fluorescent protein converts this light to green light, which is what we actually see when the jellyfish lights up.
		GFP is a ready-made fluorescent protein, so it is particularly easy to use.
	www.rcsb.org /pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb42_1.html (580 words)

	green fluorescent protein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression.
		Moreover, the reporter gene (either lacZ or green fluorescent protein) was found in second and third generation birds and appeared to have no adverse effect.
		He began researching growth hormones, using green fluorescent protein, and got the gig of his dreams working in a genuine genetics research lab.
	www.biometnews.com /biotechnology/green_fluorescent_protein.html (411 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The use of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) allows protein localisation to be visualised and followed in live cells.
		GFP technology takes advantage of naturally occuring fluorescent proteins in the deep sea jelly fish called Aequorea victoria.
		Using molecular biology techniques we are able to "fuse" the gene for GFP to the end of a gene of interest.
	www.majorgrooves.co.uk /gfp.html (200 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein - The GFP Site
		GFP is not responsible for the glow often seen in pictures of jellyfish - that "fluorescence" is actually due reflection of the flash used to photograph the jellies.
		Now GFP is found in laboratories all over the world where it is used in every conceivable plant and animal.
		This is done by joining the GFP gene to the gene of the protein of interest so that when the protein is made it will have GFP hanging off it.
	www.conncoll.edu /ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/GFP-1.htm (301 words)

	Green fluorescent Protein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In addition, a number of mutations in the wild type GFP protein, mean that it can also be used as a quantitative marker in living cells.
		GFP can also be used as a tag for studying localisation and movement of protein-GPF chimeras within cells in real time.
		There are also a growing number of GFP mutants with different spectral properties which allow, for example, simultaneous monitoring of proteins labelled with different GFPs or the use of fluorescent energy transfer techniques to measure protein-protein interations.
	www.physiol.usyd.edu.au /~billp/greenfluor.html (348 words)

	Green fluorescent protein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a remarkable protein originally isolated from Aequorea victoria - a luminescent jellyfish.
		The emission and excitation chacteristics of this protein are very different from those of GFP allowing us to readily distinguish the two.
		GFP is an extremely robust protein due to its barrel shape.
	www.shef.ac.uk /~ifpm/gfp.html (169 words)

	Green Fluorescent Protein (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One initial problem with the use of GFP was the excitation and emission spectra of the wild type protein for fluorescence microscopy.
		To alleviate this problem, several mutants of the GFP gene were constructed which have increased fluorescence, but perhaps more important, the major excitation peak has been red-shifted to 490 nm with the emission staying at 509 nm.
		GFP and GFP color variant vectors for gene cloning and construction are available from Clontech.
	www.gonda.ucla.edu /bri_core/gfp.htm (540 words)

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