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Topic: Gregarines

In the News (Wed 30 Dec 09)

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Hugh Jackman

	GREGARINES - LoveToKnow Article on GREGARINES
		Gregarines are essentially parasites of Invertebrates; they are not known to occur in any true Vertebrate although met with in Occur- Ascidians.
		The extracellular part of the Gregarine next grows rapidly, and a transverse septum is formed at a short distance away from- (outside) the point where the body penetrates into the cell (fig.
		A Gregarine at this stage is known as a cephalont.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GR/GREGARINES.htm (5112 words)

	COCCIDIA - LoveToKnow Article on COCCIDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the first decade of the 20th century great progress was accomplished, thanks largely to the researches of F. Schaudinn and M. Siedlecki, who first demonstrated the occurrence of sexual conjugation in the group; and the Coccidian life-history is now one of the best known among Sporozoa.
		Gregarines in which the sporozoites are naked) constitute in reality nothing more or less than a schizogonous generation of these Cephalopodan parasites, which have thus an alternation of true hosts.
		The ripe sporocysts from the Cephalopod are eaten by a particular crab (e.g.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COCCIDIA.htm (3949 words)

	Memórias on line
		Gregarine Cephaloidophora communis Mawrodiadi, 1908 in the Barnacle Euraphia rhyzophorae, Oliveira, 1940 from Brazil
		The cytoplasm of the gregarines was always irregular, dense, and occasionally presenting a dark stoch area.
		Gregarines in the intestine of barnacles were first reported by Kölliker (1848), and described in the intestine of Balanus pallidus as Gregarina balani.
	memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br /977/4540.html (445 words)

	GREGARINE (PROTOZOA: APICOMPLEXA: EUGREGARINIDA) INFECTIONS IN SUGAR CANE WHITE GRUBS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gregarine incidence and externally visible fat deposition were correlated with weight of larvae of
		Fat content was correlated with gregarine incidence based on an estimate of the number of sporonts (single or in syzygy).
		Attempts were made to isolate the gregarines either by transferring the gregarines from the digestive juices into N5 or N10 brine solutions, or by centrifuging to see if gregarines could be separated and isolated for identification purposes.
	farc.gov.mu /amas99/s25.htm (1544 words)

	Aquatic Insects and Invertebrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Overview: Gregarines are protozoans that infect invertebrates-mainly worms, grasshoppers and beetles.
		The infective stage of the gregarine is a waterborne oocyst that must be ingested by the damselfly host.
		It is therefore feasible that the presence of high numbers of gregarines in a damselfly population may indicate and aquatic environment conducive to the maintenance and distribution of the infective propagules of Giardia and Cryptosporidium as well.
	stephenville.tamu.edu /~fmitchel/ento/aquatic.htm (570 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In gregarines of the family Cephaloiphoridae these organisms can be seen associated during their growth in groups of usually two individuals, or may develop singly (Fig.
		Some gregarines present matching posterior parts, familiar figures of syzygy, as can be seen in Figs 2 and 8.
		9, where within the enteron (ENT) a round gregarine (GR), the esophagean valve (VL), a part of the esophagus (ES) and the pharynx (FA), which constitutes the foregut are detected; the pancreatic gland (GE) is always lateral to the intestinal wall.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc02233 (1270 words)

	Home Page
		The purpose of this laboratory is to familiarize your self with one of the parasitic apicomplexins, The Gregarines.
		The Gregarines are divided into two groups based on their morphology during the first stage of infection (Trophozoite).
		In the Cephaline gregarines the Trophozoite then attaches to the gut epithelium of the host while in the Acephaline gregarines the Trophozoite is released into the reproductive tract.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /courses/bio332/Labs/ApiProject/Greg (584 words)

	Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and {beta}-tubulin -- Leander et al. 53 (1): ...
		Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and
		Phylogeny of gregarines as inferred from SSU rDNA and
		Gregarine sequences along with sequences from both an unidentified marine parasite clone from the giant clam, Tridacna crocea, and a marine clone misattributed to the foraminiferan A.
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/1/345 (4397 words)

	poster
		Gregarines were removed from the host, Blattella germanica, and cultivated in a modified culture media (Abe and Aoyama, 1979).
		Gregarines were introduced into the solution and their movement was observed as an indicator for the effect of the pH.
		Gregarines were introduced, and ASET v.2.00 (Eric Karplus; Science Wares) was used with the non-invasive vibrating probe (Alan M. Shipley; Applicable Electronics) to detect the pH gradient, while MGI VideoWave v.1.0c (MGI Software Corp.) was used to record the movement at every centimeter.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/kunkel/gregarine/pong/poster.html (1059 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gregarines have been found in cultured Penaeus monodon in Thailand for many years.
		The result showed that the number of affected shrimp with gregarines was decrease within 2 weeks after treatment and no gregarines were detected after 30 days post-feeding.
		Therefore, fresh garlic paste can be used in treatment of gregarines in shrimp as the biological control agents.
	www.geocities.com /satun_fisheries/agg_036.htm (180 words)

	Sporozoa Notes
		In the case of cephaline gregarines, cells in a syzygys are generally arranged in tandem.
		In those organisms in which the gregarines live in the coelomic cavity, the spores are released on the death of the host.
		There are some gregarines in which merogony does occur (schizogregarines) and in these organisms the relative degree of reporduction occuring during gamogony and sporogony is substantially less than that in gregarines that do not undergo merogony.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /courses/bio332/sporozoa_notes.htm (2347 words)

	Pathogens: Insect Pathogens: Protozoa: Gregarines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The gregarines and coccidia have been placed in the phylum Apicomplexa and represent a group of protozoans that lack cilia, reproduce sexually, use micropores for feeding, move by body flexion or gliding, and produce oocysts containing sporozoites as the infective form (Tanada and Kaya, 1993).
		The gregarines are divided into two groups, the eugregarines and neogregarines.
		Like the gregarines, however, the life cycle is primarily haploid, with diploidy only occurring before meiosis.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cee/biocontrol/pathogens/typesofpathogens/gregarines.html (692 words)

	Omoto's research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In collaboration with mathematicians, I have estimated the rate of vanadate dissociation, and discovered an unusual type of cooperativity 7 8 unique to axonemal motion.
		Gregarines only possess flagella for a very short part of its life cycle in male gametes.
		We have begun studies on this stage of the life cycle in collaboration with David Sibley of Washington University in St. Louis by EST (expressed sequence tag) analysis and with Ryoko Kuriyama and Joseph Schrevel by light and electron microscopy.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~omoto/research.html (331 words)

	sandhills gregarine survey & www gregarine information server
		The septate gregarines (Protista: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) are arguably one of the least known but most intriguing parasite groups living today.
		The gregarines are cosmopolitan in distribution and conservative estimates place their global diversity at well over 1 million species, nearly 5 times the diversity often projected for the entire kingdom Protoctista (Levine, 1988; Savage, 1995).
		Quite simply, the richest diversity of life on Earth is probably represented by the gregarines in the intestines of insects.
	science.peru.edu /gregarina (761 words)

	GREGARINES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1867 the women of Europe and America, from the thrones to the maid-servants, adopted the fashion of wearing a pad made of false hair behind their head, utterly destroying its natural proportions.
		The microscope showed that the hair employed for these "uglies" abounded in a pediculous insect called a gregarine (or little herding animal), from the Latin grex (a herd).
		The nests on the filaments of hair resemble those of spiders and silkworms, and the "object" used to form one of the exhibits in microscopical soirées.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /HA/In/Gr/Gregarines.html (294 words)

	PROTOZOA - LoveToKnow Article on PROTOZOA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The simplest possible condition of the gametes is seen in the free-swimming Ciliata, forms which in other respects are the most highly organized of Protozoa; here the individuals which conjugate are only distinguished from ordinary individuals of the species by the fact that their nuclei have undergone very complicated processes of reduction and nuclear elimination.
		In isogamous forms, of which good examples are furnished by many Gregarines (o~v.), the gametes are produced by a process of sporulation on the part of the gametocytes, a certain.
		The gametocytes may, however, possess the power of multiplication without change of character for many generations; or, to put the matter in other words, the sexual differentiation may be apparent not merely in the generation immediately preceding the gametes, but in many generations prior to this.
	43.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PR/PROTOZOA.htm (10571 words)

	The Hindu : Biocontrol of insect pests
		Gregarines are sporozoan parasites, known for their ability to kill, or arrest the life activities of some insects.
		These gregarines get themselves attached to the wall of the intestine, feeding on the cells there by damaging the epithelial tissues 2-3 days, grow in the intestinal tract and undergo conjugation which results in the formation of a ball-shaped structure called gametocyst inside which produce millions of gamete for reproduction.
		The gametocysts attached to the faecal pallets are isolated by a simple salt flotation technique and are washed with distilled water, sterilized with 0.01 per cent formalin, incubated in a humid chamber at room temperature.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2000/04/20/stories/0820000c.htm (783 words)

	Biology - Bee Behavior
		Four gregarines (protozoans of the order Gregarinida) are associated with honey bees: Monoica apis, Apigregarina stammeri, Acuta rousseaui, and Leidyana apis.
		Gregarines are found attached to the epithelium of the midgut of adult honey bees.
		Gregarines can be seen using the low-power objective of a compound microscope.
	maarec.cas.psu.edu /bkCD/Bee_Diseases/protozoan.html (544 words)

	SPOROZOA - LoveToKnow Article on SPOROZOA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One of these groups consists of the Gregarines, Coccidia and Haemosporidia (qq.v.).
		The other comprises the Myxosporidia, Actinomyxidia, Sarcosporidia and Haplosporidia, the parasites included in the last named order being of comparatively simple structure, and probably near the base of this section.
		In the Telosporidia (comprising the Gregarines, Coccidia and Haemosporidia), sporulation does not begin until the close of the vegetative or trophic period, i.e.
	16.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SP/SPOROZOA.htm (1039 words)

	swap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A series of experimental cross infections among six tenebrionid species and five species of gregarines were performed to establish the extent of host stadium specificity.
		This result is in contrast to previous studies with Tenebrio molitor where gregarine species were host stadium specific and could not successfully colonize into the other host stage.
		Some gregarine species (Apicomplexa: Conoidasida: Eugregarinorida) are good model systems for examining interactions between parasites and their environments due to ease of manipulation and access to diverse host-parasite combinations.
	bsweb.unl.edu /emb/janovy/swap.html (2225 words)

	Prospects for suppressing dengue transmission by means of biological agents.
		In spite of recent arguments to the contrary (Read and Schrag 1991), pathogens generally are less virulent when well adapted to their hosts than when the host-parasite relationship is transient.
		An amazingly clear demonstration of this principal lies in the interrelationship between gregarines and their mosquito hosts, to be discussed below.
		The usefulness of these entomopathogens as biological control agents of mosquitoes lies in their possible role in the displacement of one kind of mosquito by another.
	www.solutions-site.org /artman/publish/article_56.shtml (3696 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gregarines occurred in 36% of the water striders, often in high numbers, and filling the entire midgut of some bugs.
		Nevertheless, infected and uninfected gerrids did not differ in their growth, and gregarine loads were uncorrelated with development time and adult size attained.
		We also did not find effects of gregarines in a second experiment with different rearing conditions, including a treatment with food stress.
	www.oikos.ekol.lu.se /Eco.20.1.abstracts/Eco1819.abstract (208 words)

	BIOLOGY OF THE EIMERIIDAE
		Members of this large, heterogeneous assemblage are united, not necessarily by their biology and/or life histories, but by the presence of a unique "apical complex," composed of polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, often a conoid, and other subcellular organelles, but visualized only by use of an electron microscope.
		The coccidia, along with the gregarines, comprise the class Conoidasida Levine, 1988, characterized by the presence of a complete, hollow, truncated conoid.
		While the gregarines parasitize invertebrates with mature gamonts being extracellular, the coccidia mostly infect vertebrates and have intracellular gamonts.
	biology.unm.edu /biology/coccidia/eimeriabiol.html (1868 words)

	Fisheries & Oceans, Pacific Region - Welcome to Science Branch
		The gymnospores and oocysts (gregarine spores containing one or more uninucleate vermiform sporozoites), or naked sporozoites (depending on the species involved) usually occur within phagocytes that can move within the connective tissue to most organs but are most frequently observed in the gills.
		Multiplication of gregarines is limited in bivalves with the completion of the life cycle occurring in the intestinal tract of marine arthropods such as crabs.
		Belofastova, I.P. Gregarines of the genus Nematopsis (Eugregarinida, Porosporidae) - parasites of the Black Sea invertebrates.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /sci/shelldis/pages/gregpoy_e.htm (463 words)

	Keys
		We are generating on-line keys to the New World gregarine fauna as a part of our research at Hotel Intestine.
		The key to the gregarines of Nebraska Damselflies is currently available.
		Caution: the New World gregarine fauna is not well known.
	science.peru.edu /gregarina/html/keys.html (147 words)

	Gregarine Library
		Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and beta-tubulin.
		Watson, M. Studies on gregarines: including descriptions of twenty-one new species and a synopsis of the eugregarine records from the Myriapoda, Coleoptera and Orthoptera of the world.
		Watson Kamm, M. Studies on gregarines II: synopsis of the polycystid gregarines of the world, excluding those from the myriapoda, orthoptera, and coleoptera.
	science.peru.edu /gregarina/html/library.html (1038 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		• Gregarine biology and pathology occur primarily among invertebrates, making them an ideal laboratory organism in the study of these parasites.
		Cephaline gregarines are divided into protomerites and deuteromerites; note that this is not segmentation.
		• These infect beetles, and are a common demonstration of gregarine infection among flour beetles or mealworms.
	ww2.sjc.edu /faculty_pages/cmorgan/Parasitology/Early_LUs/LU4_1.htm (1587 words)

	Development of Ascogregarina in abnormal hosts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clemson University, Department of Entomology, Clemson, SC Gregarines in the genus Ascogregarina are not known to develop in sabethine mosquitoes, but we successfully infected larvae of Wyeomyia smithii with Ascogregarina taiwanensis in the laboratory.
		After 50 days, gregarines were not found in W. smithii larvae.
		Gregarine infections are associated with reduced host size and mortality.
	esa.confex.com /esa/2002/techprogram/paper_6090.htm (201 words)

	current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		MMPs are a factor in the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms.) She'll continue this fall with her research on the biology of gregarines.
		Her thesis project deals with the factors that influence cyst shedding in gregarine parasites, with particular focus on infection intensity.
		Erica began work on her undergraduate research in the spring of 2004, and after a summer of travel throughout Europe, is continued in the fall with her research on the biology of gregarines.
	bsweb.unl.edu /emb/janovy/current.html (1615 words)

	Lab
		Section of midgut of meal worm (Tenebrio) larva showing lumen of gut packed with gregarines.
		Note sperm morulae (clusters of spermatids) with and without gregarines.
		At later stages in sperm differentiation the sperm nuclei look like purple hairs attached to the surface of the pink trophozoites.
	www.bcu.ubc.ca /courses/bio332/Labs/gregarines.htm (467 words)

	Microsporidian Parasites of Protozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		About 35 named species of microsporidia have been described from protozoans: 3 species from myxozoans, 3 from ciliates, and 29 from gregarines.
		The family Metchnikovellidae, with the genera Amphiacantha, Amphiamblys, Desportesia and Metchnikovella, are unique parasites of gregarines, mostly from marine hosts.
		The two spore types differ only in the thickness of the exospore layer and the electron density of the cytoplasm.
	www.uga.edu /~protozoa/secabs/abstr/int/s/s04.HTML (163 words)

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