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Topic: Gregorian reforms

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	The Julian and Gregorian Calendars
		The Gregorian Calendar was adopted in Britain (and in the British colonies) in 1752, with (Wednesday) September 2, 1752, being followed immediately by (Thursday) September 14, 1752.
		Sweden adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1753, Japan in 1873, Egypt in 1875, Eastern Europe during 1912 to 1919 and Turkey in 1927.
		The difference of the length of the Gregorian calendar year from the length of the real solar year is thus 0.0003 days (25.9 seconds) in the former case and 0.0001 days (8.6 seconds) in the latter case.
	www.hermetic.ch /cal_stud/cal_art.html (3479 words)

	Gregorian Bivolaru - Biography of Gregorian Bivolaru
		Gregorian Bivolaru was born on 12 March 1952, in Tãrtãsesti, Romania.
		It is an organisation that brings together spiritual movements from different parts of the world having as their main goals the awakening of the spirituality on Earth, the reconsideration of the fundamental truths, the reorientation of the humanity towards the highest possible aim of a man's life, spiritual liberation.
		Gregorian Bivolaru is the spiritual mentor of this federation.
	www.gregorianbivolaru.com /whoisgb-1.php (1153 words)

	Ataturk’s reforms - All About Turkey
		Although all of the Kemalist reforms were unsettling to traditionalists, it was the exclusion of Islam from an official role in the life of the nation that shocked Atatürk's contemporaries most profoundly, and discontent continued to focus on the regime's secularist policies long after the other reforms had been generally accepted.
		Following the reform of the script, which was meant to be a kind of nationalism in the cultural field, Atatürk concentrated his attention on history.
		Atatürk considered language reform to be an essential ingredient in the creation of a new Turkey and of new, modernized Turks, and he viewed the revised Turkish language as one of the ways to create a new national identity.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /reform.htm (3200 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Gregorian Reform was a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050–1080, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.
		The major headings of Gregorian reform can be seen as embodied in the Papal electoral decree (1059), the resolution of the Investiture Controversy in the form of an overwhelming papal victory, and the resolution of issues within the Church, notably of Simony—the purchasing of positions relating to the church— and of clerical marriage.
		The Gregorian revolution depended in new ways and to a new degree on the collections of Canon law that were being assembled, in order to buttress the papal position, during the same period.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Gregorian_Reforms (643 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cardinal Deusdedit
		Born at Todi, Italy; died between 1097 and 1100.
		Gregory VII and defender of his reformation measures;
		Deusdedit joined the Benedictine Order and became a zealous promoter of ecclesiastical reforms in the latter half of the eleventh century.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04760c.htm (661 words)

	Home Page for Calendar Reform
		In contrast, the Gregorian Calendar's strict adherence to the solar cycle produces an expiring calendar every year.
		Reform seemed imminent in the earlier decades of the 20th century, as mechanisms for world-wide social progress developed with the League of Nations and subsequently in the United Nations.
		Julius Caesar reformed the Roman Calendar in 46 BC, simplifying the periodic calendar correction by adding an extra day to February every four years.
	personal.ecu.edu /mccartyr/calendar-reform.html (845 words)

	Gregorian Reforms
		Gregorian reform from a University of North Florida class
		The Hildebrandine reforms have classically been interpreted by Roman Catholic writers as necessary, cleansing, and helpful, and by Protestant writers as usurping and tyrannical.
		Was eElected pope against his will; refused to serve and retreated to Monte Cassino; finally allowed himself to be enthroned at Rome, but returned to Monte Cassino; held a council at Benevento, took sick, and died.
	individual.utoronto.ca /hayes/survey2/03_gregorian.htm (1197 words)

	Gregorian Bivolaru - The Romanian Yoga teacher Home page - Introduction
		Even after the fall of the communism in 1989 Gregorian Bivolaru continues to be persecuted for his beliefs, the authorities managing (with the support of mass media) to turn him into an outcast person, marginalized by the Romanian society, together with all MISA yoga students.
		The peak of this abuses and persecutions against Gregorian Bivolaru and MISA was reached on 18 March 2004, when the authorities - prosecutors, police, gendarmes, secret services - started an unprecedented intimidation campaign.
		This decision is a result of nine months’ investigation of his case in Sweden, which concluded that Gregorian Bivolaru is unjustly prosecuted in Romania on account of his religious beliefs.
	www.gregorianbivolaru.com (980 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Alexander II of Russia
		Born in 1818, he was the eldest son of Tsar Nicholas I and Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
		Born in 1818, he was the eldest son of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
		Alexander II resolved to try the effect of some moderate liberal reforms in an attempt to quell the revolutionary agitation, and for this purpose he instituted a ukase for creating special commissions, composed of high officials and private personages who should prepare reforms in various branches of the administration.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alexander-II-of-Russia (1472 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Gregorian
		Prior to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1564, the date was observed as New Year's Day by cultures as varied as the Roman and the Hindu.
		Masculinity, reform, and clerical culture: narratives of episcopal holiness in the Gregorian era (1).
		Gregorian and Old Roman Eighth-Mode Tracts: A Case Study in the Transmission of Western Chant.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Gregorian&StartAt=11 (817 words)

	SF State News
		Vartan Gregorian comes home to the University that launched his distinguished career on May 29, when the champion of knowledge and understanding and leader of Carnegie Corporation of New York receives an honorary doctor of humane letters from SFSU.
		Gregorian, 69, is perhaps best known for his eight years (1981 to 1989) as president of the New York Public Library, where he orchestrated a dramatic rebuilding that made books and public access to knowledge a cause celebre among the city's social elite.
		Gregorian joins a distinguished list of recipients to receive an honorary degree from San Francisco State University, including South African President Nelson Mandela, Bay Area philanthropist Richard N. Goldman, actor Danny Glover, singer/activist Peter Yarrow, Japanese American artist and teacher Ruth Asawa and labor journalist and historian David Selvin.
	www.sfsu.edu /~news/2004/spring/52.htm (549 words)

	Churches in Lecce, Italy
		Rendered from the plainchant as monophonic and unaccompanied by instruments, the Gregorian chant was modified by the Franks in the 9th and 10th centuries.
		As the years flowed by with the melody of the Gregorian chant echoing with the winds of change, the early Gregorian music of the 19th century cast its influence on the music of the 20th century.
		The popularity of the Gregorian chant resounded through the world as it not only increased the production of beta waves in the brain, but was known as a peaceful, tranquil and calm music to soothe the mind and the soul.
	www.ultimateitaly.com /culture-antropology/gregorian-chant.html (1592 words)

	Carnegie Corporation - News
		In recognition of Vartan Gregorian's lifetime achievement as a scholar, educator, humanitarian and philanthropic leader, the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia named him an Honorary Doctor on September 26.
		During his presidency, Gregorian has refocused the organization's efforts on developing new ideas to further peace and international security, support higher education and libraries in Africa, strengthen American democracy and pioneer U.S. educational reforms from pre-school to graduate school.
		From 1981 to 1989, Gregorian served as a president and chief executive officer of the New York Public Library, an institution with a network of four research libraries and eighty-three circulating libraries.
	www.carnegie.org /sub/news/armenia.html (616 words)

	Eternal Waves - Tai Chi Straight Sword Love
		The Gregorian reform was an effort to build up the church as a separate entity from the secular world and the complicated political ties/bribes of the ruling class.
		The pretext of this that prompted the reform was the old proprietary church of the feudal kings: the lords would often build and maintain a church or monastery, giving it land an functioning as its patron.
		In Milan the reformers were often called "rag pickers," for their criticisms, and as they considered the granting of church office to a noble by the king an act of simony, fights would break out in the streets.
	www.eternal-waves.com /essays.php?page=gregorianreforms (2605 words)

	ABC 2000 - About 2000 - Is 2000 a Leap year?
		One of the far-sighted Gregorian calendar reforms in 1583 was the addition of the "century rule" to the leap years.
		That means the Gregorian Calendar drifts out of sync with the true solar year by one day in about 2,500 years.
		Gradually the new Gregorian calendar gained ground and despite Protestant states initially rejecting it as a Popish plot, it became accepted across Europe within a few centuries.
	abc.net.au /2000/mill/leapyear.htm (501 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Early Medieval Sacred Music: The Gregorian Chant (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Incorrectly identified as the originator of Gregorian chant, Saint Gregory was nonetheless responsible for initiating the reforms that included the revision of sacred music that led to the success and popularity of the Gregorian chant.
		Gregorian chant preserved the Greek melodic scale called diatonic, which was characterised by admitting only two sorts of intervals, roughly corresponding to the modern tone and semi-tone.
		While the Golden Age of the true Gregorian chant was from the fifth to the eighth centuries, the monophonic style provided the foundations for future musical developments in Europe.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/gregor.html (308 words)

	Beginings of the reformed Carmel
		Especially after she heard the alarming news of the surounding countries who where engaged in religious stormy reformations and also when she came in contact with American missionaries; the preyers of the sisters of the reformed convents had to have an apostolic character.
		Because of current Gregorian reforms of the calendar, it fell on October 15th.
		Mystic and theologian, reformer and spiritual master, he was moreover a poet and writer.
	www.karmel.at /prag-jesu/sestry/pocz_en.htm (600 words)

	Ignatius of Loyola and Ideas of Catholic Reform \| Vince Ryan \| IgnatiusInsight.com
		Pre-dating Luther, this movement of Catholic reformers in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries sought to rectify the abuses in the Church and thus renew its practices and mission.
		However, as Reformation historian Michael Mullet notes, The highest of Loyola's educational priorities, the ultimate purpose of schooling, was piety.
		The spirituality, the outlook, and the purpose of the early Jesuits are examples of a Catholic reform movement that was not prompted by opposition to the Protestant Reformation.
	www.ignatiusinsight.com /features2007/vryan_jesuitsreform_jan07.asp (2087 words)

	The Gregorian Calendar—History
		The Gregorian calendar year differs from the solar year by only 26 seconds—accurate enough for most mortals, since this only adds up to one day's difference every 3,323 years.
		Germany and the Netherlands agreed to adopt the Gregorian calendar in 1698; Russia only accepted it after the revolution of 1918, and Greece waited until 1923 to follow suit.
		It cannot be divided into equal halves or quarters; the number of days per month is haphazard; and months or even years may begin on any day of the week.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/gregorian1.html (920 words)

	A Liturgy of Reform
		The Gregorian reforms attempted to extend the monastic reforms of the tenth century to the secular clergy and laity in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
		The Gregorian reform effort must have seemed to have arrived at an acute state of crisis to those who had struggled in its cause.
		The episcopal ideal, the ideals of the Gregorian reform, are reflected in the very vestments the bishop wears.
	www.studyworld.com /basementpapers/papers/stack43_2.html (4939 words)

	Investiture Controversy - Background - German Archive: The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict ...
		The crisis began when a group within the church, members of the Gregorian Reform, decided to address the sin of simony by restoring the power of investiture to the Church.
		The Gregorian reformers knew this would not be possible so long as the Emperor maintained the ability to appoint the Pope, so the first step was to liberate the papacy from control by the Emperor.
		The reformers seized the opportunity to free the Papacy while he was still a child and could not react.
	www.germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=470 (1215 words)

	cmcmath : A Perpetual Calendar: Some Lessons in History and Mathematics
		The Gregorian calendar, the one we use now, was promulgated in 1582 when the vernal equinox occurred on March 11.
		Because the old Julian calendar was 3/4 of a day too long per century, the new Gregorian calendar skipped the leap year in three out of four century years and created what could be called "leap centuries." By the new calendar, 1600 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not.
		It adopted the Gregorian reforms, moved the start of the year back from March 25 to January 1, and set September 2, 1752, Julian, as the date of change.
	www.cmc-math.org /PerpetualCalendar (1474 words)

	Untitled Document
		The new instituted reform was the following: only century years (i.e., years divisible by 100) divisible by 400 are leap years.
		A further modification to the Gregorian calendar was to make years divisible by 4000 not leap years.
		The modified Gregorian calendar that we use today is accurate to 1 day in 20,000 years.
	www.astro.ubc.ca /people/skaret/ast310/calendar.htm (545 words)

	History & info - reforms, other planets, "Star Wars"
		The International Fixed Calendar is essentially a perpetual Gregorian calendar, in which the year is divided into 13 months, each of 28 days, with an additional day at the end.
		By comparing Gregorian and Martian Calendars, explorers and settlers can celebrate special days, whether civil or ceremonial, at the same time as they are being observed on the home planet.
		Because the number of months totals twelve, a Gregorian year can be divided into two halves of six months and/or four quarters of three months each for planning purposes.
	webexhibits.org /calendars/calendar-future.html (3098 words)

	Hamilton: "A Liturgy of Reform" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Gregorian reforms attempted to extend the monastic reforms of the tenth century to the secular clergy and laity in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
		The Gregorian reform effort must have seemed to have arrived at an acute state of crisis to those who had struggled in its cause.
		56 By choosing the genre of liturgical commentary as a mechanism to present his reform Bruno testifies both to the vitality of the liturgy within the communal life of the twelfth-century Church and the intense conversion of heart at the center of the Gregorian reforms.
	etext.virginia.edu /journals/EH/EH38/Hamilton.html (5785 words)

	Liturgical Studies Sites
		The most obvious aspect of the reform was that it permitted the use of vernacular languages instead of requiring Latin, though there are many other issues involved.
		The Gregorian Chant Home Page is not a Catholic web site, but an academic web site designed to support study and performance of Gregorian chant.
		Some Traditionalists reconcile their rejection of liturgical reforms with their belief in papal infallibility by arguing that the current pope, or all popes going back to Paul VI or John XXIII, are somehow invalid, so that the papacy is technically vacant.
	www.music.princeton.edu /chant_html/liturg.html (549 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The editors provide the chants both with their Latin texts and also the translations of those texts made by the monks of Solesmes, intended only for the benefit of the reader and not for public recitation.
		However, the texts for those parts belonging to the celebrant, which are not given in Gregorian notation, such as the orations, are printed in a second column alongside the Latin.
		While we welcome the Solesmes "Gregorian Missal" as a marvellous tool for worship, we unfortunately welcome it also as an on-going reminder of the defective language that we have been obliged to use in the worship of God in our own tongue.
	www.ewtn.com /library/LITURGY/ENGTRN.TXT (515 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL
		These reforms are considered to be named after Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085), however he personally denied this and claimed his reforms, like his regnal name, honoured Gregory the Great.
		Although at each new turn the reforms were presented to contemporaries as a return to the old ways, they are often seen by modern historians as the first European Revolution.
		The reforms of the Church, both within it, and in relation to the Emperor and the other lay rulers of Europe, was Gregory VII's life-work.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Gregorian_reforms (674 words)

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