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	American Experience \| The Pill \| People & Events
		Pincus was working on the fringes of the academic and scientific community, and little of his situation suggested that he could pull off such an enormous undertaking.
		Pincus was vilified in the press for his discovery.
		Pincus was aware of a study showing that progesterone could work as an effective anti-ovulent, and he had a hunch it would prove to be a good contraceptive drug.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/p_pincus.html (624 words)

	Gregory Goodwin Pincus Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Pincus was born in Woodbine, New Jersey, on April 9, 1903, the eldest son of Joseph and Elizabeth Lipman Pincus.
		Pincus' uncle on his mother's side, Jacob Goodale Lipman, was dean of the New Jersey State College of Agriculture at Rutgers University, director of the New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station, and the founding editor of Soil Science magazine.
		Pincus had been conducting research on sterility and hormones since the 1930s, but it was not until the 1950s that he applied his theoretical knowledge to the idea of creating a solution to the problem of overpopulation.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/gregory-goodwin-pincus (1428 words)

	Elizabeth Pincus, 88, Active in Civic Work - New York Times
		Elizabeth Notkin Pincus, long active in civic affairs in Worcester, Mass., in Santa Monica, Calif. She was 88 years old and a former resident of Worcester and, more recently, Montreal.
		Pincus was the widow of Dr. Gregory Pincus, one of the three ''fathers'' of the birth control pill, whom she married in 1924.
		Pincus is survived by a son, John, of Los Angeles; a daughter, Laura P. Bernard of Newton, Mass.; a brother, Maxwell Notkin of Montreal; three grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDB153FF934A25757C0A96E948260 (153 words)

	American Experience \| The Pill \| Timeline
		Pincus knows progesterone will work, but in order to get FDA approval he will need to test the drug on humans, which only a clinical doctor can do.
		December: The medical director in charge of the Puerto Rico trials informs Pincus and Rock that "Enovid gives 100% protection against pregnancy," but reports that the Pill causes too many side effects to be "accepted generally." Pincus and Rock proceed with the trials, convinced that while the Pill may cause discomfort, it is safe.
		August 22: In the prime of his career, Gregory Pincus dies in a Boston hospital at age of 64 from myeloid metaplasia, a rare disease of the white blood cells, due to exposure to lab chemicals.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/pill/timeline/timeline2.html (2873 words)

	Gregory Pincus, Father of the Pill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This notoriety may have made Harvard too uncomfortable to keep Pincus on the faculty, but it did not prevent the university in 1936 from citing his work as one of Harvard's outstanding scientific achievements in its 300-year history.
		Pincus thought enough of my early work on antiestrogens as a potential postfertilization contraceptive to invite me to present a paper at the Laurentian Hormone Conference, endocrinology's most prestigious annual gathering, in 1963.
		Although he guided one of the monumental medical advances of the 20th century, Pincus was never awarded the Nobel Prize and was not elected to the National Academy of Sciences until shortly before his death.
	www.prb.org /Template.cfm?Section=ViewOrder&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=4779 (709 words)

	Pincus, Gregory - Sex hormones
		Endrocrinologist Gregory Pincus (1903-1967) is best known for developing the oral contraceptive, or birth control pill.
		In the 1950s, Pincus and his colleagues focused their efforts on developing a hormone combination that would fool the woman's body into thinking it was already pregnant, thus keeping any new ova (eggs) from being released.
		Gregory Pincus continues to be hailed as the primary force behind the oral contraceptive.
	www.discoveriesinmedicine.com /General-Information-and-Biographies/Pincus-Gregory.html (493 words)

	Macalester College Environmental Studies Department
		Pincus was born in 1903 and had attended Cornell University.
		Pincus' achievement was not heralded as a scientific achievement, instead he was considered a mad scientist, this is due largely to the publication of Brave New World shortly before.
		Pincus was denied tenure at Harvard and became desperate to find work, until a friend offered him a lab position at Clark University.
	www.macalester.edu /environmentalstudies/students/projects/endocrinedisrupterswebsite/historyofpill.html (928 words)

	Major Players (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Gregory Pincus was given an offer he could not refuse and because of that he developed a new form of contraception.
		Pincus was born in 1903 in Woodbine, New Jersey and later went on to attend Cornell University.
		Pincus found success when he repeatedly injected animals with progesterone and the result was stopped ovulation.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~millers/majorplayers.htm (1058 words)

	BIOGRAPHY REPORT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He would work with reproductive biologist Gregory Pincus, the key to the regulation of female fertility and do so in the full ironic light of his religious of commitment and his lifetime search for solution to infertility.
		Pincus tested the hormone on animals but didn't try in women's, but Rock had the patients to wait.
		Gregory Pincus was also a Gynecology and one of Rock's team and thought Rock was regarded Gynecologist they both worked together and both were prominet Roman Catholics.
	kearnykomets.sandi.net /cm/cybermag4_2/biography1.html (1398 words)

	The Pill and I
		Sanger was introduced to Gregory Pincus, a reproductive scientist from Massachusetts.
		Pincus, after wavering, eventually put estrogen back into the pill that was being tested.
		Still, when the Pincus pill was introduced, under the brand name Enovid, women embraced it as a marvel, for after the word no it was the most effective and convenient reversible contraceptive ever devised.
	www.healthyskepticism.org /publications/nonmedline/2000/0625.htm (1625 words)

	Jewish Heroes in America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pincus and Chiang began to look for a progestin or a synthetic progestin that could be used as a birth control agent.
		Pincus was the son of Joseph William and Elizabeth Florence (nee Lipman) Pincus.
		Pincus' father was also a leader in a community of Russian Jews who hoped to turn refugees from the czar's pogroms into American farmers in the late 19th century.
	www.fau.edu /library/br138.htm (471 words)

	Leave a tribute in memory of Mr Gregory Pincus at this online memorial.
		Gregory Goodwin Pincus was born on April 9th 1903 in Woodbine, New Jersey.
		Gregory had been persuaded by Margaret Sanger, a leading figure in the American birth-control movement to look into the possibilities of an oral contraceptive pill.
		Soon after the success of the contraceptive pill Gregory and his partner began working on a new pill, which would prevent implantation after fertilization, the work was never finished.
	www.gatesofremembrance.co.uk /main/tribute/index.php?id=661&music= (361 words)

	Week 10 Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pincus took the female and the male elements of rabbits, and fertilized them outside the body in a test tube.
		Pincus pointed out in an interview, however, that all rabbits produced from an ovum fertilized artificially by salts or heat would be all female because the process would lack, the sex-determining "Y-chromosome," which is supplied by the male.
		Pincus made it clear that his experiments were not being conducted for the purpose of making possible "test tube babies." They are aimed primarily at gaining more intimate knowledge of the physiological processes involved, in the hope that such knowledge will yield means for bringing into the world physically and mentally healthier children.
	e3.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/NatureandArtifice/week10b.html (5092 words)

	Mass Moments: Birth Control Pioneer Born
		His work overlapped with that of Gregory Pincus, another Boston researcher who was testing the effect of progesterone on rabbits.
		Pincus was seeking not to increase the likelihood of conception, but to prevent it.
		In 1951 Margaret Sanger, a longtime crusader for birth control, introduced Gregory Pincus to Katharine McCormick, a wealthy widow who was committed to the birth control cause.
	www.massmoments.org /moment.cfm?mid=92 (1308 words)

	Gregory Pincus - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Gregory Pincus - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Pincus, Gregory Goodwin (1903–1967), American biologist who, together with Min Chueh Chang and John Rock, developed the contraceptive pill in the...
		Perillo, Gregory, born in 1931, American artist, best known for his paintings of Native American subjects.
	encarta.msn.com /Gregory_Pincus.html (86 words)

	University of Massachusetts Worcester
		Gregory Goodwin Pincus and Dr. M.C. Chang, his collaborator, developed the first practical oral contraceptive birth-control pill.
		Pincus persuaded the Searle Company to undertake extensive research aimed at developing a contraceptive injection or pill.
		The graph was originally a 4x5 inch negative that was digitized as part of a digital library project at the Lamar Soutter Library of the University of Massachusetts Medical School.
	www.uml.edu /library/ITC/WorcesterFinal.htm (1119 words)

	Mayo Clinic Proceedings
		In 1953, Rock accepted an invitation from Gregory Pincus of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology to participate in an intensive effort to develop an oral contraceptive.
		Pincus had begun systematic screening for ovulation-suppressing drugs in 1951 and had reached the point in his research at which clinical work with humans was necessary.
		In December 1954, after Pincus had proved in animal studies that steroids similar in molecular structure to progesterone are effective and harmless, Rock began the first tests with synthetic oral contraceptive steroids in humans.
	www.mayoclinicproceedings.com /inside.asp?AID=610&UID= (679 words)

	The Pill and I: 40 Years On, the Relationship Remains Wary - New York Times
		How much Pincus wavered is evident in his papers, which are now avialable at the Library of Congress.
		This made the records especially confusing because it wasn't until May 1959 that the formula, with the final mount of estrogen officially added to the progestin, was fabricated and shipped to the trial participants.
		Still, when the Pincus pill was introduced, under the brand name Envoid, women embraced it as a marvel, for after the word no it was the most effective and convenient reversible contraceptives ever devised.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A04E0D7113FF936A15755C0A9669C8B63 (728 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		Pincus, leading a team of researchers, generated a series of experiments proving that progestin, a synthetic form of the female hormone progesterone, prevented ovulation in animals.
		Pincus was born in Woodbine, New Jersey, and studied biology at Cornell and Harvard Universities, earning his Ph.D. at the
		Revered as the father of the Pill, Pincus was a pioneer in biotechnology.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/1_1_6_detail.asp?vInventorID=294 (198 words)

	kaisernetwork.org
		In an A&E "Biography" special airing tonight, titled "Eureka!: The 20th Century's Top 15 Inventors," Gregory Pincus, one of the scientists involved in the development of the first oral contraceptive, is ranked ninth among modern inventors who have "significantly changed our everyday lives" (A&E release, 6/4).
		Pincus began testing the contraceptive value of steroids in 1948 with a grant from the Planned Parenthood Federation of America and determined in 1951 that the steroid progesterone suppresses ovulation (PPFA Narrative History).
		According to A&E, "acceptance of the birth control pill was immediate" and its legalization constituted a "seminal event" in the women's liberation movement and the sexual revolution.
	www.kaisernetwork.org /daily_reports/print_report.cfm?DR_ID=11515&dr_cat=2 (236 words)

	WHSV - HomePage
		As a screenwriter, Gregory Pincus says he's an expert on one thing, clichÃ©'s.
		In high school gregory pincus was given a label.
		In closing pincus told the graduates that today they have a totally clean slate and to go out there and start living.
	www.whsv.com /home/headlines/1624211.html (404 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Gregory Pincus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		John Rock - a devout Catholic fertility researcher - and Gregory Pincus - the first person to in-vitro fertilize mammals and a recent posthumous inductee to the inventors' Hall of Fame - developed the birth control pill that so...
		The trails went on and were expanded to Haiti, despite high attrition rates, due to the large number of women eager to try this form of contraception.
		People and Events: Gregory Pincus (1903-1967) In 1953, when Margaret Sanger and Katharine McCormick went looking for a scientist to develop a birth control pill, they turned to Dr. Gregory Goodwin Pincus.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/gregory_pincus (892 words)

	Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		However, with the help of researcher, Gregory Pincus, who was "appointment[ed] at Harvard as an assistant professor, and soon became known for his creative and innovative research in mammalian sexual physiology," Sanger would realize her dream of a "magic pill."(1)
		However, Rock and Pincus dismissed the complaints and found that the side-effects were small in comparison to the overall success and reward of the Pill.
		It would be this indifference and dismissal to the side-effects that would eventually play a major role in the female protests of the sixties in the fight for their health.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~jfrick/testing.htm (518 words)

	birthcontrol_thepill
		Margaret Sanger and Katharine McCormick, the "two mothers," of the Pill commissioned Gregory Pincus and John Rock to create what Sanger termed a "simple, reliable, nonintrusive birth control technique: a pill" (7).
		When Pincus and Rock first tested their idea on fifty women in Massachusetts in 1955, the experiment yielded amazing results: not one of the fifty women ovulated (1).
		In conjunction with Katharine McCormick, she commissioned Gregory Pincus, a biologist.
	www.unc.edu /~dcderosa/STUDENTPAPERS/Natural_Science_Projects/birthcontrol_thepill.htm (2630 words)

	Pincus, Gregory Goodwin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		As a result of studying the physiology of reproduction, Pincus conceived the idea of using synthetic hormones to mimic the condition of pregnancy in women.
		Pincus was born in Woodbine, New Jersey, and studied at Cornell and Harvard.
		He joined the staff of Harvard 1930, and in 1944 cofounded the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/biographies/MainBiographies/P/Pincus/1.html (96 words)

	April 9 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Gregory (Goodwin) Pincus was an American endocrinologist whose work on the antifertility properties of steroids led to the development of the first effective oral contraceptive: the birth-control pill.
		In 1934, Pincus made national headlines by achieving in-vitro fertilization of rabbits.
		The public was not ready for the vision of test-tube babies; instead of fame, he received notoriety.
	www.todayinsci.com /4/4_09.htm (2880 words)

	CBC News Indepth: GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION
		In 1950, in her 80s, Sanger met Gregory Pincus, a reproductive scientist.
		It had been established in the 1930s that hormones could prevent ovulation in rabbits, but it was considered unethical to conduct such experiments on humans.
		Pincus was leery of using the hormone estrogen, knowing of the cancer risks.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/genetics_reproduction/birthcontrol_pill.html (1367 words)

	The Pill Approved
		Sanger was in her 80s in 1953 when she met with Roman Catholic Dr. Gregory Pincus.
		She gave him $150,000 and tasked him to research and develop an oral contraceptive for women that was safe and effective.
		In defiance of his church, and amid much negative publicity for attempting to thwart God's will — a will Sanger once described as "biological slavery" — Dr. Pincus succeeded.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0509almanac.htm (515 words)

	The religion of Gregory Pincus, developer of birth control pill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Gregory Pincus: "Pincus was the son of Joseph William and Elizabeth Florence (nee Lipman) Pincus.
		He was born on April 9, 1903, in Woodbine, New Jersey.
		Pincus' father was also a leader in a community of Russian Jews who hoped to turn refugees from the czar's pogroms into American farmers in the late 19th century." [Online source: Florida Atlantic University Libraries: Jewish Heroes and Heroines of America: Dr. Gregory Goodwin Pincus: Father of 'The Pill'.]
	www.adherents.com /people/pp/Gregory_Pincus.html (119 words)

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