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	Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When at Whitsun the king proposed to discuss the measures to be taken against Gregory in a council of his nobles, only a few made their appearance; the Saxons snatched at the golden opportunity for renewing their rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.
		Gregory had no power to compel the English king to an alteration in his ecclesiastical policy, so he chose to ignore what he could not approve, and even considered it advisable to assure him of his particular affection.
		Gregory VII did not introduce the celibacy of the priesthood into the Church, but he took up the struggle with greater energy than his predecessors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII (3014 words)

	Pope Gregory IX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gregory began his pontificate by suspending the emperor, then lying sick at Otranto, for dilatoriness in carrying out the promised Sixth Crusade.
		Gregory denounced Frederick as a heretic and summoned a council at Rome to give point to his anathema, at which Frederick attempted to capture or sink as many ships carrying prelates to the synod as he could.
		Gregory died before events could reach their climax; it was his successor, aptly named Innocent IV who declared a crusade in 1245 that would finish the Hohenstaufen threat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX (591 words)

	Pope Saint Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Later Gregory VI accepted the decision of the Council of Sutri in 1046 that, although he occupied the Chair of Peter, nevertheless this office was attained by simony and was therefore unworthily bestowed.
		Gregory's greatest problems with civil rulers were with Henry IV of Germany, whose intervention in church affairs, including the nomination of bishops, had been tolerated by previous popes.
		Gregory believed that this compromised the Church and he, therefore, made it known to Henry that only those who were deemed by the pope to be fit for such a sacred office should be so consecrated.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1978_November/Pope_GregoryVII.htm (1863 words)

	Gregory VII, Saint. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		As Pope Gregory VII (from 1073) he convoked reform synods and issued decrees that forbade, under pain of excommunication, clerical marriage (and concubinage) and simony.
		Gregory saw the root of all the evils afflicting the church in the practice of lay investiture, whereby abbacies and bishoprics became virtually the property of secular powers, who used them to their own advantage.
		During all his struggles Gregory kept a watchful eye on the developments of the church in Norway, Denmark, and in the new Slavic nations, and the troubles with the Saracens in the East led Gregory to conceive the first plan for a Crusade against the Turks.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gr/Gregory7.html (599 words)

	Gregory VII and the Politics of the Spirit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On the death of Gregory VI in 1049 Hildebrand returned to Rome and was soon made administrator of the papal patrimony, the vast estates in central Italy governed directly by the pope.
		Gregory knew full well that the King had made the journey in part because of his dwindling support in Germany, but once the political winds shifted, as they certainly would if he were absolved, the King could hardly be expected to be so compliant.
		Gregory has little to say about the laity in his letters, and his reforms helped create a sense of the clergy as a distinct class united with the pope but separated from the laity, who occupy a lower place.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9901/wilken.html (5118 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The pontificate of St. Gregory VII was to be one long struggle for the freedom of the Church and the reform of the clergy.
		It was during the pontificate of St. Gregory VII that the Grande Chartreuse was founded and also the Congregation of Vallombrosa.
		Her unshakable loyalty to St. Gregory VII contributed in large part to preventing the king of Germany from marching on Rome.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1985_May/Pope_St_Saint_Gregory_VII.htm (1626 words)

	Reviews in History: Pope Gregory VII. 1073-1085
		On Gregory's side, I have mentioned his gradual hardening on the subject of lay investiture, but could have mentioned, as if in recompense, his corresponding softening on clerical celibacy, as the embattled pope s aw that the entire reform movement might founder on an issue so contentious among many clergy (not to mention their wives).
		Gregory wanted Germany locked into his preferred world-scheme, in which kings had str ong authority, inheriting their kingdom undivided (he urged the king of Norway not to divide his kingdom between sons), forming a political matrix for the church, but - the big 'but' in Henry's case - not directly involved in its government.
		Gregory died in 'exile', in Salerno (Cowdrey argues he was not, as usually supposed, bitter about it, on the ground that it was a kind of blessed martyrdom), while Henry campaigned on, his antipope Clement installed in Rome.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/murray1.html (3019 words)

	Pope Gregory VII (1020-1085) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gregory is chiefly known for his contest with the German emperor Henry IV (1050–1106) over lay investiture (the right of lay rulers to grant ecclesiastical officials the symbols of their authority), a contest that he helped to precipitate.
		Gregory defended his actions against Henry in two letters to Bishop Hermann of Metz: the emperor is in the church and therefore he may be called to account by the pope.
		Gregory's safety was dearly bought, for in a fight between the Normans and the Romans a large part of the city was burned down.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/PopeGregory-VII/PopeGregory-VII.html (2059 words)

	Pope Gregory VII - Sketches of Church History
		Another thing an which Gregory set his heart, as a means of increasing the power of the popes, was to do away with what was called "Investiture." This was the name of the form by which princes gave bishops possession of the estates and other property belonging to their sees.
		Gregory, therefore, ordered that no bishop should take investiture from any sovereign, and that no sovereign should give investiture; and out of this grew a quarrel which lasted fifty years, and was the cause of grievous troubles in the Church.
		Gregory entreated the help of Robert Guiscard, the chief of some Normans who had got possession of the south of Italy; and Guiscard, who was glad to have such an opportunity for interfering, speedily came to his relief and delivered him.
	bible.christiansunite.com /sch/sch02-08.shtml (1697 words)

	ST. GREGORY VII
		Gregory swung the ax at this root by absolutely banning lay investiture at a Roman synod in 1075.
		Gregory knew he should await the Augsburg meeting, but he had been jockeyed by Henry into a position where he simply had to absolve the king.
		Gregory, besieged in the Castle of St. Angelo, was rescued by the Normans.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp155.htm (552 words)

	Gregory VII "Hildebrand"
		Hildebrand was born in obscurity sometime around 1025 and perhaps acquired the reputation as a stern ascetic in penance for a misspent youth.
		The methods used by Gregory were equal to the general corruption: He claimed the right to interfere in any secular or spiritual affair of any country in Europe.
		Gregory "deposed" Henry IV — a new power based on another Papal forgery — and forced Henry to kneel in the snow outside the gates of the Castle of Cannossa and beg absolution on 28 January 1077.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0525b-almanac.htm (453 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Gregory VII
		In sending the formal announcement of his elevation to Henry IV of Germany, he took occasion to indicate frankly the attitude, which, as sovereign pontiff, he was prepared to assume in dealing with the Christian princes, and, with a note of grave personal warning besought the king not to bestow his approval.
		Gregory was already on his way to Augsburg, and, fearing treachery, retired to the castle of Canossa.
		He was beatified by Gregory XIII in 1584, and canonized in 1728 by Benedict XIII.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06791c.htm (3383 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII
		St. Gregory VII, often referred to by his baptismal name Hildebrand, was one of the great reformers of the Middle Ages.
		When Gregory excommunicated him, releasing his subjects from their feudal oaths of allegiance, the German nobles threatened the emperor with deposition if he had not made peace with Gregory before February 1076.
		Gregory re-imposed the excommunication, whereupon Henry led his army against Rome and after a siege of three years, occupied it.
	www.stthomasirondequoit.com /SaintsAlive/id579.htm (701 words)

	Saints of May 25
		Gregory was generally successful with his reforms in England except in the matter of lay investiture, which right William the Conqueror refused to surrender; gradually Gregory succeeded in France by replacing practically the whole episcopate; but in Germany and northern Italy he met continued resistance.
		Gregory was unsuccessful in his efforts to reunite the Eastern churches to Rome, and his struggle with Henry prevented him from launching a crusade against the Turks and to drive the Saracens from Spain.
		Gregory's personal integrity and his strength in adversity cannot be questioned, and his name is deservedly given to a whole era of ecclesiastical reform and development; but he was never the object of a widespread cultus.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0525.htm (5456 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He was sent to Rome at an early age for his education; an uncle of his being abbot of the convent of St Mary on the Aventine.
		The reprimands of the pope, couched as they were in such an unprecedented form, infuriated Henry and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national council in Worms, which met on January 24 1076.
		In his treatment of ecclesiastical policy and ecclesiastical reform, Gregory did not stand alone, but found powerful support In England Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury stood closest to him; in France his champion was Bishop Hugo of Die, who afterwards became archbishop of Lyons.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_gregory_vii.html (2701 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When Gregory VI died in 1047, Hildebrand entered a monastery where he remained until Leo IX called him to Rome to serve as treasurer of the church.
		Gregory's opposition to lay investiture led to conflict with Emperor Henry IV, who deposed Gregory at the Synod of Worms in 1076.
		Gregory died in Salerno in 1085, and Paul V canonized him in 1606.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/gregoryvii.html (205 words)

	Gregory VII: 1020-1085 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When Gregory VI was forced into exile across the Alps, Hildebrand continued to serve him until his death in 1047.
		Hildebrand was elected Pope in 1073 and took the name "Gregory VII." He quickly began his great work of purifying the Church by promulgating a series of decrees to reform the clergy.
		Gregory had taken up winter residence in the castle at Canossa, on his way for a synod across the Alps.
	campus.northpark.edu /history/WebChron/WestEurope/GregoryVII.CP.html (496 words)

	Reviews in History - Author's response: Pope Gregory VII. 1073-1085
		With his se nse of the past, Gregory could scarcely have conceived of a world order in which there was no empire, and little possibility of his foregoing the right to recognise and to crown a suitable candidate for it.
		It was such a test that, in 1074, Gregory for a time deemed King Philip of France to be failing and that, by 1080, he definitively deemed King Henry IV of Germany to have failed.
		It is the tragedy of Gregory VII that the claim, advanced from the noblest of motives, that the pope was directly, through the obedience of kings, the source of peace and order, was answered by monarchies which, rather than the papacy, became increasingly able by themselves to provide these things.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/cowdrey.html (2091 words)

	Gregory VII, Saint -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Gregory VII was the first pope to depose a crowned ruler, Emperor Henry IV (1056–1105/06).
		Widely acknowledged as the finest tap dancer of his generation, Gregory Hines was noted for his virtuosity and expressive style and was credited with having modernized the form.
		It was commissioned by pope Gregory IX and was completed by 1230, just four years after Francis' death and two years after his canonization.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9038024?tocId=9038024 (823 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory VII: Call for a "Crusade", 1074 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The situation in 1095 was not materially different from that in 1074, and it is probable that Urban II, when he called for a crusade, had nothing more in mind than Gregory VII had when he wrote this letter.
		Gregory was unable to carry out his plans because he became involved in the struggle with Henry IV.
		Gregory, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to all who are willing to defend the Christian faith, greeting and apostolic benediction.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/g7-cde1078.html (422 words)

	The Avalon Project : Documents Relating to the War of the Investitures - Gregory VII's letter to the German Princes ...
		Gregory VII's letter to the German Princes concerning the Penance of Henry IV at Canossa; January 28, 1077
		Bishop Gregory, servant of the servants of God, to all the archbishops, bishops, dukes, counts and other princes of the realm of the Germans who defend the Christian faith, greeting and apostolic benediction.
		As had been agreed with the legates who had been sent to us on your part, we came into Lombardy about twenty days before the date on which one of the commanders was to come over the pass to meet us, awaiting his advent that we might cross over to the other side.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/inv08.htm (512 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Pope Gregory VII
		Gregory VII, Saint (circa 1020-85), pope (1073-85), one of the great reformers of the medieval church.
		Henry IV (Holy Roman Empire): conflict with Pope Gregory VII
		The reform movement clearly took hold in Rome under Pope Leo IX, and the popes soon became the driving force behind reform.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Pope_Gregory_VII.html (200 words)

	Gregory, VII Biography / Biography of Gregory, VII Biography Biography
		Although Gregory VII did not create the grandiose structure of the medieval papacy, he was certainly one of its chief architects.
		Gregory continued the policies he had previously advocated as a prominent member of the papal court.
		He intensified papal involvement in the reforming movement and directed that movement along the road that was to lead to the first maj.....
	www.bookrags.com /biography-gregory-vii/index.html (174 words)

	Matilda of Tuscany
		Gregory’s supporter, Bishop Bonizo is a fire breather like Benzo of Alba and, like Benzo, he must be used carefully by historians.
		The letters of Pope Gregory VII are an invaluable source for the life of Matilda of Tuscany.
		Anselm was a strong supporter of Pope Gregory VII, and was driven from Lucca, also the seat of the marquises of Tuscany, late in 1080, after the defeat of Matilda of Tuscany at the battle of Volta.
	libraryautomation.com /valerieeads/matilda.html (2388 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		In the 1070s this led to a big dispute between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over who should become the next archbishop of Milan.
		Gregory kept him waiting outside for three days in a snowstorm before forgiving him and removing the ban of excommunication.
		In 1080 Henry IV was again excommunicated and declared deposed by Pope Gregory.
	www.camelotintl.com /world/02popegregory.html (228 words)

	Did Gregory VII have a consistent view of temporal power?
		Below is a short sample of the essay "Did Gregory VII have a consistent view of temporal power?".
		Henry is portrayed by Gregory as a hypocrite, "with us" [the Church] in body, but "against us [the Church] in mind and spirit." The integral part of the argument that Gregory's view of temporal power was "rugged and dissonant" is his bitter condemnation of the beginnings of kingships described in this letter.
		Gregory proved his reputed skill as a political operator with his frequent dealings with the newly formed states in and surrounding Italy.
	www.coursework.info /i/40786.html (320 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Bl. Urban II
		After holding the office of prior he was sent by St. Hugh to Rome as one of the monks asked for by Gregory VII, and he was of great assistance to Gregory in the difficult task of reforming the Church.
		It was made known at this meeting that Otho had been suggested by Gregory and Victor as their successor.
		This money Gregory of Vendôme supplied by selling certain possessions of his monastery; Urban entered the Lateran in time for the Paschal solemnity, and sat for the first time on the papal throne just six years after his election at Terracina.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15210a.htm (2174 words)

	St. Gregory VII - Saint of the Day - American Catholic
		Gregory’s papal letters stress the role of bishop of Rome as the vicar of Christ and the visible center of unity in the Church.
		Gregory fiercely resisted any attack on the liberty of the Church.
		Against an unhealthy Church nationalism in some areas, Gregory reasserted the unity of the whole Church based on Christ and expressed in the bishop of Rome, the successor of St. Peter.
	www.americancatholic.org /Features/SaintOfDay?id=1399 (350 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : History Biographies : Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV
		In the 11th century Pope Gregory VII excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV.
		When he excommunicated Henry IV, Pope Gregory also told Henry’s vassals (noblemen who rented the Emperor’s lands) that they did not need to give their support to the Emperor anymore.
		Gregory was forced into exile, and he died in Salerno in 1085.
	www.saburchill.com /history/biblio/006.html (175 words)

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