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	Pope Gregory XV
		Gregory XIII and Clement VIII had already previously formed temporary congregations of cardinals to look after the interest of particular foreign missions, but Gregory XV was the first to erect a permanent congregation, whose sphere of activity should extend over all foreign missions (see PROPAGANDA).
		Gregory XV then sent Carlos Caraffa as nuncio to Vienna, to assist the emperor by his advice in his efforts to suppress Protestantism, especially in Bohemia and Moravia, where the Protestants considerably outnumbered the Catholics.
		To a great extent it was also due to the influence of Gregory XV that, at a meeting of princes at Ratisbon, the Palatinate and the electoral dignity attached to it were granted to Duke Maximilian of Bavaria in the early part of January, 1623.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/gregory_xv,pope.html (1643 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory XIII
		Thus Gregory XIII at least partly restored the old faith in England and the northern countries of Europe, supplied the Catholics in those countries with their necessary priests, and introduced Christianity into the pagan countries of Eastern Asia.
		In 1581, Gregory XIII dispatched the Jesuit Antonio Possevino as nuncio to Russia, to mediate between Tsar Ivan IV and King Bathory of Poland.
		The medal which Gregory XIII had struck in memory of the event bears his effigy on the obverse, which ion the reverse under the legend Vgonotiorum Strages (overthrow of the Huguenots) stands an angel with cross and drawn sword, killing the Huguenots.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07001b.htm (2513 words)

	Gregory XIV - LoveToKnow 1911
		Gregory was upright and devout, but utterly ignorant of politics.
		Gregory was completely subservient to Philip II.; he aided the league, excommunicated Henry of Navarre, and threatened his adherents with the ban; but the effect of his intervention was only to rally the moderate Catholics to the support of Henry, and to hasten his conversion.
		Gregory died on the 15th of October 1591, and was succeeded by Innocent IX.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gregory_XIV (210 words)

	Gregory XIII - LoveToKnow 1911
		Among his noteworthy achievements are the reform of the calendar on the 24th of February 1582 (see Calendar); the improved edition of the Corpus juris canonici, 1582; the splendid Gregorian Chapel in St Peter's; the fountains of the Piazza Navona; the Quirinal Palace; and many other public works.
		To meet the expenses entailed by his liberality and extravagance, Gregory resorted to confiscation, on the pretext of defective titles or long-standing arrearages.
		Amid these disturbances Gregory died, on the 10th of April 1585, leaving to his successor, Sixtus V., the task of pacifying the state.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gregory_XIII (464 words)

	Biography – Pope Gregory XV – The Papal Library
		Gregory XV was born at Bologna, on the 15th of January, 1554, and was the son of Pompey Ludovisi and Camilla Bianchini.
		Gregory published two constitutions, which were approved by Urban VIII, upon the form, the rules, and the ceremonies of the election of the pontiffs.
		The fourth saint was Saint Francis Xavier, of the family of the lords of the castle Xavier, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in the diocese of Pampeluna and kingdom of Navarre, born on the 7th of April, 1506, the son of John Guasco and Maria Xaveria.
	www.saint-mike.org /Papal-Library/GregoryXV/biography.html (3902 words)

	Pope Saint Gregory VII
		Later Gregory VI accepted the decision of the Council of Sutri in 1046 that, although he occupied the Chair of Peter, nevertheless this office was attained by simony and was therefore unworthily bestowed.
		Gregory's greatest problems with civil rulers were with Henry IV of Germany, whose intervention in church affairs, including the nomination of bishops, had been tolerated by previous popes.
		Gregory believed that this compromised the Church and he, therefore, made it known to Henry that only those who were deemed by the pope to be fit for such a sacred office should be so consecrated.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1978_November/Pope_GregoryVII.htm (1863 words)

	Biography – Pope Gregory XIV – The Papal Library
		It is known that Gregory XIII gave the purple to Nicolo, and that he endeavored to refuse it, exclaiming: "Why, there is a host of prelates more deserving of it than I!" When the cardinals elected him pontiff they experienced still greater resistance, but only became the more animated to conquer each new repulse.
		Following the example of Gregory XIII and Sixtus V, the pope publicly renewed, by the constitution Romanus Pontifex, that of Saint Pius V which forbade to alienate or grant in fief the property of the Roman Church.
		By a new constitution Gregory confirmed that given by Pius IV regarding wagers upon the length of life and the death of the pontiffs, and upon the creation of cardinals.
	www.saint-mike.org /papal-library/GregoryXIV/biography.html (2139 words)

	Pope St. Gregory VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pope Gregory VI called him to Rome to reform the Abbey of St. Paul's-Outside-the-Walls, which was suffering from a relaxation of its rule.
		The pontificate of St. Gregory VII was to be one long struggle for the freedom of the Church and the reform of the clergy.
		Her unshakable loyalty to St. Gregory VII contributed in large part to preventing the king of Germany from marching on Rome.
	www.sspx.ca /Angelus/1985_May/Pope_St_Saint_Gregory_VII.htm (1626 words)

	Gregory XIII - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bologna; successor of St. Pius V. He is best known for his work on the calendar, and the reformed calendar, the Gregorian, is named for him.
		As pope, Gregory's absorbing interests were the education of the clergy and the conversion of Protestants.
		The Papacy and the Art of Reform in Sixteenth-Century Rome: Gregory XIII's Tower of the Winds in the Vatican.(Landscape and Identity in Early Modern Rome: Villa Culture at Frascati in the Borghese Era)(Book review)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-gregory13.html (343 words)

	St Peter's - Monument to Gregory XIIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The funerary monument of Gregory XIV (Niccolo Sfondrati, born in Somma Lombardo, Varese,in 1535, and pope from 1590 to 1591) is one of the less elaborate in the Basilica and consists of a niche set into the wall with a simple sarcophagus below, bearing the dedicatory inscription.
		Gregory XIII was Pope for less than a year, in 1590 and 1591.
		The pontificate of Gregory XIV was one of the least popular and least successful in history, marred as it was by the appointment of his incompetent nephew as cardinal secretary of state and by plague, food shortages and lawlessness in Rome.
	www.stpetersbasilica.org /Monuments/GregoryXIIII/GregoryXIIII.htm (812 words)

	GREGORY XIII
		Gregory XIII was not particularly successful in his political ventures.
		Gregory was a careful watchman over the purity of the faith.
		Gregory was delighted, and the envoys edified all by their sincere piety and charming manners.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp224.htm (466 words)

	Pope Gregory XIII
		Gregory XIII, born Ugo Buoncompagno, Roman Catholic Pope from 1572 to 1585, was born on the 7th of January 1502, in Bologna, where he received his education, and subsequently taught, until called to Rome (1539) by Pope Paul III, who employed him in various offices.
		Among his noteworthy achievements are the reform of the calendar on the 24th of February 1582; the improved edition of the Corpus juris canonici, 1582; the splendid Gregorian Chapel in St. Peter's; the fountains of the Piazza Navona; the Quirinal Palace; and many other public works.
		Amid these disturbances Gregory died, on the 10th of April 1585, leaving to his successor, Pope Sixtus V, the task of pacifying the state.
	www.nndb.com /people/130/000094845 (405 words)

	Gregory, XIII Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Gregory XIII (1502-1585) was pope from 1572 to 1585.
		Gregory was most active in the fields of science and art.
		In the fluid political life of Europe, Gregory supported the League in France, championed the cause of Mary Stuart in England, and recognized Stephen Báthory as king of Poland.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/gregory-xiii (441 words)

	Pope Gregory XIII (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gregory XIII, né Ugo Buoncampagno (January 7, 1502 – April 10, 1585) was pope from 1572 to 1585.
		The work with which the name of Gregory XIII is most honorably associated is that of the reformation of the calendar, producing the "Gregorian calendar".
		As early as 1578 Gregory outfitted Thomas Stukeley with a ship and an army of 800 men to land in Ireland to aid the Desmond Rebellions there.
	pope-gregory-xiii.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (594 words)

	Pope Gregory's Calendar Changes
		Gregory took this advice and shortened October of A.D. 1582 by ten days.
		Gregory completed modification of the old intercalation rule by specifying that any year whose number ended with 00 must also be evenly divisible by 400 in order to have a 29-day February.
		This is because Gregory's leap year rule is a rigid formula whose calculated results do not match year lengths over extended periods of time.
	www.12x30.net /gregory.html (628 words)

	Bible Study - Pope Gregory's Calendar
		Pope Gregory XIII reigned from 1572 to 1585.
		One of Gregory's most lasting legacies was his "Gregorian Calendar," which was actually a revision of an earlier Roman calendar, that most of us, Roman Catholic, Protestant, and everyone else, find ourselves using today.
		Gregory's calendar was primarily intended to correct the accumulated inaccuracies of the Julian Calendar (named after Julius Caesar), which, because it was slightly too long (365.25 days per year rather than the actual 365.242199 days), had caused an apparent 10-day error in the equinoxes by the Middle Ages i.e.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2000/20001231.htm (625 words)

	The Dragon and the Calendar
		A coat of arms of Gregorius XIII is also in Villa Taverna, the residence of the Ambassador of the United States near Monte Porzio Catone in the Castelli Romani (by courtesy of Mr Tom Wukitsch).
		Gregorius XIII was buried in St Peter's next to the chapel in a monument which was replaced by a new one in 1715-23.
		One of the purposes of this new monument was to celebrate the Reform of the Calendar, by which in 1582 Gregorius XIII endorsed the recommendations of a group of scientists and established new rules for the leap year.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Gregorius.html (1304 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		Gregory the First, or the Great, the last of the Latin fathers and the first of the popes, connects the ancient with the mediaeval church, the Graeco-Roman with the Romano-Germanic type of Christianity.
		In 590 Gregory was elected pope by the unanimous voice of the clergy, the senate, and the people, notwithstanding his strong remonstrance, and confirmed by his temporal sovereign, the Byzantine emperor Mauricius.
		In opposition to these high-sounding epithets, Gregory called himself, in proud humility, "the servant of the servants of God."220 This became one of the standing titles of the popes, although it sounds like irony in conjunction with their astounding claims.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/4_ch04.htm (10582 words)

	St Peter's - Monument to Gregory XIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gregory XIII was Counter-Reformation Pope, he had direct contact with many saints, including Charles Borromeo, Philip Neri, Ignatius Loyola, and indirect contact with St. Teresa of Avila and St. John of the Cross.
		With an animated yet balanced layout, rich in personages, this work by Carlo Mellone illustrates the event for which Pope Gregory XIII is most famous: the reform of the calendar, which is still in use.
		Gregory's original tomb, designed by Ciro Ferri and executed by Prospero Antichi, was located where Gregory XIV was to be buried and so was moved in 1591 to another niche in St. Peter's when Gregory XIV died.
	stpetersbasilica.org /Monuments/GregoryXIII/GregoryXIII.htm (983 words)

	Biography – Pope Gregory XIII – The Papal Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In political matters Gregory's pontificate was not distinguished but in other spheres he was a true leader of the Catholic reform.
		Gregory carried on his predecessor's work of improving the quality of the episcopate.
		Under Gregory's orders an extremely accurate calendar was constructed and proposals for replacing the Julian calendar were put to all the Catholic courts of Europe.
	www.saint-mike.org /Library/Papal_Library/GregoryXIII/Biography.html (1201 words)

	Pope Gregory XIV: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election.
		Gregory XIV's election was therefore an excellent speculation for Montalto and his fair friends, but Philip was to reap the greatest benefits of all.
		The Pope's propitiating smirk had not been assumed for a purpose; he was naturally servile, and the high dignity to which he had attained did not alter the feelings of awe and respect with which Philip, his sovereign, had always inspired him.
		A plot by which the town of Ferrara should eventually have fallen into the possession of Gregory's family was discovered by Ferdinand, who acquainted the cardinals with it, so that when the Pope mentioned Ferrara in the consistory there was such a hubbub that he hastily withdrew his brief.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/triple-crown-gregory-xiv.htm (1563 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Gregory XIV
		Created cardinal-priest of Santa Cecilia by Pope Gregory XIII on 12 December 1583.
		Gregory opposed Henry Navarre whom Pope Sixtus V had declared a heretic.
		Gregory renewed the decree of excommunication and with the help of King Philip II of Spain he began to field an army to drive Henry from power.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0229.htm (302 words)

	Gregory XIII and the Calendar
		It was on this date, May 13, 1572, that Ugo Buoncompagni was elected Pope Gregory XIII at age 70.
		His papacy was noted for his attempt to force education on the ignorant clergy, and to force Catholicism back onto the intransigent Protestants — indeed, he struck a gold medal commemorating the massacre of Huguenots on Saint Bartholomew's Day (24 August 1572) in Paris.
		But Gregory XIII is remembered in history for one innovation: the reform of the calendar that now bears his name.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0513almanac.htm (385 words)

	Counter-Reformation Popes
		The feast was transferred to 30 April as an optional Memorial in the universal calendar on 14 February 1969 by Pope Paul VI, and is in Rome and the Vatican kept as an obligatory Memorial.
		His Holiness Pope Gregory XIII died on 10 April 1585 in Rome, in the 13th year of his pontificate, at the age of 83-years.
		His Holiness Pope Gregory XV died on 8 July 1623 in Rome, in the 3rd year of his pontificate, at the age of 69-years.
	www.ghg.net /shetler/popes/counterreform.html (1151 words)

	Pope Gregory XIII (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pope Gregory XIII (1502-1585) Gregory XIII, né Ugo Buoncampagno (January 7, 1502 – April 10, 1585) was pope (1572 – 1585).
		As early as 1578 Gregory outfitted Thomas Stukeley with a ship and an army of 800 men to land in Ireland.
		Gregory XIII had no connection with the plot of Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother, Charles, Duke of Mayenne, to assassinate the queen, and most probably knew nothing about it beforehand.
	pope-gregory-xiii.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (622 words)

	Pope Gregory XII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cardinals of Gregory XII openly showed their dissatisfaction at his procedure and gave signs of their intention to abandon him.
		Meanwhile Gregory XII stayed with his loyal and powerful protector, Prince Charles of Malatesta, who had come to Pisa in person during the process of the council, in order to support Gregory XII with both sets of cardinals.
		Gregory XII appointed Charles of Malatesta and Cardinal Dominici of Ragusa as his proxies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII (422 words)

	Pope Benedict XIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Benedict XIII, O.P. Gravina in Puglia, February 2, 1649 – February 21, 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was pope from 1724 to 1730.
		He was a reforming Pope and endeavoured to put a stop to the decadent lifestyles of the Italian priesthood and of the cardinalate.
		He was a member of the great Orsini family of Rome, and the third and last member of that family to become Pope.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII (278 words)

	Gregory's Contribution
		The resultant difficulties were repeatedly called to the attention of rulers and popes, but nothing was done until the latter years of Gregory's occupancy of the pontifical throne.
		Pope Gregory and his scientists decided to deal with the first of their four calendar problems by dropping a certain number of days from the year 1582.
		These unfortunate reactions had not been foreseen by Gregory XIII and his advisers, who had expected that the revision would be accepted as a sound scientific action without religious connotations.
	personal.ecu.edu /mccartyr/gregory.html (1941 words)

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