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Topic: Grey alder

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	Alder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants (Alnus) belonging to the birch family (Family Betulaceae).
		Alder catkins are one of the first sources of pollen for bee species, especially honeybees, which use it for spring buildup.
		Alder is a preferred wood for charcoal making, formerly used in the manufacture of gunpowder, or for smelting metal ores, now used primarily for cooking.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alder (560 words)

	alder
		Alders fringed the witch goddess Circe’s island Aeaea ["Wailing"] an island at the head of the Adriatic not far from the mouth of the Po which was the southern terminus of the Bronze Age route down which amber, sacred to the sun and Apollo, travelled to the Mediterranean from the Baltic.
		Alder constitutes one of the nine sacred woods of the Beltane fire and may be employed in the spring equinox bonfire.
		Alder dyes are used for colouring magical robes, dye from the bark for colouring robes for ceremonies of resurrection, such as Yule and Ostara, dye from the catkins for water and nature rituals, and dye from the shoots to celebrate the earth.
	www.geocities.com /annafranklin1/alder.html (3469 words)

	Grey Alder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Grey Alder (Alnus incana) is an alder with a wide range across the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
		It is a small to medium size tree 15-20 m tall with smooth grey bark even in old age, its life span being a maximum of 60-100 years.
		The Grey Alder is a light-demanding, fast-growing tree that is very tolerant and grows well on poorer soils.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grey_alder (312 words)

	AllergyNet - Allergy Advisor Find
		Grey Alder is a rapidly growing, deciduous, multi-stemmed shrub or small tree, which tends to form thickets.
		Grey alder is found in both northern and central Europe though not Denmark, England or north-eastern Europe.
		Grey Alder tree pollen is a frequent cause of allergic symptoms.
	allallergy.net /fapaidfind.cfm?cdeoc=729 (808 words)

	the Köyhälä website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Grey alder has smooth grey bark with visible pores and often grows twisted or wavy trunks.
		Unfortunately, in Finland, grey alder is mostly seen as a "waste" tree since it does not enjoy wide-spread explotation by the forest industry.
		Grey alder is probably the most abundant tree in Köyhälä's woodland.
	www.phys.jyu.fi /homepages/agar/koyhala/alder.html (218 words)

	Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland Home Page
		Alders belong to the scientific genus Alnus which live throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere, southwards over the high mountains of central America and down to the Andes.
		Like all alders, it is a strong light demander and withstands exposure and pollution well, copes better with drier, calcareous soils than its relatives and is a good landscape tree.
		Similar to poplar, alder wood is one of the weakest hardwoods.
	www.rfs.org.uk /thirdlevel.asp?ThirdLevel=163&SecondLevel=33 (681 words)

	Alder
		Alder is what Leo Fender used on his first bolt on guitars and so did PRS before he decided to go mass production.
		Alder is a fast growing deciduous tree adapted to swampy areas and self sufficient in nitrogen uptake.
		Alder is a light, relatively soft and medium tough wood among the wood species.
	www.edromanguitars.com /wood/alder.htm (371 words)

	GreyAlderC
		The name Grey Alder was probably given to this tree, because it has a deep-grey bark and its leaves are greyish underneath.
		Grey Alder is locally naturalised in a few areas in these isles, notably Scotland.
		Grey Alder is one of the very few trees which will do well on infertile and disturbed land.
	www.the-tree.org.uk /BritishTrees/TreeGallery/greyalderc.htm (498 words)

	Universitas Helsingiensis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Growing in wetlands, the common alder is a more southern species, whereas the grey alder grows in dryer places and is found throughout Finland.
		"Alder is a pioneer species, and the symbiotic Frankia bacterium living in its root nodules fixes nitrogen for its host directly from the atmosphere.
		Alder binds soil well and is not sensitive to wind: it can also be used as a protection for more wind-sensitive plants.
	www.helsinki.fi /lehdet/uh/299a2.htm (352 words)

	LabSpec - Tree Allergens
		Birch, alder, beech, elm and hazel shed considerable amounts of pollen in the late winter and early spring.
		The alder's silhouette gracefully reflected in a gently-flowing stream is typical pastoral scene in Europe.
		Grey alder is found in both northern and central Europe though not Denmark, England or northeastern Europe.
	www.labspec.co.za /l_trees.htm (2929 words)

	Mycorrhiza Literature Exchange
		The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of macronutrients on nitrogen fixation in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), and to evaluate the effect of ectomycorrhizal mycelium on the transfer of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from grey alder to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L).
		One alder and one pine were grown together in pots with root systems separated by a 20 mu m mesh nylon filter which allowed hyphae but not roots to penetrate.
		Nitrogen fixation by alder and transfer of symbiotically fixed N from alder to pine was measured by N-15-dilution.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1996/96_ekbla3.htm (336 words)

	Alder
		This alder is often planted to conserve river and lake banks and also improves the fertility of the soil.
		The grey alder (Alnus incana) is similar to the common alder, but can be distinguished by it duller leaves which are sharply pointed and strongly toothed.
		The alder is one of the birch family.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /theshire/trees/html/alder.html (273 words)

	Phytophthora disease of alders, Phytophthora alni (Peronosporales: Pythiaceae) @ Forestry Images
		Alder plantation on former agricultural land; note infected grey alder (A. incana) with sparse, chlorotic and small-sized foliage.
		Grey alder (A. incana) with collar rot caused by P. alni; note the typical tarry spots at the outer bark and the tongue-shaped orange-brown necrosis of the inner bark.
		Mature common alder (A. glutinosa) with collar rot by P. alni (note tarry spots at the outer bark) growing in a forest stand; introduction of the pathogen via alder plantation in the neighbourhood established with infested planting stock.
	www.forestryimages.org /browse/subimages.cfm?sub=10987 (313 words)

	Alder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Alders are helped in their colonisation of damp by their ability to form adventitious roots, similar to the stilt roots of certain tropical trees.
		Once established, the Alder is not easily rooted out of the ground again, which is the reason why foresters used to seldom mixed it with other trees in a plantation in the past, but reserved it often for damp waste grounds, which would be costly to prepare for the planting of other crops.
		An example of the use of Alder leaves as a traditional remedy is for the relief of swollen and inflamed breasts from congestion or mastitis or cracked, sore nipples.
	www.the-tree.org.uk /BritishTrees/alder.htm (6848 words)

	Crystal Forest Celtic Tree Month of Alder
		Alders are members of the Birch family (Betulaceae) and are very ancient trees that have grown in the British Isles for thousands of years.
		Because the Alder was used for turnings and foundations, it is recognized to be linked with the raven as well. It is also useful in conquering of adversaries or difficulties, finding strength from within.The Celts would often name their weapons and credit them with magical powers.
		Alder tree characters are powerful individuals who are prepared to make their own way in the world.
	www.homestead.com /crystalforest1/CelticTreeMonthALDER.html (677 words)

	Vance Publishing's W&WP magazine - Wood of the Month (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Alder, also known as red alder and Western alder, is one of the most common of the Pacific Coast commercial timbers.
		Alder matures in 25 to 40 years and then starts to deteriorate by 60 to 80 years of age.
		Alder is regarded as a good medium for smoking meats and fish and is used in cooking and barbecuing in the same way as hickory and mesquite, to add flavor.
	www.iswonline.com /wwp/wom/alder.cfm?printPage=1& (852 words)

	Dinner Guest
		Alder never appreciated the closeness of his parents' house to the sea as he did today.
		Alder himself was tall for fisher folk, already his father's height, and he might even grow a bit taller – it was in the family.
		Alder led the singer inside, and instantly the familiar noises and smells surrounded him, but it felt a little new, too – he tried to imagine how his house would look to a stranger.
	www.anycities.com /taelle/fanfiction/dinnerguest.htm (1387 words)

	Energy crops in Estonia, none specific, Whole chain
		The natural distribution of grey alder is wide, forming 4.2% of the whole area under stands and 11.1% of the area under private forests.
		Grey alder is the most fast-growing among local tree species, the average increment of grey alder stands is 7.57 m3 ha-1 yr.-1 Therefore, in recent years natural grey alder stands have been studied as potential sources of energy in Estonia.
		Grey alder as a short-rotation species has many biological and economic advantages: it grows rapidly, is symbiotically N2-fixing by the actinomycete Frankia, and has only a few pests and diseases.
	www.eeci.net /archive/biobase/B10686.html (341 words)

	Lövträinstitutet - träslagsinformation - al
		Black alder is a fastgrowing decidous tree adapted to swampy areas and selfsufficient in nitrogen uptake.
		Grey alder has similar wood properties as Black alder but is somewhat softer.
		Black alder is a light, relatively soft and medium tough wood among the Swedish wood species.
	www.lovtrainstitutet.se /en/wood-information/grunder/al.html (163 words)

	Common Alder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sticks of alder bark were once chewed to clean the teeth.
		Bark is grey or brown, with a fine network of shallow fissures.
		Female catkins distinguish Alders from all other similar trees, being cone-like and remaining on the tree long after the tiny winged seeds are shed.
	www.roman-britain.org /chase/alder.htm (248 words)

	Irish Trees - Common Alder
		The common alder is a smallish, often rather inconspicuous and overlooked tree.
		The alder is not a very remarkable tree and in Ireland was often regarded as unlucky.
		A close relative, although not a native, the grey alder, Alnus incana (Fearnóg liath), is occasionally planted and gone wild in a few areas.
	www.irelandseye.com /irish/nature/trees/alder.shtm (251 words)

	TNC Invasive Species Initiative page
		Alder dieback - Phytophthora alni Brasier and Kirk
		Alder dieback is also widespread throughout Austria (Cech 2004); and has affected more than one fourth of the alders along streams in Walloon area of Belgium (Abras 2005).
		The advent of alder dieback highlights the potential threat of hybridization in the rapid evolution of new plant pathogens.
	tncweeds.ucdavis.edu /products/gallery/phyal1.html (867 words)

	Speckled Alder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The names of this tree include tag alder, grey alder and hoary alder.
		The speckled alder gets its name from its bark, which is dark brown with white spots on it.
		It is the wood most often used by beavers to build their dams, and is a very important nourisher in the forest, as it provides high-energy seeds to feed wood warblers and other birds, grows flowers which attract bees, and shelters several types of birds and mammals.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /mississagi/natural/flora/speckledalder.htm (105 words)

	Alder information page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Female ♀ catkins are oval and mature to brown cone shaped fruits, whilst the male ♂ have red scales and are long and pendular.
		The tree has a slender trunk with fissured dark grey bark, leaves are a smooth rich green with a notched point, the young leaves are sticky.
		Alder wood is light reddish brown and porous with a course texture, the bark and leaves contain tannin and have astringent properties which has been used in folk medicine to treat chills.
	www.brickfieldspark.org /data/alder.htm (285 words)

	[No title]
		Alders at Kilmacurragh Italian Alder at Tottenham House, Savernake Birch at Savernake Forest Birch at Merton Hall.
		Young shoots grey, smooth, with a scattered short erect pubescence, which is retained in the second year.
		The grey colour and comparative smoothness of the branchlets, and the smooth bark on the stem and branches, suggest some affinity with A. Pindrow ; but the long, slender, narrow leaves of the latter species, differently arranged on the glabrous branchlets, are entirely different.
	fax.libs.uga.edu /text/4tgbitxt.txt (19602 words)

	Wicca, Witchcraft, Magick, Goddess Spirituality - Avalonia - London, UK - For Wiccans, Witches, Magickians & the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is the Common Alder that is native to Britain.
		In fact, the bark and leaves of Alder contain tannin and have astringent properties; it is used in folk medicine to treat chills.
		The Alder was also used for its dyes, brown from twigs, red from bark and green from flowers.
	www.avalonia.co.uk /trees/magick_of_alder_kay.htm (544 words)

	Stem volume equations and basic density for grey alder and common alder in Sweden -- Johansson 78 (3): 249 -- Forestry
		Stem volume equations and basic density for grey alder and common alder in Sweden
		grey alder was based on diameter at breast height and height.
		For common alder, crown height was added to diameter and height.
	forestry.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/78/3/249 (338 words)

	Fearn - Alder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Alder - The common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner) is common along lowland rivers, where it grows with aspens, poplars, and
		Alder wood is said to resist rotting when it is wet, and was the wood of choice for pilings in many regions.
		Alders are members of the Birch family (Betulaceae).
	www.cyberwitch.com /wychwood/SacredWood/fearn.htm (127 words)

	Speckled Alder, Alnus incana
		Longer fire intervals may encourage the expansion of alder thickets at the expense of other forest types.
		Fungi: All of the alders associate symbiotically with species of the actinomycete Frankia, leading to the formation of nodules on the roots of the plants and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
		Moose, muskrats, beavers, cottontail rabbits, and snow-shoe hares feed on the twigs and foliage.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/shrubs/alnusincana.html (1010 words)

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