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	More Taxes - Promoting Strategies for Global Taxation — Attacweb
		His explanation of the difference between the grey economy and the fl economy is that the grey economy is composed of legal activities, of which the profits and labour practices are concealed from the tax and other regulatory authorities.
		There are many myths on the perceptions of the grey economy, one of them being that unemployed are the main contributor to it, but rather unemployment is seen as resulting from skill gaps, namely persons who are not attractive to employers in the grey economy either.
		It becomes evident from Hirvonen’s chapter that the grey economy is much larger than it in most accounts is estimated at, and if we take the Swedish estimation of tax crime in their own definition, which includes tax evasion, it amounts to 5.5% of the GDP in 1999.
	www.attac.fi /moretaxes (2593 words)

	Grey market - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because of the nature of grey market economics, it is generally difficult or even impossible to track and verify the precise numbers of grey market sales.
		The grey market in photographic equipment is relatively thriving in highly developed and taxed states, with dealers importing directly from lower taxed states and thereafter, selling at a lower range of pricing, creating a definitive competition against imports by a local authorised distributor.
		Grey sets do not differ particularly from an authorised import; they will look and function identically, apart from the fact that the manufacturer's warranties have been voided.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grey_economy (1562 words)

	Grey import vehicles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term grey import, in reference to the grey economy refers to an item that has been imported into a country, legally, but without the agreement of the manufacturer.
		Grey import vehicles are motor vehicles and motorcycles, which may be imported, either brand new or used, from another country, where they are more readily available and competitively priced.
		The grey market was too successful and ate significantly into the business of Mercedes-Benz of North America Inc. This organization launched a successful congressional lobbying effort to eliminate this alternative in 1988.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grey_import (1803 words)

	Oikeuspoliittinen tutkimuslaitos - Surprise Audits and the Grey Economy
		In additi-on, the extent of the grey economy is assessed.
		In the study, the grey economy is defined as in itself legal economic activity where the income is not reported to the authority, in an attempt to avoid the payment of taxes and other sums owed to society.
		The surprise audits were adopted as an approach in the grey economy project initiated by the National Board of Taxa-tion in 1994.
	www.om.fi /optula/4672.htm (1328 words)

	2000/02/28 12:08 Poverty and inequality spreading over Serbia
		Since there are forces in the economy which cannot be stopped and which, like water, find the way out even through tiny cracks, this measure has its reverse side, which has turned into its opposite because it has caused shortages and opened the door to speculations despite all measures of the police and inspection services.
		Dominating administration has caused the flourishing of the grey economy against which the authorities are officially waging a "war", but are actually encouraging with their measures.
		Grey economy is the last chance of salvation so that it gives greater guarantees for the preservation of social peace than economic measures.
	www.aimpress.ch /dyn/trae/archive/data/200002/00228-001-trae-pod.htm (1276 words)

	Economy, World Bank - Johnson's Russia List 11-25-02
		Assessing the scale of a shadow economy is a very complex task in so far as those involved in the shadow economy, of course, do not have any desire to show the scale of their activities.
		In other words, the shadow economy reflects the action of market forces and these forces, in their turn, reflect the general dynamics of structural changes that are needed for deeper diversification in the Russian economy.
		According to suppositions from the State Committee for Statistics, the share contributed to GDP by the shadow economy is reduced partially as a result of such measures as carrying out tax reform and deregulating the economy and in part thanks to a growth of the official sector of the economy.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/6569-5.cfm (1240 words)

	Erkki Laukkanen, Grey economy causes annual tax revenue losses of EUR 2.5 billion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Grey economy causes annual tax revenue losses of EUR 2.5 billion
		Such a system is already applied in the Netherlands and in Belgium, and its introduction is being prepared in Sweden, where approximately one-fifth of the grey economy is estimated to originate in VAT fraud.
		In recent years public authorities have exercised a loose grip on the grey economy, but it is now once again time to take serious measures in this area and give public authorities all of the resources and powers that they need to tackle economic crime.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/61/176.html (368 words)

	[No title]
		The hidden economy is vast in size, and its negative economic and social consequences are a considerable supplementary burden for the society and for the individuals.
		The Parameters of Hidden Economy \par }\pard \qj\fi284\sl240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs26 The existence of the hidden economy in Bulgaria is not a novelty of the period after the beginning of the reforms.
		The hidden economy in Hu}{\fs26 n}{\fs26 gary in the middle of the 1990s is estimated as 1/3 of the legal one.
	www.unesco.org /most/p86unm12.doc (1643 words)

	In the Shadows - - CFO.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The grey economy is often thought of as something found at the margins of poor countries, such as a hawker stand in Thailand or a roadside vendor in Ghana.
		A booming grey economy sounds like good news, if only because many of the officially jobless are in fact earning a living.
		Grey firms tend to be small and want to stay that way lest they come to the attention of the authorities.
	www.cfo.com /article.cfm/3014659/c_3042596?f=archives&origin=archive (734 words)

	German Journal of Urban Studies (DfK) \| Imprint+Contact \| English Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		To be distinguished from ethnic economies are fields of work exercised by ethnic groups which are determined not by "culturally grounded relations between certain ethnic groups and their alleged occupational preferences" but by "economically driven regroupment phenomena" (Häußermann/Oswald 1997: 24), i.e., occupations in which Germans no longer wish to engage.
		Studies suggest that the informal economy concentrates in large cities and metropolitan areas, and even that the polarisation of labour markets in international metropolises is partly responsible for and dependent on the informal economy (Sassen 1996).
		Although there is a considerable literature on all variants of the informal economy, on the grey economy, on links with self-help, on civic engagement, and on ethnic economies, it almost ignores the regional level (7) to concentrate on entire national economies.
	www.difu.de /publikationen/dfk/en/03_2/03_2_henckel2.shtml (7463 words)

	A Future Parallel Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Many parts of the grey economy can be very extensive in a geographical and financial sense involving, for example, smuggling, the secret transfer of funds, and so on.
		But the largest part of the grey economy probably takes place in national or local contexts in which company balance sheets are manipulated or, at a personal level, when skills are paid for in unreported cash or kind, or in which skills and services are simply exchanged without cash changing hands at all.
		The grey economy, as far as multinationals are involved, will grow as an almost accidental byproduct of the complexity and volatility of their operations as they strive to survive in an increasingly competitive world.
	www.well.com /user/oink/oinksweb/snippets/futurist/parallel.htm (3036 words)

	Manitoba Community Profiles - Community Profile:R.M. of Grey
		The municipality of Grey is located in the flat, rich agricultural lands of south-central Manitoba.
		St.Claude was incorporated as a village in 1963, and is the largest community in the Rural Municipality of Grey.
		Grey's communities are full of a multiplicity of events.
	www.communityprofiles.mb.ca /cgi-bin/csd/index.cgi?id=4609017 (674 words)

	CSD.bg
		We all are aware that the grey economy is very important component in the economies of Bulgaria and many other countries.
		The obvious implication is that with the major uncertainties about the size of the grey economy, one cannot be very confidant about just what the actual GDP of Bulgaria is. And the same applies to many or most of the other countries of the world.
		In fact, policy makers, as well as the economists at the IMF and elsewhere, are in much the same position of a businessman trying to run his company without any clear idea even of his bank account, not to mention his total assets and liabilities.
	www.csd.bg /artShow.php?id=12308 (980 words)

	The Grey Tidal Wave - [Sunday Herald]
		Scotland is now in the grip of a burgeoning “grey economy” which sees everyone from gangsters and wideboys to small businessmen and giant high street retailers undercutting the prices of their competitors and shipping in the cheapest imports from overseas to sell to the Scottish consumer.
		The grey market in the UK is worth more than £1.5 billion a year, and police and customs say trading on the grey market makes it easy for unwitting retailers to find themselves caught up in complex tax scams perpetrated by a supplier.
		The grey market, which is defined as “the flow of goods through distribution channels other than those authorised or intended by the manufacturer or producer”, accounts for some 13% of the global trade in cosmetics, and up to 25% of the perfume market.
	www.sundayherald.com /55674 (1897 words)

	CSD.bg I Economic program I Informal economy
		It is also known as “grey and fl”, “underground”, “illegal”, “unrecorded”, etc. The informal economy exists in all countries — not only transition and developing but also EU and OECD member-states.
		The informal economy does not recognize national boundaries and can grow to be a camouflage to criminal activities.
		Hence, further research and current policy work is much needed to help governments and society better understand the informal economy nature and its implications for development on national and EU level.
	www.csd.bg /en/econ/gray.php (448 words)

	Turns of Phrase: Grey literature
		A number of compound terms use grey to signify something which is part-way between the extremes of formality and informality or legality and illegality.
		Two which are well established are grey economy, commercial activity which is not recorded in official statistics but which isn’t actually illegal, and grey market, informal channels of trading, unsanctioned by manufacturers or regulators.
		grey literature refers to a wide range of types of informational material which is made available to the general public by public and private sector organisations whose function is not primarily publishing.
	www.worldwidewords.org /turnsofphrase/tp-gre1.htm (245 words)

	COUNTRY REPORT – SERBIA
		Assessments of the grey economy in FRY indicate that GDP was considerably higher than that recorded by official statistics - in 1991 31.6% higher, in 1993 54.4%, in 1995 40.8%, and in 1997 34.5%.
		In other words, the contribution of the grey economy in those economic activities which play a part in creating GDP (registered and unregistered) - in 1991, it amounted to 24%, in 1993 35.2%, in 1995 29%, and in 1997 25.7%.
		The greatest relative importance of the grey economy was at the time of hyperinflation in 1993 when it was greater than half the registered social product (54.4%) and more than one third of the total income activity (35.2%).
	www.seldi.net /serbia.htm (3220 words)

	In the Shadows - - CFO.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In a paper published a couple of years ago ("Size and Measurement of the Informal Economy in 110 Countries Around the World," World Bank Working Paper, July 2002), Friedrich Schneider, of the Johannes Kepler University of Linz, exhaustively examined the ways of estimating it.
		In recent years, the growth in the grey market in some poor countries may owe a lot to the International Monetary Fund's austerity programmes, which increase taxes and thus encourage many entrepreneurs to opt out.
		The entire economy does, according to a new study ("The Hidden Dangers of the Informal Economy," McKinsey Quarterly, 2004, no 3.) by Diana Farrell of the McKinsey Global Institute, research arm of the consulting firm.
	www.cfo.com /article.cfm/3014659/c_3042596?f=archives&origin=archive (734 words)

	The Blessings of the Black Economy
		In the USA "fl" means "profitable, healthy" and this is what the fl economy is. Macedonia should count its blessings for having had a fl economy so strong and thriving to see it through the transition.
		The informal economy is an important pressure valve for the release of social pressures, it ameliorates the social costs inherent to the period of transition and it constitutes an important part of the private sector.
		Estimating the informal economy should be a priority objective of the Bureau of Statistics, which should devote considerable resources to this effort.
	www.financial-portal.com /articles/article075.html (3723 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Vulnerability assessment in Serbia (excluding Kosovo)
		Other recent sources estimate the number of Roma involved in informal sector activities, before the initial steps for the legalisation of the grey economy were taken, to be 90 percent.
		Grey economy activities identified with the Roma population are unskilled, unstable, and not very lucrative.
		The slightly higher income levels of the refugee sample could be interpreted as, primarily, a consequence of their participation in the grey economy.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/ca3049f4c1b55e00c1256bfe0035f8ac (4631 words)

	Pravda.RU:Count All Businessmen, Before It's Too Late!
		It is believed that the 'grey' economy hampers improvement of the 'white,' official economy.
		Judging by world experience, analysts say that in different countries, the transparency of economy and the degree of its freedom correlate with the state of the economy and increase of the GDP share per head.
		Further, the shadow economy is turning into a reserve of the official economy, and when it comes out from the shadow, it strengthens the official economy.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2002/12/04/40372_.html (939 words)

	Bulgaria, a new emerging economy
		The volume of the Bulgarian grey economy was estimated at up to 40% of the Balkan country's GDP.
		Economy Minister Nikolay Vasilev said on 10th June that he expects Bulgaria to be assigned its first investment credit rating soon.
		The economy minister went on to say that with its good macro-economic and business environment, low inflation and GDP growth of 4-5 per cent, Bulgaria gives Spanish businesses good reason to consider a larger-scale presence in Bulgaria.
	www.newnations.com /archive/2003/July/bg.html (1331 words)

	Green Party
		They try to capture the niche of the norm, the average, by adopting policies that satisfy different segments of the population, despite the fact that their policies are self-conflicting.
		The Kyoto Accord is good for the economy: an ecological economy is a healthy economy - an economy where people prosper by engaging in healthy activities and healthy projects.
		Grey begets inevitable doom, so the choice is clear: green is the party of the future.
	www.inspiredeconomies.com /green_party.htm (1725 words)

	Scotsman.com News - Latest News - Croatia's tourism industry takes on grey economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The grey economy, which illegally employs 100,000 people, is believed to suck up between 20 and 25 percent of Croatia's tourist income.
		Analysts say the grey economy accounts for up to 15 percent of the European Union candidate country's total GDP, which grew by 4.3 percent in 2005 to 229 billion kuna ($40.15 billion) thanks to booming investment, tourism and exports.
		Last year the government vowed to crack down on the grey economy, reintroducing financial police to control the payment of taxes and other duties.
	news.scotsman.com /latest.cfm?id=825642006 (877 words)

	LABOUR-ARGENTINA: The 'Black' and 'Grey' Economy
		Meanwhile, a grey economy also began to emerge in the 1980s as a way for the state itself to justify hiring professionals who were paid high fees.
		Although workers in the fl economy often receive a monthly income that they can count on, they are not officially employees in the companies that contract them, which thus do not make contributions to the social security system on their behalf.
		But these nominally self-employed workers are not part of the fl economy either, since they themselves must assume the cost of registration in the social security system and make the payments towards their retirement pensions as a condition for receiving their professional fees, which consist of a previously agreed-upon sum.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=30551 (883 words)

	Travel Tips Of Poland
		As the largest economy in ex-Soviet eastern Europe, the fate of Poland was, and still is, central to that of the whole region.
		Over the next two years the economy suffered mild recession, but by the end of 2003 growth had reached 3.4 per cent and is still rising.
		This, in turn, has led to the growth of a large informal or ‘grey’ economy, in which as many as 2 million people may be engaged.
	www.southtravels.com /europe/poland/economy.html (458 words)

	Grey District, Industry, West coast New Zealand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For a long time, the economy was underpinned by the exploitation of natural resources such as timber, gold, coal and fish.
		The Grey District is within the catchment area of the Westland Co-operative Dairy Company – one of the most successful independents in New Zealand.
		The West Coast and the Grey District are part of the 'Challenger' fishery area – one of the richest for fishing in New Zealand.
	www.greydistrict.co.nz /industry.html (1292 words)

	Djelic Announces Cuts In Profit Tax
		Belgrade, Sept. 10, 2002 - Serbian Minister of Finance and Economy Bozidar Djelic announced today that this ministry was going to propose cut in profit tax for companies, from present 20 per cent to 14 per cent.
		‘Speaking of oppressing grey economy, a new law on tax procedure is prepared.
		He announced legal changes in areas of intellectual property theft, show business, real estate market and all areas infamous for their ties with the grey economy.
	www.invest-in-serbia.com /archive/2002_09/2002_09_10_2.htm (324 words)

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