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	MTU-VP Bardarbunga/Grimsvotn Volcanoes, Iceland - Report 001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A subglacial eruption near the Bardarbunga and Grimsvotn volcanoes in Iceland.
		The melt water is draining into the Grimsvotn caldera and raising the ice shelf on the caldera lake.
		The present eruption is a continuation of a remarkable series of seismic and magmatic events in the Vatnajokull area that began in 1995: July 1995: A glacier flood from a subglacial geothermal area on Loki Ridge (Eastern Cauldron) NW of Grimsvotn.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/iceland/vatnajokull/gvn/notice.001.html (470 words)

	grimsvotn_eruption2004
		The Grimsvotn center is the more active of the two with an eruption frequency during past centuries close to one eruption per decade.
		As Bardarbunga the Grimsvotn center is a part of a a fissure system which includes the Laki fissure, which in 1783 produced about 12-14 km3 of basaltic lava.
		Within the ice filled Grimsvotn caldera intense geothermal activity continuously melts the ice to form a subglacial lake, which at intervals of 5 to 10 years is emptied along subglacial channels to create large floods (jökulhlaup) on the sandur plain, Skeidararsandur, on the Icelandic south coast.
	www.norvol.hi.is /html/grimsvotn2004/grimsvotneruption_1.html (399 words)

	WDCGC >> The volcanic sequence of the subglacial eruption in Vatnajökull, Iceland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Grimsvotn centre is the more active of the two with an eruption frequency during past centuries close to one eruption per decade.
		As Bardarbunga the Grimsvotn centre is a part of a a fissure system which includes the Laki fissure, which in 1783 produced about 12-14 km3 of basaltic lava.
		Within the ice filled Grimsvotn caldera intense geothermal activity continuously melts the ice to form a subglacial lake, which at intervals of 5 to 10 years is emptied along subglacial channels to create large floods (jökulhlaup) on the alluvial plain, Skeidararsandur (literally "Spoon River Sands"), on the Icelandic south coast.
	wdcgc.spri.cam.ac.uk /jokulhlaup/sequence.html (1230 words)

	Volunteers in Háteigskirkja (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The exact location of the eruption was Grimsvotn, which is on the western portion of Vatnajokull, Europe's largest glacier.
		We believe it could open a part of the Grimsvotn mountain side, causing the release of some magma, though this can not be confirmed without visual identification," explained Oli Thor Arnarsson, Forecaster on duty at the Meteorological Office.
		Grimsvotn lies on the Atlantic Rift, the meeting of the Euro and American continental plates.
	www.blogg.is /evs/2004-11-03/16.54.18 (312 words)

	Planet Diary Archive 2004 - Volcano - Icelandic Volcano Erupts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The glacier-covered Grimsvotn volcano, found in a remote part of eastern Iceland, erupted this week.
		Grimsvotn is one of several active volcanoes in Iceland.
		Grimsvotn last erupted in 1998, but its history of eruptions goes back more than 1,000 years.
	www.phschool.com /science/planetdiary/archive04/volc3110604.html (252 words)

	Between Ice and Fire
		The expedition was planned that year to sample the water chemistry of the lake that forms in the volcano’s crater, under a 250-meter-thick cap of ice.
		At Poas volcano in Costa Rica from 1987-90, she and graduate student Gary Rowe had mapped the circulation of water through the volcano based on the chemistry of the crater lake and that of the various briney springs and seeps around the volcano’s base.
		hen the Grimsvotn magma is still deep underground, according to Agustsdottir’s thesis, most of its fluorine and sulfur stay bottled, while up to 88 percent of its chlorine and up to 100 percent of the carbon escape.
	www.rps.psu.edu /edchoice/icefire93.html (2561 words)

	Wordforge - [NEWS] Awesome power of Iceland volcano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Since then, Grimsvotn volcano has produced a steady stream of ash and lava, with explosions sending ash up to 12,000m (40,000 feet) in the air.
		Officials say people or homes are not at risk from the eruption of Grimsvotn, which is in an unpopulated area of the island.
		Grimsvotn last erupted six years ago and before that in 1995 and 1993, causing flooding.
	www.wordforge.net /forum/printthread.php?t=11882 (377 words)

	Iceland - Volcanoes
		Grimsvotn is the most active central volcano of Iceland.
		Grimsvotn lies under Vatnajokull and is located near a Triple Point - a point where three crustal plates meet (actually there is a small microplate in southern Iceland, which is "stuck" between the American and Eurasian plates).
		Grimsvotn last erupted in 1998, but in 1996 a new volcanic ridge, Gjalp, was formed under the glacier.
	www.icefolk.com /volcano.html (2983 words)

	fire ice renewal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		At first the fire and ice together produced violent steam explosions and towering eruption columns, but as the ice was melted back the eruptions settled down into a combination of basaltic ash and fiery fountains of molten lava.
		Grimsvotn’s recent belch reminds us that the volcanic rending of Iceland is inexorable.
		Inch by inch the western part of the island moves west and the eastern part moves east and the middle is filled by new born crust filling in the middle.
	www.krsh.com /morningshow/blindedarchive/fireicerenewal.htm (843 words)

	GRIMSVOTN INTERIOR, GLACIER VATNAJOKULL, ICELAD INTERIOR, VOLCANISM IN ICELAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Grimsvotn, under the centre of the Vatnajokull Ice Cap, is a large central volcano about 45 km from its western edge and 50 km from the northern one.
		The last major floodings (glacier burst) were caused by the 1996 eruption to the west of the main volcano, when road and bridges across the alluvial plain Skeidararsandur were damaged.
		The oldest source mentioning the Grimsvotn Area is a letter from Skalholt’s Schoolmaster Olafur Einarsson, but the area was lost for decades for the lack of communications across the ice cap.
	www.lastminute.is /travelguideeng/grimsvotn.htm (497 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Iceland’s Grimsvotn Volcano Erupts
		Iceland’s Grimsvotn Volcano began erupting on November 2, 2004, forcing officials to divert air traffic from the region to prevent ash from damaging aircraft engines.
		Melting water fills the lake, and when levels are high enough, the water lifts the ice dam, draining the lake.
		Grimsvotn Lake drained in mid-October, lifting some of the pressure from the volcano.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16719 (331 words)

	Eruption 96 - Chronological Account (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		September 30 Swarm spreads further south to the Grimsvotn caldera.
		At the southern end of the fissure there is evidence of the subglacial channel which runs from the fissure to the lake.
		Image 13, from October 6th 1996, shows and additional north-south feature between the two calderas with is the erupting fissure, and a meandering line connecting the fissure with Grimsvotn to the south, this is the depression above the subglacial channel.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~rallen/ICELAND/eruption96/chronaccount.html (1166 words)

	3520 Essay
		The large jokulhlaup of 1996 at Grimsvotn in Iceland was the result of a volcanic eruption.
		It is thought the geothermal energy under the glacier in Grimsvotn lake is declining, causing a decrease in volume of discharge of the jokulhlaups.
		In Grimsvotn, an enclosed basin, water cannot escape under normal conditions so it collects over the years, the water level rises and eventually reaches the critical level and a jokulhlaup occurs.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~geo027/gg3520/atessay.htm (2969 words)

	SoloIce3 Expedition: 2004
		He is at the southern edge of Grimsvotn.
		Grimsvotn is a roughly 8 kilometer (5-mile)-wide steam cauldron caused by a volcano about 460 meters (1500 feet) below the icecap surface: the volcano is active, and it melts the ice, weakening it to create a steaming bowl.
		Cameron must thread a roughly 1.6 kilometer (1-mile)-wide gap of moderate terrain between Grimsvotn and Haabunga in order to make it to the inland ice.
	www.soloice.com /chuckcom28feb.html (119 words)

	BreakingNews.ie - 2004/11/02: Volcano erupts in Iceland
		No evacuations were needed in the unpopulated area around Grimsvotn mountain in eastern Iceland, the Meteorological Office said, but observation of any damage was impossible because heavy winds and rains reduced visibility in the area.
		The eruption was believed to have been caused by expansion of a lake underneath the Vatnajokull glacier.
		We believe it could open a part of the Grimsvotn mountain, causing the release of some magma, though this cannot be confirmed without visual identification,” said Oli Thor Arnarsson at the Meteorological Office.
	archives.tcm.ie /breakingnews/2004/11/02/story173902.asp (237 words)

	First Days
		The Bardarbunga centre is a part of a fissure system extending over 100 km to the south and some 50 km to the north of the glacier.
		The present eruption fissure is located between these two volcanic centres with a direction parallel to the regional tectonic lineament.
		The subglacial topography directs melt water from the erupting fissure towards the Grimsvotn caldera which is rapidly filling.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/eco/616/bardab96/bardab.html (606 words)

	Grimsvotn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		From December 18 to 28, 1998 a 1300-meter-long fissure eruption took place on the south edge of Grimsvotn Caldera, much of which is buried beneath the Vatnajokull Ice Cap.
		The ash and steam column reached heights of 10 kilometers.
		This eruption occurred 10 kilometers south of the 1996 Gjalp subglacial eruption that melted 3 cubic kilometers of ice, causing a huge glacial outburst flood that destroyed the road and communication lines across southern Iceland.
	www.doubledeckerpress.com /Grimsvotn.htm (74 words)

	Grimsvotn Caldera, Iceland
		The eruption was preceded by an unusual sequence of earthquakes.
		Current Activity: An eruption began within the caldera of the subglacial Grimsvotn volcano, Vatnajokull ice cap in Central Iceland, at 09:20 Dec. 18, 1998.
		The eruption vents were on a short fissure located on the southern caldera fault, similar to the 1983 and 1934 eruptions.
	users.bendnet.com /bjensen/volcano/atlantic/iceland-grimsvotn.html (410 words)

	Supertrax International
		CJ says there was no doubt something was going on under the ice at Grimsvotn when he was there as steam was coming off nearby bare patches and the two buildings were heated by ample steam vents rising up underneath.
		Just about three months later to the day, on November 2nd, the slumbering giant under the ice decided to blow and the place known as Grimsvotn disappeared, becoming a huge volcanic caldera similar to an eruption in the same area in 1996.
		The resulting plume of smoke and ash was easily seen from space on the EROS satellite network and gasses and dust were detected as far away as Norway.
	www.supertraxmag.com /article.asp?nid=107 (275 words)

	situationreport_nov2
		The eruption that started at the subglacial Grimsvotn volcano in the Vatnajokull ice cap, Iceland, on November 1, around 22 GMT (Sigmundsson et al., 2004) is now declining.
		Some explosive activity had occurred in a second ice cauldron near the SE edge of Grimsvotn, 8-km to the east of the main crater.
		These eruptions, together with the 1996 Gjalp eruption north of Grimsvotn reveal much higher activity at Grimsvotn than during the middle part of last century, and may indicate that Grimsvotn is entering into a new period of high volcanic activity that may last for decades.
	www.norvol.hi.is /html/grimsvotn2004/situationreport_nov5.html (719 words)

	volcano iceland 2004 (volcano ieland 2004) information.
		of overburden pressure triggers an eruption of Grimsvotn volcano, Iceland.
		Grimsvotn volcano, Iceland, started erupting on November 1, 2004 around..
		A plume of steam and ash from an eruption of Grimsvotn Volcano, Iceland began about 10 pm Iceland time on November 01, 2004.
	www.wide-find.com /v/volcano_iceland_2004.html (180 words)

	situationreport_nov11
		The composition of the magma is quartz tholeiite, similar to earlier Grimsvotn eruptions.
		This meltwater flowed towards the Grimsvotn subglacial lake which stored about 0.7 km3 of water prior to the onset of the jokulhlaup near the end of October.
		The November 1-6, 2004 eruption of the Grimsvotn volcano was of similar duration as an eruption in 1983, but somewhat shorter than its 1998 eruption that lasted 10 days.
	www.norvol.hi.is /html/grimsvotn2004/situationreport_nov11.html (532 words)

	Fresh Bilge: entry#2711 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Bad weather has hindered access to the crater in recent weeks, but it seems unlikely that any significant events will occur during this eruptive cycle; the mountain is quietly rebuilding after its great blowout.
		Addendum: More information on the 1783 eruption at the Grimsvotn volcanic complex is available at a UND web-page.
		Icelandic volcanoes erupt fluid, basaltic lava like the Hawaiian ones, but there's so much ice on Grimsvotn, and so much water in the porous volcanic rock of all Iceland, that eruptions tend to begin with steam explosions before proceeding to lava effusion.
	bilge.seablogger.com /archives/002711.php (1168 words)

	Íslenski Alpaklúbburinn
		I always felt that reacing Grimsvotn, and passing it (I was starting at Jokulheimar this year), would be a major psychological triumph, and I did not want to get +stuck+ there.
		In whiteout on the evening of the 24th of December, I passed just South of the Grimsvotn hut, travelling 090 magnetic towards my next GPS waypoint.
		Having never been there, and knowing that it is on the edge of a cliff, and not having a partner to be roped to, I decided it would be more dangerous to wander in the area alone, looking for the hut, than to stay put.
	www.isalp.is /art.php?f=9&p=65&PHPSESSID=ded6ddcd450e0d04bc1d7631a4be863e (2210 words)

	ERS-Tandem-Interferometric Observation of Volcano Activities in Iceland
		A large amount of melt water drained into the Grimsvotn Lake, which is located just in the south of the eruption fissure and about 350 m lower than the eruption location.
		The point with the least increase (27 cm increase or 9 fringes) is located near the bottom of Fig.
		The unhomogeneous surface increase of the ice cover in Grimsvotn Lake reveals probably the unhomogeneity of the ice thickness, which however must be further confirmed.
	earth.esa.int /workshops/ers97/papers/thiel (1994 words)

	iceland - tribe.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Release of overburden pressure triggers an eruption of Grimsvotn volcano,
		level in the Grimsvotn caldera lake from ice melting by geothermal activity.
		Background: Grimsvotn volcano (N 64.41°, W 17.33°), situated near the
	www.tribe.net /thread/44018b65-effb-49a9-93f0-aabc1bddee94?tribeid=86dbb58c-3cc5-4003-91d3-f90eeab4b198 (413 words)

	Iceland's subglacial eruption
		The Grimsvotn caldera, which is more than three times the size of the caldera at the summit of Kilauea, last erupted in 1983.
		Rhythmic explosions threw fl ash over 1500 ft into the air, and the eruption plume reached an altitude of 13,000 ft. This activity continued as of October 11, though it appeared that the eruption might be abating slightly.
		Volcanic fumes shrouded the island the entire summer, poisoning the grass crop and triggering a famine that killed 75% of the sheep and horses in the country and ultimately a fifth of the human population.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/1996/96_10_11.html (631 words)

	The Laki and Grimsvotn Eruptions of 1783-1785 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Lakagigar (also called Skaftar) was the vent for the 1783-1784 eruption of Grimsvotn caldera.
		Additional vents of Grimsvotn were active from May 1783 to May 1785.
		In Iceland, the haze lead to the loss of most of the islands livestock (by eating fluorine contaminated grass), crop failure (by acid rain) and the death of 9,000 people, one-quarter of the human residents (by famine).
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/europe_west_asia/laki.html (453 words)

	GVN News
		This time the earthquake was followed by an intense swarm of small earthquakes, that spread out to the neighboring volcanoes Grimsvotn and Hamarinn.
		The glacier is 600 m thick over the eruption site and the cauldrons indicate a flow of water to the Grimsvotn caldera to SE.
		The 1938 eruption is expected to have lasted about 1 week, perhaps longer as it was only observed when it had melted throug the glacier.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/eco/616/bardab96/bardab2.html (1385 words)

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