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Topic: Groans of the Britons

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	Gildas - LoveToKnow 1911
		Two short treatises exist, purporting to be lives of Gildas, and ascribed respectively to the 11th and 12th centuries; but the writers of both are believed to have confounded two, if not more, persons that had borne the name.
		It is from an incidental remark of his own, namely, that the year of the siege of Mount Badon - one of the battles fought between the Saxons and the Britons - was also the year of his own nativity, that the date of his birth has been derived; the place, however, is not mentioned.
		His assertion that he was moved to undertake his task mainly by "zeal for God's house and for His holy law," and the very free use he has made of quotations from the Bible, leave scarcely a.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gildas (488 words)

	Nennius, The Story of the Loss of Briton; translation Wade-Evans, Early English History, primary source online text
		”Britons,” of course, must have been comparatively a recent name for the inhabitants of Wales and the West Country, whose ancestors were the Ordovices, Silures, Dumnonii, etc., as, too, of the inhabitants of Strathclyde, whose ancestors were the Selgovæ, etc., of which ancient peoples our author knew nothing.
		“Britons,” the first general name for the inhabitants of Wales and the West, was a legacy of Rome, cherished by them in the sub-Roman age.
		In other words, the Britons of Strathclyde, Wales, and “Devon,” who historically were the descendants of the ancient Selgovæ, Ordovices, Silures, Dumnonii, etc., are made to have been the progeny of fugitives from the east.
	www.elfinspell.com /NenniusLoss1.html (6814 words)

	Groans of the Britons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rome had withdrawn troops from Britain around 407 and the civilian administration had been expelled by the natives a little later, leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves during increasingly fraught times.
		The reference to being pushed back from the sea may refer to Pictish and Irish raiders who were attacking the former imperial possession.
		Traditionally, the barbarian Saxons were settlers, invited by Vortigern to aid him in battling the Picts but by 442 the Britons had lost control of their guests and Romano-British society was finally breaking down.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons (526 words)

	The History of England, Volume I eBook
		The Britons already subdued by their own fears, found the ramparts but a weak defence for them; and deserting their station, left the country entirely open to the inroads of the barbarous enemy.
		The invaders carried devastation and ruin along with them; and exerted to the utmost their native ferocity, which was not mitigated by the helpless condition and submissive behaviour of the inhabitants [t].
		The Britons thus rejected were reduced to despair, deserted their habitations, abandoned tillage, and flying for protection to the forests and mountains, suffered equally from hunger and from the enemy.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/10574/9.html (421 words)

	[No title]
		As Vortigern, king of the Britons, was sitting upon the bank of the drained pond, the two dragons, one of which was white, the other red, came forth, and, approaching one another, began a terrible fight, and cast forth fire with their breath.
		The greatest injury to the Britons was their own pride, in disdaining to obey the consul's commands; for which reason all their efforts against the enemy were less vigorous and successful.
		The Britons, seeing them, divided their men into several bodies, and advancing towards them, began the attack first, their part being to assault, while the others were only upon the defensive.
	webhost.bridgew.edu /cricciardi/geoffreyAB.doc (20814 words)

	Life In Old Cambridge - Saxon Times: Pagan And Christian The Desolation
		At last, the south Britons in despair, watching the barbarians draw steadily nearer to their last refuge, sent to the Angles and Saxons of the Continent for help, and in 449 A.D. the first Englishmen landed in Kent.
		Where the Britons resisted their towns were burnt, and they themselves enslaved or driven back into those marsh refuges which had sheltered their early ancestors.
		Horrid, ruthless and accursed in the eyes of the Christian Britons, so that none would even try to convert them, superstitious as they were ignorant, they looked with awe and dislike on the walled, four-square Roman cities, and left them to moulder away.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles11/cambridge-4.shtml (3098 words)

	Bede: Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation
		On account of the irruption of these nations, the Britons sent messengers to Rome with letters in mournful manner, praying for succours, and promising perpetual subjection, provided that the impending enemy should be driven away.
		IN the meantime, the aforesaid famine distressing the Britons more and more, and leaving to posterity lasting memorials of its mischievous effects, obliged many of them to submit themselves to the depredators; though others still held out, confiding in the Divine assistance, when none was to be had from men.
		The newcomers received of the Britons a place to inhabit, upon condition that they should wage war against their enemies for the peace and security of the country, whilst the Britons agreed to furnish them with pay.
	www.celtic-twilight.com /anglosaxon/bede/bede_b1p2.htm (3287 words)

	Hume, The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688, vol. 1 (1778): The Online ...
		The Britons – Romans – Saxons –; the Heptarchy – The Kingdom of Kent – of Northumberland – of East–Anglia – of Mercia – of Essex– of Sussex – of Wessex
		The Britons, taking advantage of his absence, were all in arms; and headed by Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, who had been treated in the most ignominious manner by the Roman tribunes, had already attacked with success several settlements of their insulting conquerors.
		The Britons, impelled by these violent extremities, and roused to indignation against their treacherous auxiliaries, were necessitated to take arms; and having deposed Vortigern, who had become odious from his vices, and from the bad event of his rash counsels, they put themselves under the command of his son, Vortimer.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Texts/Hume0129/History/0011-1_Bk.html (14895 words)

	England, A History of; Bede (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In process of time, Britain, besides the Britons and the Picts, received a third nation the Scots, who, migrating from Ireland under their leader, Reuda, either by fair means, or by force of arms, secured to themselves those settlements among the Picts which they still possess.
		There is a very large gulf of the sea, which formerly divided the nation of the Picts from the Britons; which gulf runs from the west very far into the land, where, to this day, stands the strong city of the Britons, called Aicluith.
		In his time, Pelagius, a Briton, spread far and near the infection of his perfidious doctrine against the assistance of the Divine grace, being seconded therein by his associate Julianus of Campania, whose anger was kindled by the loss of his bishopric, of which he had been just deprived.
	www.history-world.org /medieval_sourcebook.htm (12452 words)

	2. Ancient England under the Early Saxons Page 1
		For, the Romans being gone, and the Britons being much reduced in numbers by their long wars, the Picts and Scots came pouring in, over the broken and unguarded wall of SEVERUS, in swarms.
		As if the Picts and Scots were not bad enough on land, the Saxons attacked the islanders by sea; and, as if something more were still wanting to make them miserable, they quarrelled bitterly among themselves as to what prayers they ought to say, and how they ought to say them.
		At last, the Britons, unable to bear their hard condition any longer, resolved to make peace with the Saxons, and to invite the Saxons to come into their country, and help them to keep out the Picts and Scots.
	www.web-books.com /Classics/Dickens/Child/Child02_1.htm (602 words)

	From Dickens' A Child's History of England
		Such was the improved condition of the ancient Britons, fifty-five years before the birth of Our Saviour, when the Romans, under their great General, Julius Cæsar, were masters of all the rest of the known world.
		However, for once that the bold Britons beat him, he beat them twice; though not so soundly but that he was very glad to accept their proposals of peace, and go away.
		Before the first charge of the Britons was made, BOADICEA, in a war-chariot, with her fair hair streaming in the wind, and her injured daughters lying at her feet, drove among the troops, and cried to them for vengeance on their oppressors, the licentious Romans.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/Dickenshistory.htm (4632 words)

	Christian Network
		How in the reign of Theodosius the younger, in whose time Palladius was sent to the Scots that believed in Christ, the Britons begging assistance of Aetius, the consul, could not obtain it.
		How the Britons, compelled by the great famine, drove the barbarians out of the their territories, and soon after there ensued, along with abundance of corn, decay of morals, pestilence, and the downfall of the nation.
		IN the meantime, the aforesaid famine distressing the Britons more and more, and leaving to posterity a lasting memory of its mischievous effects, obliged many of them to submit themselves to the depredators; though others still held out, putting their trust in God, when human help failed.
	www.cnetwork.co.uk /ven8.html (433 words)

	Roman Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first expedition, more a reconnaissance than a full invasion, gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but, undermined by storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry, was unable to advance further.
		A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons themselves, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration.
		However, under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Britain (5763 words)

	Gildas
		It is from an incidental remark of his own, namely, that the year of the siege of Mount Badon -- one of the battles fought between the Saxons and the Britons -- was also the year of his own nativity, that the date of his birth has been derived; the place, however, is not mentioned.
		His assertion that he was moved to undertake his task mainly by "zeal for God's house and for His holy law", and the very free use he has made of quotations from the Bible, leave scarcely a doubt that he was an ecclesiastic of some order or other.
		With one exception already alluded to, no dates are given, and events are not always taken up in the order of their occurrence.
	www.nndb.com /people/466/000096178 (491 words)

	How Empires Really End - Mises Institute
		Moreover, as late as 470 a.d.—when the Saxons had supposedly started their "ethnic cleansing"—it was a contingent of 12,000 Britons under King Riothamus (tentatively identified by some as Vortigern’s disobedient warrior son, Vortimer) which is said to have sailed up the Loire in the unsuccessful effort to succor the Emperor Anthemius against his Gothic foes.
		But, at heart they remained Britons and, beyond even that broad classification, they were individual acting humans, each driven to provide for himself and his family through working to satisfy their needs.
		In their labors, these Britons were aided by the use of what capital they had and they appreciated the benefits which came from specializing in a trade.
	www.mises.org /fullstory.aspx?Id=1656 (4020 words)

	The Anglo-Saxons
		It was long believed that the Anglo-Saxons actually drove out or exterminated the Celtic Britons; English place names and the English language show a remarkable lack of Celtic influence.
		The appeal, known as the 'Groans of the Britons', is the death rattle of Roman Britain.
		With Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex at the forefront, the Anglo-Saxons resumed their relentless drive westwards, confining the Britons to what is known in modern times as the 'Celtic Fringe'.
	www.fernweb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /mf/anglosax.htm (1364 words)

	1066: A Medieval Mosaic (Medieval Mosaic)
		The poor Britons, falling back before these crowds of fighting men whom they had innocently invited over as friends, retired into Wales and the adjacent country; into Devonshire, and into Cornwall.
		Kent is the most famous of the seven Saxon kingdoms, because the Christian religion was preached to the Saxons there (who domineered over the Britons too much, to care for what they said about their religion, or anything else) by AUGUSTINE, a monk from Rome.
		KING ETHELBERT, of Kent, was soon converted; and the moment he said he was a Christian, his courtiers all said they were Christians; after which, ten thousand of his subjects said they were Christians too.
	www.1066.co.nz /library/childs_history/chap02.htm (1485 words)

	History.UK.com Time Line
		According to the Venerable Bede, a chronicler writing in the Eighth Century, the country was suffering from a famine and the raider assaults dwindled supplies to famishing levels.
		The Britons appealed to the Commander of the Roman Armies, Aetius, for help in defending their land.
		The letter was known as the Groans of the Britons.
	www.history.uk.com /timeline/index.php?date=446 (153 words)

	Dalriadic Scots (500-846 AD) - DBA 61a
		The balance of this period is not well recorded, although it is believed that the rise of Christianity and the power of Columba and his successors exercised in non-secular matters encouraged relative peace and prosperity between Dalriada and her neighbors, the Picts to the east and north, and the Britons to the south.
		Dalriada and the Picts fought unsuccessfully for independence, the Picts suffering a massive defeat in which their dead were reputed to lie so thick in two rivers that the Northumbrians could walk dry-shod from bank to bank.
		Oengus continued his aggressive expansion southward until defeated by the Strathcylde Britons at the battle of Catohic (Mocetauc) near Glasgow in 750 AD In 768 AD, King Aed Fin lead a Dalriadian army into the southern Pictish province of Fortriu and fought a battle the outcome of which is not known.
	fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/var61a.html (2260 words)

	An Island Story
		If the Britons had been less brave than they were, they would have been very badly beaten, for the Romans wore strong armor and carried shields made of steel, while the Britons had little armor, if any at all, and their shields were made of wood covered with skins of animals.
		But the Britons did not mean to let their country be conquered a second time, so they rebelled against Vortigern and chose his son Vortimer to be king.
		THE Britons were very glad to see the last of these heathen Saxons, and Vortimer began to restore order, and rebuild the towns and churches, which Hengist and Horsa and their men had destroyed.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/marshall/england/england-all.html (20996 words)

	Chapter 8.
		Fierce and brave as the Britons were, they were no match for the Picts and Scots.
		The Romans, you remember, called the Britons barbarians, and now the Britons in their turn called the Picts and Scots barbarians.
		It was a very sad and miserable time for Britain, till at last a wise king called Constantine began to reign, and he succeeded in driving the Picts and Scots back into their own country.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/marshall/england/england-8.html (1327 words)

	Throughout the whole of the lands conquered by the Völkerwanderung
		It was, however, thought that the Anglo-Saxons either exterminated the Celtic Britons or drove them out, whereas it is now thought that the Anglo-Saxons imposed themselves upon the native Britons and slowly stifled their existing culture, which would explain the lack of Celtic influence!
		There is no doubt that many Britons did flee from the heathens that were advancing upon their country.
		Gildas recorded that around this time sent an appeal know as “Groans of the Britons” to a powerful Roman warlord that was almost certainly Aëtius.
	www.nimues-realm.freeservers.com /anglo-saxons.htm (1116 words)

	Cannabis Strains - CannabisPhotography.com \| The Green Stock Photo Collection
		Bede's Historia ecclesiastica relies heavily on Gildas for its account of the Anglo-Saxon invasions, and draws out the implications of Gildas's thesis of loss of divine favour by the Britons to suggest that this favour has in turn passed to the now Christianised Anglo-Saxons.
		In the later Old English period, Gildas's writing provides a major model for Alcuin's treatment of the Viking invasions, and particular his letters relating to the sack of Lindisfarne in 793.
		Gildas and The History of the Britons commentary from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Volume 1, 1907â“21.
	www.cannabisphotography.com /cannabis-strains.php?title=Gildas (1057 words)

	Arthurian Passages from Geoffrey of Monmouth
		I.--Gratian, being advanced to the throne, is killed by the common people.
		III.--The Britons are again cruelly harassed by Guanius and Melga.
		"Your majesty can be no stranger to the misery which we, your Britons, have suffered (which may even demand your tears), since the time that Maximian drained our island of its soldiers, to people the kingdom which you enjoy, and which God grant you may long enjoy in peace.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/geofhkb.htm (20675 words)

	arthurian.html
		Gratian, being advanced to the throne, is killed by the common people.
		Chapter 2: Guethelin's speech to the Britons when the Romans left them.
		Chapter 3: The Britons are again cruelly harassed by Guanius and Melga.
	www.cas.sc.edu /hist/faculty/edwardsk/films/reader/arthurian.html (21018 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Bede: Ecclesiastical History of England I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		IN the year of our Lord's incarnation 156, Marcus Antoninus Verus, the fourteenth from Augustus, was made emperor, together with his brother, Aurelius Commodus.
		An infinite number of the poorer sort watched day and night before the cottage; some to heal their souls, and some their bodies.
		For he conquered more territories from the Britons, either making them tributary, or driving the inhabitants clean out, and planting English in their places, than any other king or tribune.
	world.std.com /obi/Bede/book1.html (14263 words)

	Clan Information
		family is shown in the ancient manuscripts and cartularies as tracing their ancestry to Strathclyde Briton origin.
		The notable MCKISSICK family is shown in the ancient manuscripts and cartularies as tracing their ancestry to Dalriadian origin.
		Oengus continued his aggressive expansion southward until defeated by the Strathcylde Britons at the battle of Catohic (Mocetauc) near
	www.dbcity.com /jam/geneology/McKissick_History.htm (3329 words)

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