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Topic: Sejm of Grodno

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	Sejm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sejm or Seym (pronounced: [sɛjm]) is the name of the lower house of the Polish parliament.
		Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		The General Sejm (Polish Sejm Generalny or Sejm Walny), first convoked by the king John I Olbracht in 1493 near Piotrków, evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings (sejmiks, especially from sejmik generaly), which arose from the 1454 statute of Nieszawa, granted to the szlachta by King Casimir IV the Jagiellonian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sejm (1691 words)

	Liberum veto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This rule evolved from a unanimity principle, and the latter from the federative character of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was essentially a federation of countries.
		Each deputy to a Sejm was elected at a local regional sejm (sejmik) and represented the entire region.
		In the first half of the 18th century, it became increasingly common for Sejm sessions to be broken up by liberum veto, as the Commonwealth's neighbors — chiefly Russia and Prussia — found this a useful tool to frustrate attempts at reforming and strengthening the Commonwealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberum_veto (389 words)

	Lost Jewish Worlds - Grodno, Section 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Important sessions of the Polish Sejm were held in Grodno: the “Silent Sejm” (1793), which was forced to approve the second partition of the country; and the Sejm of 1795, prior to the third partition, after which Grodno was annexed to the Russian Empire.
		The Grodno rabbi supervised the rabbis of the other communities and was their supreme arbiter; the rabbis of the three principal communities were signatories to the Council’s constitution.
		Grodno was famed for its scholars and for the high reputation of its rabbis, who headed the yeshivah and served as signatories for the statutes of the Council of Lithuanian Jewry.
	www.grodnoonline.com /lost_worlds/section_1_test.html (4376 words)

	Grodno, Belarus
		In the 1740s, a controversy broke out between the communities of Grodno and Keidan of Zamot with regard to the territorial boundaries of their jurisdiction, and it was decided that the boundary between the two regions would be set at the upper line of the Nieman river.
		The community of Grodno exerted its influence, and took upon itself to act in defense in judgements and matters concerning the wellbeing of the Jews of Lithuania and Poland in general – in the area of libels against their fellow Jews and the prevention and annulment of evil decrees against them.
		This was because Grodno served on occasion as the seat of the Lithuanian Tribunal (the highest court of appeal, which had the power to decide in many matters with the concurrence of the Sejm).
	www.jewishgen.org /yizkor/grodno/gro032.html (5738 words)

	Sejm \| Topic Definition \| Find the Meaning and Define the Answer of Sejm
		Before the 20th century, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1567-1795), the term "Sejm" referred to the entire three-chamber Polish parliament, comprising the lower house (Chamber of Deputies; Polish: Izba Poselska), the upper house (Senate; Polish: Senat) and the King.
		After 1567 Union of Lublin, the Kingdom of Poland was transformed into the federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Sejm was increased with the inclusion of the deputies from Lithuanian Sejmiks.
		Since 1673 each third Sejm was to take place in Grodno in Lithuania.
	www.thefreeencyclopedia.com /definition/word.aspx?w=Sejm (1598 words)

	Constitutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		According to the "Nihil Novi" constitution of 1505, a law passed by the Sejm had to be agreed by the three estates sitting there: the King, the lords of the council (the Senate) and deputies of the landed gentry (the House of Deputies).
		From the end of the 16th century, the constitutions they signed were printed and--stamped with the royal seal and bearing the signatures of the Sejm speaker and the chancellor--sent to the chancelleries of the municipal councils of all Provinces and lands of the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		In the 18th century (1732-1782), all the Sejm constitutions from the 14th to the 18th century were published in eight volumes under the general title of "Volumina Legum," by Stanisław Konarski and Józef Załuski.
	www.senat.gov.pl /k4eng/historia/noty/nota16e.htm (560 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Sejm
		A lower house, Sejm proper, of 54 deputies (Polish poseand#322;, representing and elected by the local sejmiki)
		In 1791, the "Great" or Four-Year Sejm of 1788andndash;1792 adopts the May 3rd Constitution at Warsaw's Royal Castle (rebuilt in the 1970s after its deliberate destruction by the Germans in World War II).
		Copies of them still had to be sent to municipal councils (urzand#281;dy grodzkie) throughout the country, where they were entered or - more commonly - incorporated in their printed form in the municipal registers (ksiand#281;gi grodzkie).
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=sejm (1607 words)

	Herbarz Polski (A) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He had a son, Kazimierz Stefan, chamberlain of Grodno, and later, marshal, was deputized by the Sejm of 1690 to the tribunal of the treasury, and in 1697, to the tribunal of Vilno.
		Jan, subprefect of Grodno, leaseholder of the keys of Jeziersk, Satandzk and Kotra, was honored with a personal letter from the Queen Anna, during the period following the death of her father King Zygmunt August, when the Republic assigned lands to her in 1573.
		at the Grodno Sejm in 1793; was king's chamberlain, captain from Starodub County, and subprefect of Wilczat.
	www.pgsa.org /heraldry/herbarzA.htm (6839 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Virtuti Militari
		Although on November 23, 1793, the Sejm of Grodno reintroduced the decoration, on January 7, 1794 it was again banned on the insistence of Catherine II of Russia.
		On March 25, 1933, the Sejm passed a new Virtuti Militari Act (Ustawa o Orderze Virtuti Militari) which modified the shape of all the crosses and extended the privileges granted to VM recipients by the previous act of 1919.
		On October 16, 1992, the Polish Sejm passed a new Virtuti Militari Act, based on the act of 1933.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Virtuti_Militari (2611 words)

	History of the Polish Senate
		1510 The Sejm decrees that an affront to a senator is the equivalent of lese-majeste
		1793 The Sejm in Grodno annuls the Third of May Constitution and institutes joint debates of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, i.e.
		It was dissolved together with the Sejm, when the latter decided to dissolve itself in October 1991.
	www.senat.gov.pl /k4eng/historia/noty/nota6e.htm (1450 words)

	Hrodna - Dangeruss-Industries.com
		An important centre of trade, commerce, and culture, Grodno remained one of the places where the Sejms were held.
		It was in Grodno on November 25 of that year that the last Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski abdicated.
		During the Polish Defence War of 1939, the garrison of Grodno was mostly used for creation of numerous military units fighting against the invading Wehrmacht.
	www.dangeruss-industries.com /results/Grodno.html (1114 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Tadeusz Kosciuszko
		One of the first acts of the new parliament assumed the creation of a 100 000 men strong army to defend the borders of Poland against her aggressive neighbours.
		On January 13, 1793, Prussia and Russia signed the Third Partition of Poland, which was ratified by the Sejm of Grodno on June 17.
		Such an outcome was a giant blow for the members of Targowica confederation who saw their actions as defence of centuries-old privileges of the magnates, but now were regarded by the majority of Polish population as traitors.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Tadeusz_Kosciuszko (2567 words)

	Pulaskis of the Slepowron Crest
		His first election to the Sejm was in 1733 and he was among those signing the election document of Stanislaw Leszczynski.
		He took part in the Grodno Sejm of 1744, and in 1748 he represented the Ciechanow area at the "Boni Ordinis" Sejm where he was a leading representative for the Czartoryski faction.
		Even so, in 1793 Antoni wrote a new Sejm constitution which invalidated and annulled the decree that was issued in connection with the attempt on the life of the king.
	www.poles.org /Gorzynski.html (3972 words)

	Articles - Partitions of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The local land assemblies refused to elect Deputies to the Sejm, and after great difficulties less than half of the regular number of representatives came to attend the session led by Adam Lodzia Poninski, the commander of the Malta Order, a cynic and notorious gambler.
		The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented.
		On September 18, 1773, the Committee formally signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of Poland to the occupied territories.
	www.shreka.com /articles/Partitions_of_Poland (1002 words)

	PARTITIONS OF POLAND FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After having occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded that King Stanislaus and the Sejm approve their action.
		In order to prevent the disruption of the Sejm and the defeat of the purpose of the invaders he undertook to turn the regular Sejm into a Sejm of a Confederacy, where majority rule prevailed.
		In spite of the dramatic efforts of Tadeusz Reytan, Samuel Korsak and others to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Michael Radziwill and the Bishops Mlodzieyowski, Massalski, and Ostrowski, who occupied high positions of State.
	www.mrdefine.com /Partitions_of_Poland (974 words)

	Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Washington, D.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Warsaw, Dec. 1: Sejm Speaker Jozef Oleksy met with the visiting delegation of the Bundestag Foreign Affairs Committee headed by Volker Ruehe, the Sejm chancellery reported.
		The idea is to acquaint Grodno authorities with municipal reforms introduced in Bialystok over the past dozen years or so, and the operation of local government in Germany.
		Grodno Mayor Alexander Antonenko presented to the conference renovation work carried out in Grodno's old town as tourism is one of priority goals of the town.
	www.polandembassy.org /News/Biuletyny_news/News_2004/p2004-12-01.htm (1935 words)

	Pinkas Hakehillot Polin: Dabrowa Gornicza
		In the results of the elections to the “Sejm” [Polish parliament] and the city council the influence of the Zionist and Orthodox groups was noticeable.
		In the elections to the “Sejm” that took place in that year the “Minority Bloc” received 927 votes, the Hirszgrin-Prilocki party (a combined “Agudat Yisrael” and “Folkistim” party) – 544 votes, “Poale Zion” – 196 votes and the “Bund” – 123 votes.
		In the city council elections that took place in 1939 the Polish Left gained a large victory in Dabrowa Górnicza and received 25 representatives, as against the two for the OZN (the ruling party – “Sanacja”).
	www.jewishgen.org /yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol7_00131.html (3801 words)

	Lida
		Then, Lida was part of Lithuania guberniya in 1797 and Grodno guberniya in 1801.
		The first mention of a Jewish kahal was in 1623, when the Councils of the Lands subordinated Lida (defined as a medium-sized "local settlement) to the Grodno kahal.
		YAD VASHEM: 54669, Hebrew, 14 Jan 1952, KAMINSKI, Eliezer: escape from Grodno to the partisans in the neighborhood of SZCZUCZYN; continuous war against a group of national Polish partisans in the neighborhood of LIDA; in the partisan group from Grodno in the forest of Nimnitshin
	www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org /Lida-District/lida-encyc.htm (3027 words)

	PolishRoots - Herbarz Polski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He had a son, Kazimierz Stefan, chamberlain of Grodno, and later, marshal, was deputized by the Sejm of 1690 to the tribunal of the treasury, and in 1697, to the tribunal of Wilno.
		commander-in-chief of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, subprefect of' Grodno and Mohilów.
		land judge of Grodno, was also a Sejm delegate; a deputy, four times; and tribunal scribe.
	www.polishroots.org /herbarz/alexandrowicz.htm (1421 words)

	All words on Virtuti Militari
		On July 10, 1990, President of Poland Wojciech Jaruzelski cancelled the Grand Cross given to Leonid Brezhnev on July 21, 1974.
		On October 16, 1992, the Polish Sejm passed a new Virtuti Militari Act, which was based on the act of 1933.
		It also restored the Chapter of Virtuti Militari banned by the communist authorities and at the same time accepted all medals given by both the Polish government in exile and the Soviet-backed authorities in Poland.
	www.allwords.org /vi/virtuti-militari.html (3035 words)

	PGSA - Herbarz Polski (Bi)
		- Antoni, His Majesty's chamberlain, was a representative at the 1784 sejm in Grodno.
		But later, as the descendants of this house rose to greater and greater honors and wealth, they abandoned the true faith and were infected by the Lutheran heresy, in which they died, and so the whole family declined.
		The information given by Blessed Izajasz Boner's biographer, that the Nowina or Zlotogolenczyk arms were granted to Mikolaj Boner at the Hrodelski sejm (Dryacki in Vita B. Boner), should not be ascribed to these Boners in any case, for the reason mentioned above.
	www.pgsa.org /Hearldry/herbarzBi.htm (6575 words)

	Lenkijos Respublikos Ambasada Vilniuje
		1505 - The Sejm of Radom passes the Nihil Novi statute, granting privileges to the nobility.
		1791 - The Great Sejm passes a Government Decree - the Constitution of the Third of May. The second modern constitution in the world (after American), it transformed Poland into a constitutional monarchy, granted political rights to burghers and extended legal protection to peasants
		This act is ratified by the last Polish Sejm in Grodno, under the threat of Russian armies
	www.polandembassy.lt /en/istorija.html (3191 words)

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