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Topic: Ground constants

Related Topics

Ground loop (electricity)

Ground (electricity)

Phantom circuit

Phantom loop

Virtual ground

Single wire earth return

Electrostatic shielding

RF shielding

Permittivity

Skin effect

Electricity distribution

Polyphase system

Transformer

MW

Faraday cage

	Ground (electricity) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ground wire is also usually bonded to pipework to keep it at the same potential as the electrical ground during a fault.
		This signal ground may or may not actually be connected to a power ground.
		During dry weather, the ground connection often developed a high resistance, requiring water to be poured on the ground rod to enable the telegraph to work or phones to ring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ground_(electricity) (793 words)

	Ground (electricity)
		An electrical connection to earth via an earth-electrode which can be as simple as a metallic ground rod or stake driven into the earth, a connection to buried metal water piping, or an extensive system of buried rods and wires.
		In an electrical circuit, a common return path that usually (a) is connected to an earth-electrode subsystem and (b) is extended throughout a facility via a facility ground system consisting of the signal reference subsystem, the fault protection subsystem, and the lightning protection subsystem.
		Grounding is primarily used for safety to prevent electric shock or fires started from a voltage potential existing between the earth and a conductor such as an appliance cabinet or chassis.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/ground__electricity_.html (515 words)

	Ground loop (electricity)
		In an electrical system, ground loop refers to an unwanted current that flows in a conductor connecting two points that are nominally at the same potential, i.e., ground, but are actually at different potentials.
		Ground loops can be detrimental to the intended operation of the electrical system.
		Sometimes, performers remove the grounding pin from the electrical wiring to avoid ground loops, however, this creates an electrocution risk; the correct solution is to use isolation transformers,opto-isolators or baluns to avoid a direct electrical connection between the different grounds.
	www.kiwipedia.com /ground-loop--electricity-.html (264 words)

	6.1.1 Determination of the Depth/Structure/Fracture of Bedrock
		To determine the elastic constants, the shear wave and compressional wave velocities have to be measured.
		One method of putting shear wave energy into the ground is to put a long piece of wood on the ground and hold it to the ground by placing the wheels of a vehicle on top of the wood.
		By striking the ground surface with a light hammer, a transient stress wave is created, including surface or Rayleigh waves, which are registered by two transducers placed in line with the impact point on the ground surface at fixed separations.
	www.cflhd.gov /agm/engApplications/SubsurfaceChartacter/621GeophysicalMethodsDeterminePhysicalProperties.htm (4308 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Grounding a sentence increases the number of evaluable literals, but in some cases the benefit of pruning more than offsets the cost of grounding in terms of complexity of the resulting sentence.
		Attempt 1: The first attempt was to apply existential and universal grounding to all of the sentences, then convert the result to clausal form and pass the result to the theorem prover.
		As the universal grounding is only done after the sentences are in clausal form, the second pass through the D step is at most O(k^n) where k is the number of constants of the given type and n is the number of literals in the longest clause.
	www.stanford.edu /~dtarlow/grounding.txt (2157 words)

	Document: GOCE_s1
		Abstract: Ground gravity data from equal-area blocks covering the Earth and from selected calibration areas are used to estimate parameters of an analytic expression of the covariance function.
		Constants: Gravity in calibration area must be in IGSN71 and associated heights must be in a well defined datum.
		Ground data: gravity anomalies, gravity disturbances, deflections of the vertical, height-anomalies from GPS and levelling.
	www.gfy.ku.dk /~cct/GOCE_s2.htm (2103 words)

	MLF high resolution UV spectroscopy
		These constants are directly related to the geometrical structures in both states, giving access to information about intramolecular bond lengths, and in the case of a molecular complexes, intermolecular bond lengths and their changes upon excitation.
		The analysis of the rotational constants of the cluster yielded an O--O distance of the hydrogen bond of 2.93 angstrom in the ground state and 2.89 angstrom in the electronically excited state.
		The rotational constants for the excited states are found to be A = 3231.795 MHz, B = 2207.92 MHz and C = 1313.97 MHz for the A band and A = 3226.945 MHz, B = 2211.24 MHz and C = 1321.03 MHz for the B band.
	www.mlf.science.ru.nl /leo_meerts/uvhigh.html (2637 words)

	Text of MIJ-NSR Volume 3, Article 30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The molecular constants of gaseous Al·NH necessary for estimation of thermodynamic functions are taken from theoretical studies [82] [83].
		Molecular constants of Ga·NH are found by extrapolation of the corresponding constants for the pairs TMA and TMG, TMA·NH and TMG·NH, Al·NH and Ga·NH The formation enthalpy of Ga·NH is calculated using the estimated value of the Ga-NH bond energy.
		Molecular constants of gaseous Ga(CH (or TMG·NH) needed for estimation of the thermodynamic functions are taken from experimental studies [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95].
	nsr.mij.mrs.org /3/30/text.html (3449 words)

	The Sherrill Group: Research: DFT for Spectroscopic Constants
		This work is the first systematic examination of the reliability of DFT for higher-order (anharmonic) constants of ground states comparing several different density functionals with several different basis sets to experiment and to higher-level (coupled-cluster) theory.
		For ground states, density functional theory was found to give reliable predictions of the spectroscopic constants, including those depending on anharmonic terms in the potential energy function.
		Predictions of equilibrium properties are not as accurate for excited states as for ground states, as shown in figures 2-4.
	vergil.chemistry.gatech.edu /research/specconst (526 words)

	Alyx Antenna Guide - A Guide to Antenna Selection
		The radiation pattern in the elevation plane is strongly influenced by the presence of the ground beneath the antenna as the radiated signal is the sum of the signal radiated directly from the antenna and that reflected by the ground.
		The effect of ground depends on various factors such as the electrical constant of the ground, height of the antenna above ground, antenna polarization, geometry of the ground screen and take-off angle.
		A vertically polarized antenna, for example, may require a ground screen, and the nature of the terrain immediately around the antenna under which the ground screen must be buried may influence the exact placement and manner of installation of the antenna.
	www.antenna.be /art4.html (5059 words)

	Correspondence on polarization for mm-wave holography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is a rather hand-waving argument that claims to suggest that, as far as rejecting the reflection of the holography transmitter from the ground is concerned, vertical polarization is indeed a little better than circular.
		For a perfectly conducting ground, RH circularly waves either at normal incidence or at near-grazing incidence will be reflected predominantly as LH circular.
		For typical values of real ground electrical constants, Brewster's angle is around 20 degrees elevation angle, although of course it does vary with different ground properties.
	www.tuc.nrao.edu /~demerson/holocdr/pol.htm (624 words)

	Section
		Computations are based on a dielectric constant of the ground (referred to air as unity) equal to 15 for land and 80 for sea water and for the ground conductivities (expressed in mS/m) given on the curves.
		The value of the inverse distance field to be used for a particular antenna depends upon the power input to the antenna, the nature of the ground in the neighborhood of the antenna, and the geometry of the antenna.
		For other values of dielectric constant, the following procedure may be used to determine the dielectric constant of the ground, the ground conductivity and the inverse distance field strength at 1 kilometer.
	edocket.access.gpo.gov /cfr_2004/octqtr/47cfr73.184.htm (1212 words)

	Definitions:
		Typically the ground and excited states would be electronic or vibronic states with their own rotational structure.
		Since the constant is incremented by a small amount, the wavefunctions of the eigenstates to the first approximation do not change and since the intensities of the transitions stay the same.
		On each iteration of fitting procedure the wavefunction of the each of the state of the assigned line is compared with a set of wavefunctions of eigenstates of Hamiltonian matrix with the set of good quantum numbers matching those for assigned line.
	www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu /~vstakhur/Manual/manual.htm (4644 words)

	ASCA Recalibration
		These are the "Nagoya Constants", the "old Henke 82 constants", the "AXAF Transmission Grating constants" (also known as "new Henke"), the "old AXAF Constants" (also known as the "PJS Constants"), and the "Alan Owens Constants".
		In the figure for observation 1, the red arc is the set of possible boresight positions on sensor 2 which yield the same flux as the flux derived by assuming that the boresight on sensor 1 is at position "1".
		In the figure, the green arc is the set of possible boresight positions on sensor 2 which yield the same flux as the flux derived by assuming that the boresight on sensor 1 is at position "1" for observation 2.
	lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov /~kcg/new-asca/cal.html (5048 words)

	Mining - Ground Support
		In elastic deformation, there are various constants that relate the magnitude of the strain response to the applied stress.
		numerical constant, named for the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young, that describes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension or compression in only one direction, as in the case of a metal rod that after being stretched or compressed lengthwise returns to its original length.
		Young's modulus is meaningful only in the range in which the stress is proportional to the strain, and the material returns to its original dimensions when the external force is removed.
	www.digistar.mb.ca /minsci/SYSTEMS/grounds/grounds.htm (1147 words)

	First Order Predicate Calculus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A functional term is a n expression formed from an $n$-ary function constant or a functional operator and an appropriate number or terms enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas.
		An interpretation i is a mapping from the constants of the language into a universe of discourse i.
		The meaning of a functional term is the object gotten by applying the function denoted by the function constant in the term to the objects denoted by the arguments in the term.
	logic.stanford.edu /classes/cs157/prev_years/functions.html (751 words)

	[No title]
		The spectroscopic constants were derived by fitting a fifth-degree polynomial in the interatomic distance R times a factor 1/R for six points on the potential curve near the equilibrium distance.
		Besides positive charges on La, the calculated spectroscopic constants (Re, De, (e) are also found to be almost linear in the electronegativity of the halogen elements, i.e., the correlation coefficient is found to deviate by less than 0.007 from the ideal value of one for all cases.
		Moreover the calculated spectroscopic constants (Re, De, (e) are found to be almost linear in the electronegativity of the halogen elements, i.e., the correlation coefficient is found to deviate by less than 0.007 from the ideal value of one for all cases.
	www.uni-koeln.de /math-nat-fak/tcchem/mitarbeiter/cao/cao/lnx.doc (3507 words)

	Structure of the I1 early intermediate of photoactive yellow protein by FTIR spectroscopy - Nature Structural & ...
		Global fit analysis yielded the same apparent time constants for the reactions of the chromophore, the protonation changes of protein side chains and the protein backbone motions, indicating that the light cycle reactions are synchronized.
		The preservation of this ground state hydrogen bond implies that the chromophore's aromatic head group has not moved significantly, which is only possible if the isomerization takes place by flipping not the aromatic ring, but the thioester linkage between the chromophore and the protein.
		The hydrogen bonds of the PYP ground state are preserved in the cryotrapped intermediate and are indicated by red dots.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nsmb/journal/v8/n3/full/nsb0301_265.html (4325 words)

	myElectrical - Wise Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a.
		The grounding electrode establishes a connection to the earth of lowest practical impedance...
		Ground and neutral For uses of the term ground or earth in electricity but outside.
	www.myelectrical.com /pages/wise/wisesearch.aspx?ID=W050305010343&start=1 (263 words)

	Wissenschaftliche Publikationen des AK Meyer
		Configuration expansion by means of nonorthogonal orbitals and application to the ground state and ionized states of methane.
		Spectroscopic constants and dipole moment functions for the ground states of the first-row and second-row diatomic hydrides.
		Ground- and excited-state properties of Li and Li from ab initio calculations with effective core polarization potentials.
	www.uni-kl.de /FB-Chemie/meyer/de_publo.html (1163 words)

	Energetic contribution of non-essential 5[prime] sequence to catalysis in a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme
		Specific interactions of an enzyme with the functional groups of the substrates might not be apparent at the ground state, but are revealed at the transition state (Jencks, 1975; Fersht, 1985).
		Substrate destabilization by electrostatic repulsion in the ground state, which is relieved in the transition state by charge redistribution, has been demonstrated in the Tetrahymena ribozyme (Narlikar et al., 1995).
		However, the influence of different metal ions on the magnitude of base preference leaves open the possibility that a metal ion is interacting with the scissile phosphate or the ribose at the -1 position, and that this interaction is affected indirectly by base identity.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/emboj/journal/v20/n17/full/7593984a.html (5742 words)

	Multicolored Protein Conformation States in the Photocycle of Transducer-Free Sensory Rhodopsin-I -- Szundi et al. 80 ...
		The spectrum of the ground form and the distinct spectral shape of the M-like intermediate were already described above.
		The spectral shapes of the 620-, 587-, and 540-nm components resemble the shapes of the ground form and are skewed Gaussians with 60-, 55-, and 55-nm bandwidths and 0.9, 1.0, and 0.6 relative amplitudes, respectively.
		The concentrations of the intermediates were calculated from the kinetic matrix based on the apparent rates and b-spectra composition of the four-exponential fit, which corresponds to scheme 2.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/80/1/469 (5979 words)

	Self-adjointness of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian for arbitrary coupling constants - Hiroshima (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For arbitrary coupling constants, self-adjointness and essential self-adjointness of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian are proven under a class of ultraviolet cutoffs.
		For arbitrary e the existence of ground states has been proven by Griesemer, Lieb, and Loss [4] under the condition that H el has a ground state...
		15 Ground state of quantum particle coupled to a scalar boson f..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /hiroshima01selfadjointness.html (653 words)

	Ultrafast Dynamics of Phytochrome from the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis, Reconstituted with Phycocyanobilin and ...
		The circle at the barrier symbolizes a distribution of barrier heights leading to a distribution of barrier-crossing rate constants.
		The spectra represent a weighted sum of the respective Pr GSA and the late difference spectrum (constant) as described in the text.
		Shown are the experimental data and fits by a sum of two exponentials, convoluted with the instrumental response function.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/82/2/1004 (6520 words)

	[57.12] Improved Ground State Constants for Molecular Hydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		High resolution spectroscopic instruments from space craft as well as orbiting and ground based telescopes are capable of both high spatial and spectral resolution allowing detailed characterization of individual spectral lines.
		Density shift coefficients are now available for most of the 35 quadrupole lines measured for molecular hydrogen and have been used to compute the zero-density positions of these spectral lines.
		A new set of molecular constants for the ground rotational-vibrational states of H
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v32n3/dps2000/489.htm (208 words)

	Radiation Geophysics - Gamma calculator
		These data are compared to the equivalent ground concentrations (obtained from ground measurements using a properly-calibrated spectrometer) and the sensitivities are calculated for the planned survey height (typically ~120 m).
		The stripping ratios obtained from the calibration procedure are only applicable at ground level, so higher stripping ratios are computed which are valid at the observed STP height.
		The final corrected count rates are converted to equivalent ground concentrations using the sensitivities acquired during the calibration.
	gsc.nrcan.gc.ca /gamma/gcalc_e.php (795 words)

	Re: Full size HF loop: ground vs height (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		You could loosly put this into three categories, a) poor as in sandy soil that has very poor conductivity unless it is wet, b) rich farm land that has high conductivity, and c) water such as a lake or ocean that is very high conductivity.
		It is really a question of whether the ground absorbs or reflects the RF signal from the antenna.
		You need to be aware that it is not just the ground under the antenna, but the ground that is out to about 10 wavelength from the antenna if you want low angle radiation.
	www.antennex.com /storage/discussion/_disc98_99/000000ae.htm (249 words)

	Asgard: Project Description
		The task of finding ground states of spin-glass systems is a well known problem of statistical physics.
		We also use spin glass instances where the coupling constants are generated according to a zero-mean Gaussian distribution with unit variance or according to a sum of two symmetrically located Gaussian distributions.
		To ensure that a correct ground state was found for each system, we verified the results using the Spin Glass Ground State Server.
	www.asgard.ethz.ch /day/ws0304/hboa (1051 words)

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