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Topic: Ground effect

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	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Ground Effect and WIG Vehicles
		As you might expect, the impact of ground effect increases the closer to the ground that a wing operates.
		Though ground effect has been known since the early days of flight, most pilots regarded it as nothing more than a nuisance that changed the flying qualities of their aircraft during takeoff and landing.
		The potential benefits of ground effect are indeed attractive, but it is unclear whether those benefits are significant enough to warrant construction of large enough vehicles to take full advantage of them.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/aerodynamics/q0130.shtml (2548 words)

	Ground Effect
		These general effects due to the presence of the ground are referred to as "ground effect." Ground effect, then, is due to the interference of the ground (or water) surface with the airflow patterns about the airplane in flight.
		While the aerodynamic characteristics of the tail surfaces and the fuselage are altered by ground effects, the principal effects due to proximity of the ground are the changes in the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing.
		As the wing encounters ground effect and is maintained at a constant lift coefficient, there is consequent reduction in the upwash, downwash, and the wingtip vortices.
	www.faatest.com /books/FLT/Chapter17/GroundEffect.htm (1066 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Ground effect
		Ground effect (or Wing In Ground effect) is a phenomenon of aerodynamics where the flow of air around part of an aircraft or a racing car is interrupted by the ground.
		A common belief is that ground effect is caused by a "cushion" of compressed air between the wing and the ground.
		However, wind tunnel testing and experiments have indicated that while a "cushion" effect is present, ground effect is almost solely due to the ground interrupting the formation of wingtip vortices.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Ground_effect (1070 words)

	Ground effect
		Most pilots, especially of small aircraft, will experience ground effects on landing - in fact the art of landing largely comes down to understanding when these effects need to be taken into account.
		A good landing approach allows for ground effect such that the aircraft flares and is held off in ground effect until it gently decends onto the runway.
		Formula 1 in the late 1970s was the next setting for ground effect in racing cars.
	www.fact-index.com /g/gr/ground_effect.html (764 words)

	Ground effect
		Ground Effect is a condition of improved performance encountered when operating near (within 1/2 rotor diameter) of the ground.
		Increased blade efficiency while operating in ground effect is due to two separate and distinct phenomena.
		This phenomena is due to the partial breakdown and cancellation of ground effect and the return of large vortex patterns with increased downwash angles.
	www.dynamicflight.com /aerodynamics/ground_effect (462 words)

	Wing-in-ground effect air cushion vehicle - Patent 4660670
		The resultant vehicle has the capacity to operate as a fully efficient wing-in-ground effect vehicle or aircraft, to take off from and land on any suitably hard surface, to take off and land on water and to operate efficiently as a high speed waterborne vehicle.
		It is a further object of this invention to enhance the efficiency of an airborne vehicle by propagating the wing-in-ground effect.
		The sidewalls 33 enhance the operation of the vehicle when operating in the airborne wing-in-ground effect mode, and lateral stability is further promoted by the two or more channels formed by the three or more rigid walls giving in effect two or more ground effect air cushions.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4660670.html (4288 words)

	Ground effect on a Bipe
		For ground effect to be a cause the lower wing has to be les then 1/2 chord width above the ground, and providing enough lift to fly the model.
		Ground effect reduces the induced drag and starts to make a significant impact when the wing is less than 1/2 of the WING SPAN above the surface.
		Ground effect is noticeable within one half wingspan of the ground (as mentioned earlier), not merely 1/2 the chord.
	www.rcuniverse.com /forum/fb.asp?m=5203608 (3191 words)

	Expatica — Living in, moving to, or working in Netherlands,plus News in English
		A common misconception about ground effect is that a "bubble" or "cushion" of air forms between the aircraft and ground that somehow prevents the aircraft from landing or even forces the plane upward away from the ground.
		The true cause of ground effect is the influence of the ground on the wing's angle of attack as described above.
		Ground effect does nothing to force an aircraft upward from the ground, it only changes the relative amount of lift and drag that a wing will generate at a given speed and angle of attack.
	www.expatica.com /source/forum_thread.asp?channel_id=1&thread_id=49768&page=11 (3729 words)

	Ground Effect
		Ground effect is an increase in rotor performance due to a reduced induced flow brought about by the presence of the ground (or a large restriction like a helipad or ship etc.) beneath a rotor system.
		Ground effect means that less power is needed to hover near the ground that away from it.
		Ground effect varies based upon the nature of the surface beneath the helicopter.
	www.griffin-helicopters.co.uk /note/groundeffect.htm (174 words)

	Ground effect flying craft with simplified air cushion take-off aid (US6158540)
		A ground effect flying craft utilizing a pressure cavity (10) for low speed support on a static air cushion.
		The cavity is bounded by a streamlined aft body (18), a fore body (24), and side plates (22) which allow for low drag and high lift at cruise speed on a dynamic air cushion.
		A ground effect flying craft comprising a pressure cavity, a lifting and stabilizing means, and at least one power plant driving at least one propulsor, said ground effect flying craft has a fore body, an aft body, an inlet opening, a center of gravity, and right and left side plates;
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06158540__ (648 words)

	Airdisaster.Com Forums - There is no ground-effect in FS
		While you are in ground effect, in real life, the plane lifts off the runway at 45 kts, the plane feels "lighter" and it accelerates like it's got a turbo (less drag because of the ground effect and no attrition of the wheels on the runway I assume).
		It's not so much about ground effect in the sim, it has to do with the modeling of atmospheric conditions that are all but accurate.
		You'll notice that ground speed and air speed will display a considerable difference as soon as the nose rises even in zero-wind conditions and that's abnormal.
	www.airdisaster.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-60731.html (783 words)

	Ground Effect - mountain bike clothing
		Ground Effect was conceived in the early nineties – the precise moment somewhat lost in a fug of Guinness.
		Ground Effect has been fortunate to receive more than its fair share of media accolades for its products and achievements over the years.
		All eight of us who work at Ground Effect are cycle nuts.
	www.groundeffect.co.nz /about-us.htm (494 words)

	Metal detector system with ground effect rejection (US4128803)
		An oscillator generates a signal transmitted by the transmit coil, and the signals detected by the receive coil are coupled to the signal inputs of two synchronous demodulators.
		The signals passing through the bandpass filters then are applied respectively to the signal input and reference signal input of a third synchronous demodulator, the output signal of which has an amplitude representative of the presence of metal objects and the polarity of which is an indication of the type of metal being detected.
		Undesired signals produced by ground effects are reduced by a considerable amount, and the output of the third synchronous demodulator is applied to a suitable indicator circuit.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US04128803__ (491 words)

	Boeing considers giant ocean skimmer plane - 13 September 2002 - New Scientist
		Riding on top of a cushion of air, the airplane would experience 70 per cent less drag than a normal plane and could therefore travel further using the same amount of fuel.
		The wing-in-ground effect occurs at an altitude equivalent to 10 to 25 per cent of the wing's width at the point where it joins the fuselage.
		The effect increases the ratio of lift to drag for a wing.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn2799 (486 words)

	Ground Effect - mountain bike clothing
		Ground Effect clothing and baggage is only available directly from Ground Effect.
		There are no agents wholesalers or shops – so you get to deal directly with the bods who actually design and manufacture the gear… and that lets you score great quality cycling stuff at outrageously sharp prices.
		From overseas, address it to Ground Effect, PO Box 4536, ChCh Mail Centre, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
	www.groundeffect.co.nz /order-info.htm (358 words)

	Ground Effect Rock Lobster Reviews
		Ground Effect's Intercool fabric wicks sweat away from your body and it dries at the speed of light - dead handy when you're on tour and reduced to hand
		The fabric helps keep you cool, the zip is long, the sleeves are easy to roll up and down, and the collar stops your neck getting sunburnt.
		I haven't had any problems yet and judging by the high quality of other Ground Effect products I have used, I don't expect to have any.
	www.mtbr.com /reviews/Jersey/product_88560.shtml (333 words)

	Heavy-Duty In-Ground Basketball Hoops, Inground Basketball Goals and Ground Basketball Systems
		All of our in-ground basketball hoops use the Hoops Inc. pier system which is one of the newest innovations in the industry.
		The biggest advantage of a pier is that you can move your basketball goal whenever you would like without loosing the advantages of an in-ground basketball hoop such as the rigid gym-like play and clean look.
		All of the in-ground basketball goals come with a one piece heavy-duty pole that is made of 3/16" think carbon steel.
	www.produnkhoops.com /basketball_goals/in_ground.html (888 words)

	Cosine Effect and Radar Accuracy
		The Cosine Effect refers to the angle of the target vehicle in relation to the patrol vehicle where the radar is mounted.
		When the angle between the radar beam and target becomes too significant, the relative speed will be less than the true speed producing a lesser speed reading than what the vehicle is actually traveling.
		Thus, the cosine effect is always in the favor of the motorist.
	www.radarguns.com /radar-and-cosine-effect.html (377 words)

	Flash Effect Maker Pro v3.50- Flash Web Design Free Flash Intro, Flash Banner, Flash Gallery
		Flash Effect Maker is the great Flash effect tool to help web master design animated Flash intros, Flash banners, Flash ads, and any other Flash.
		The Flash Effect Maker enables you to create simple as well as complex Flash animations where by you can combine different fonts and Templates within a single Flash animation.
		Flash Effect Maker is very user-friendly, wide range effect Templates ready for use, and you don't need any Flash or programming skills to use it.
	www.avimpeg.net /flasheffect.html (587 words)

	Damn Interesting » Ground Effect Vehicles
		As far as rough seas are concerned, my previous flight training informed me that ground effect exists to an altitude of roughly double the wingspan of whatever's flying in it - from experience I can state that this is about accurate, although the effect diminishes as altitude increases.
		The ground effect cushion of a wing is roughly half of the wingspan, not double.
		A vehicle with a 100-foot wing span would be in ground effect at about 50 feet altitude, measured from the bottom surface of the wing.
	www.damninteresting.com /?p=523 (4073 words)

	Pacific Seaflight – Southeast Alaska’s first and only WIG alternative to high-speed ferry service, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ground Effect is the name given to the dramatically improved aerodynamic performance of a wing when it operates close to a ground plane.
		Wing in Ground Effect (WIG) is the official term adopted by the United Nations International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for a marine craft using ground effect as a means of lift.
		Apart from ram effect there is more to be seen in the pictures: the blue area around the nose of the profile indicates the suction peak on the leading edge of the wing.
	www.pacificseaflight.com /wig_technology.shtml (1595 words)

	Dropzone.com Skydive Forums: Skydiving Disciplines: Wing Suit Flying: 'Ground Effects' question
		When close to the ground, the eddy cannot form (insufficent space for the air to move and set up the vortex) so the induced drag is mitigated and wing performance is increased.
		Since airplane effects have already been described, I'll just add that a similar effect is found in helos within about 1 rotor diameter of the ground.
		The phenomenon with helos is completely different than ground effect for aircraft, as hovering lift is not created in the same way that an aircraft, and hence canopies and wingsuits, create lift, but they do experience some aerodynamic effect when near the ground.
	www.dropzone.com /cgi-bin/forum/gforum.cgi?post=1429576;sb=post_subject;so=ASC;forum_view=forum_view_collapsed;guest=27047080 (776 words)

	Wing in Ground Effect (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ground effect is a natural phenomenon, as an airfoil approaches the ground its lifting ability increases and the drag reduces.
		When an aircraft is flying close to the ground the vortices generated by the wing cannot be the same as in free air, because the ground is in the way.
		Well, the exact point at which WIG effects occur, and the ways they effect the aircraft are a function of the aspect ratio and size of the wing.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /grahamlegg/wig.html (2534 words)

	Helicopter Aviation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ground effect is a condition of improved performance encountered when operating near (within 1/2 rotor diameter) of the ground.
		Rotor efficiency is increased by ground effect up to a height of about one rotor diameter for most helicopters.
		This phenomena is due to the partial breakdown and cancellation of ground effect and the return of large vortex patterns with increased downwash angles.
	www.cybercom.net /~copters/aero/ground_effect.html (484 words)

	Ground balance and coil design
		Of course as the coil is moved to various locations the ground phase changes slightly and you must readjust the control for a neutral reaction.
		Static effects refer to the fact that the ground is not balanced out when the loop is at various distances from the ground.
		This phenomenon is due to the motion of the coil across mineralized ground and prohibits you from obtaining a true balance.
	jb-ms.com /Baron/gb.htm (4612 words)

	Marc's Bird-Flight Site - G.E. Explained
		Of note, is that in the literature ground effect is also referred to as "wing-in-ground effect".
		The wing tip vortices are also reduced in ground effect as the ground interferes with the formation of a large vortex.
		This is due to the partial breakdown and cancellation of ground effect and the return of large vortex patterns.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/zoology/marcshorten/groundeffectexplained.html (466 words)

	Halfbakery: ground effect toboggans (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I thought ground effect as used in racing cars forced you downwards, allowing you to corner faster.
		Doesn't seem like ground effect at all by that point, but they seem to think it is. I think the toboggan would have to be going at quite a pace before ground effect kicked in, but there's nothing wrong with that.
		Now that I know what ground effect is, yes, I would happily accept that on my toboggan.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/ground_20effect_20toboggans (843 words)

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