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Topic: Ground effect vehicle

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	Ground effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ground effect (or Wing In Ground effect) is a phenomenon of aerodynamics where the flow of air around part of an aircraft or a racing car is interrupted by the ground.
		A common belief is that ground effect is caused by a "cushion" of compressed air between the wing and the ground.
		However, wind tunnel testing and experiments have indicated that while a "cushion" effect is present, ground effect is almost solely due to the ground interrupting the formation of wingtip vortices.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ground_effect (1050 words)

	Ground-effect vehicle - US Patent 6029929 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ground-effect vehicle as per claim 12, characterised in that the air cushion is bordered and controlled by transversely arranged, pivoting control flaps (14) on a front air inlet side and a rear air outlet side of the drive system, the transversely arranged control flaps (14) being controlled as a function of speed.
		To this end, an air scoop is formed between the wings and the ground by means of flaps hinge-mounted on the wings, this being pressurised by the thrust generators of the airplane, thus producing a so-called static ground effect.
		A dynamic ground effect, which takes effect under the wings at a low flight altitude as a result of the special section and the angle of attack of the wings, as well as due to compression of the airstream flowing against the wings, i.e.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6029929.html (3357 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Ground Effect and WIG Vehicles
		As the distance between the wing and ground decreases, the incoming air is "rammed" in between the two surfaces and becomes increasingly compressed.
		Though ground effect has been known since the early days of flight, most pilots regarded it as nothing more than a nuisance that changed the flying qualities of their aircraft during takeoff and landing.
		Eight of the engines were mounted near the vehicle's nose so that their thrust could be deflected underneath the wing to create an initial cushion of air that raised the KM out of the water.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/aerodynamics/q0130.shtml (2464 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The wing in ground effect vehicle of either of claims 2 and 4, wherein said pivot axis of each said endplate is located forward of the hydrodynamic centre of pressure of said endplate at said design cruise speed with said endplate immersed in water to said design immersion depth.
		The wing in ground effect vehicle of either of claims 2 and 4, wherein said pivot axis of each said endplate is located less than 0.25 times the chord length of said endplate aft of said leading edge at a span-wise position midway between said endplate root and tip.
		The wing in ground effect vehicle of either of claims 10 and 18 wherein each said protrusion is in the form of a flap means configurable between a retracted position within said endplate and an extended position protruding beyond said endplate for engaging said water passing outside of said cavity.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/87682.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (11109 words)

	Ekranoplan biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		They operate on the principle of wing in ground effect, where the air gap between a wing and the ground is small enough for the air to be compressed.
		This effect can be felt when landing in a commercial air liner; just before touchdown, the angle of descent can be felt to decrease.
		Ground effect vehicles skim just above a flat surface, with the height being dependent upon the size of the vehicle.
	ekranoplan.biography.ms (347 words)

	aero
		The designations span dominated and chord dominated are related to the the fact that the main parameter in span dominated ground effect is h/b (height/span), whereas in chord dominated ground effect it is h/c (height/chord).
		The high pressure at the bottom of the airfoil in ground effect is caused by the ram effect.
		When a vehicle is in stationary motion its weight is equal to its lift and its propulsive thrust is equal to its drag, therefore the L/D ratio is an expression for the amount of weight that can be carried with a certain amount of thrust.
	www.se-technology.com /wig/html/main.php?open=aero&code=0 (1773 words)

	Cygnus X1 Ogrer
		The tank-type vehicle, considered obsolete by the end of the 20th century, ruled the battlefields of the 21st.
		The armed hovercraft or ground effect vehicle (GEV), equipped with multi-leaf spring skirts for broken ground, could attain speed of 120 kph on any decent terrain, and 150 on desert or water.
		Unlike other war vehicles, they were never called "she".
	www.cygnusx1.info /ogre/historical_perspective.asp (564 words)

	Wing-in-ground Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Basically a wing-in-ground effect vehicle could be considered to be any craft that is designed to take advantage of the reduced drag and increased lift of ground effect.
		WIG vehicles and hovercraft are both members of the family of ground effect vehicles (GEV).
		Once a WIG vehicle goes beyond the maximum ground effect height, it is considered an aircraft.
	www.tc.gc.ca /civilaviation/general/recavi/Brochures/wingeffect.htm (410 words)

	Magnetically-Propelled Wing-in-Ground-Effect Vehicle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Aging is also a factor, as the stresses placed upon the vehicles and runways during takeoff and landing procedures, as well as such variables as weather conditions, continue to degrade the existing equipment and facilities to the point where wide-scale replacement and renovation is becoming necessary.
		In order to increase the speed which the vehicle may travel, as well as reduce the wear and degradation of performance which accompanies any form of mechanical contact, the 'new breed' of railed transportation no longer relies upon its wheels save at low velocities.
		Friction caused the vehicle to catch fire and the response was further hampered by the superconductive magnets' attraction to the rescue personnel's equipment when approaching too near while attempting to fight the flames.
	www.cox-internet.com /catseye/kirk/research_docs/maglev_full.htm (2051 words)

	Opinion #6833 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Therefore, it is unlawful for a vehicle to have neon ground effects lighting unless the neon tubes are both covered and unlit while the vehicle is driven on the highways of this state.
		You provided a letter from an installer of neon ground effects which asserts that the neon ground effects tubes are not lamps.
		There is no question but that neon ground effects emit light that is visible to persons outside the equipped vehicle.
	www.ag.state.mi.us /opinion/datafiles/1990s/op06833.htm (576 words)

	Ground Effect Vehicle, Armored (GEV), Tech Level 13
		The GEV has a crew of 1 (commander) who is supplemented by a drone vehicle brain.
		The commander and the vehicle brain are in the chassis.
		The GEV mounts a 16 MW Pulse-1 laser in the front chassis; port and starboard chassis mounted 3 cm hypervelocity mass drivers in side sponsons; and, twin linked 3cm hypervelocity mass drivers in a remote turret.
	www.3rd-imperium.com /Military/Armored_Vehicles/GEV_TL13.html (305 words)

	National Science Foundation
		The vehicle would be used to transport radar-control equipment and greatly improve the efficiency of field operations.
		The vehicle would be used exclusively on contiguous ice or snow within the survey area for towing GPR equipment.
		Fueling of the vehicle would be accomplished using properly fitting nozzles or funnels to minimize the potential for drips and spills.
	huey.colorado.edu /LTER/assessments/eis101398.html (2763 words)

	[No title]
		Combat is resolved by adding up the attack strengths of all units fighting a specific enemy, comparing the attack strength to the enemy unit's defense strength, computing the odds, rolling a die, and looking up the result on the combat results table.
		G.E.V.'s treat water as clear terrain, but are slowed by towns and can be disabled by forest and swamp.
		Normal units (heavy tanks, missile tanks, G.E.V.'s) count as one unit, Light units (light tanks, light G.E.V.'s) count as half a unit, and the super heavy tank and artillery units count as two units.
	www.wargamer.com /reviews/gev/page3.asp (861 words)

	AutoSpeed - Between Wind and Waves: Ekranoplans
		And while the Caspian Sea Monster remains the biggest ground effect vehicle ever built, it was not a one-off of the new technology.
		The Wright brothers probably never flew out of ground effect in their early flights; they benefited from ground effect without even knowing it existed.
		The upshot of both effects is that the ground effect wing has a much better lift/drag ratio than the wing working in free air.
	www.autospeed.com /cms/A_1306/article.html (1905 words)

	Brilliant Buzzard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The RASV was designed to be constructed of conventional refractory metals such as titanium and Rene-41, with the cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants contained withing the "hot structure" wing actiong as a heat sink to cool the airframe and reduce wieght (by largely eliminating heavy insulation materials).
		The Brilliant Buzzard is a two-stage-to-orbit vehicle, using JP fuel for cruise and initial acceleration to 2nd stage launch.
		After launch the 1str stage vehicle descends into dense air and drops out of the supersonic regime, extending its canards to compensate for the dramatic shift forward in the aircraft's center of gravity.
	members.macconnect.com /users/q/quellish/Buzzard/Brilliant_Buzzard.html (5079 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Under existing law, a person who violates a state board regulation relating to motor vehicle fuels is subject to a criminal or a civil penalty, as specified.
		The bill would authorize the state board or the court to lower the amount of the penalty if it determines that the operator or fuel supplier was not informed or aware of the regulation.
		(c) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2001, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January 1, 2001, deletes or extends that date.
	www.sen.ca.gov /leginfo/BILL-6-DEC-1998/CURRENT/AB/FROM1000/AB1058/T990902.TXT (215 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It would be advantageous for a vehicle to have the capability to change orientation without changing position and in addition be able to change position without changing orientation.
		A hovercraft is a vehicle that floats on a cushion of air, very close to the ground and propels itself by expelling air in a given direction.
		Although a hovercraft can be considered a flying vehicle, it uses significantly less power than a traditional flying vehicle such as helicopters and planes.
	www.roboticsclub.org /SURG/JHHovercraft.doc (1196 words)

	Ground effect flying craft with simplified air cushion take-off aid (US6158540)
		A ground effect flying craft utilizing a pressure cavity (10) for low speed support on a static air cushion.
		The cavity is bounded by a streamlined aft body (18), a fore body (24), and side plates (22) which allow for low drag and high lift at cruise speed on a dynamic air cushion.
		A ground effect flying craft comprising a pressure cavity, a lifting and stabilizing means, and at least one power plant driving at least one propulsor, said ground effect flying craft has a fore body, an aft body, an inlet opening, a center of gravity, and right and left side plates;
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06158540__ (648 words)

	Bri's Science Fiction Collection
		It is a confederation of a variety of sovereign colonies, corporations, families, and social experiments, united under a libertarian monarchy and a free-market economy, occupying three star systems, none of which have habitable planets.
		Traditionally a vehicle that is supported by trapping a pressurized volume of air under the vehicle.
		In the GZG universe GEVs are more properly Ground Effect VTOLs designed to operate less than 3 meters off the ground and increase thier efficiency by use of ground-effect.
	www.cygnusx1.info /scifi/glossary.asp (2226 words)

	¥232/05/News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Russia is having difficulty finding funds to develop the giant Lun "ecranoplane," the largest ground-effect vehicle in the world.
		The technology is hardly new - Hovercraft, built in Great Britain, and ground effect-machines built in the United States have been around for years - but the Lun's size makes it standout.
		Some experts have said it has a "pitch-up" effect that causes the craft to nose up and go out of control in some circumstances.
	archive.sptimes.ru /archive/times/231-232/worlds.html (695 words)

	GS Planetary Vehicles
		It was a ground effect vehicle used for human transportation.
		It is also a ground effect vehicle, capable of flight 0.1m to 2000m over any horizontal surface.
		The GS Skimmer is used as a small armored water fighting vehicle.
	members.aol.com /teckmoez/GSvehicl.htm (720 words)

	[No title]
		Swarming GEV attack groups can close on the Ogre, fire their weapons, and then escape to relative safety -- all within the time it takes a conventional vehicle to close and fire.
		Early Attack: When your frontline GEVs make initial interceptions, their fire should be directed almost exclusively toward the Ogre's tread sections (with perhaps a bit of fire aimed toward the Ogre's main batteries).
		Just as the GEV defense forces the Ogre to decide which group of GEVs to pursue, the Mixed defense forces the Ogre to decide which types of vehicles to pursue.
	www.apple2.org.za /gswv/a2zine/Docs/Ogre_StrategyAndNotes.txt (8383 words)

	M88A2 HERCULES Recovery Vehicle
		The winch and hoist capacities are greatly increased to enable the vehicle to lift 40% heavier loads and winch 55% higher capacities.
		Towing was restricted to the use of a braking vehicle, while the PMO assessed various tracks to enhance system performance, with improvements to be addressed as a vehicle retrofit.
		These changes were designed to enhance the track-to-ground contact and also minimize the squatting effect of the rear of the vehicle during uphill towing.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/ground/m88a2.htm (1427 words)

	Vehicle Aerodynamics
		In addition to the blockage effect there is a reflection effect that will cause a change in lift of lifting surfaces near solid boundaries (for example ground effect), therefore wind tunnel corrections have to be taken in account.
		Another effect that might occur while testing is when the gap between wheels and floor isn’t sealed.
		The primary reason for testing our vehicle in a wind tunnel facility is to get the drag coefficient of the body, which will be used for calculations in load reduction (part of total power loss).
	www.engineering.sdsu.edu /~hev/aerodyn.html (581 words)

	AFD - A new technology in ground effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fischer Flugmechanik (FF) was founded 1979 by Hanno Fischer based of his 30-years job experience as technical director of Rhein-Flugzeugbau GmbH (RFB), to implement his acquired knowledge in research, evolution and manufacturing of civil and military aircrafts, as well as military ground effect vehicles to business application.
		The Airfoil Development GmbH (AFD) was founded 1997 by Klaus Matjasic and Hanno Fischer to evolve and produce, commissioned by an asian investor, an 8-seat ground effect vehicle by using the Airfish technology.
		In result of this project the AFD GmbH gets the official approval as the first worldwide producer in case of ground effect vehicles by the "Germanischer Lloyd".
	www.airfoil-development.de /comp_profile.html (191 words)

	Tilley Foundation - The Tilley Car (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It was an ambitious project and it broke ground on the facility in Tennessee that would build the first self generating electric car.
		The Tilley Electric Vehicle (TEV) energizes the imagination and defies what has been accepted as a standard in the area of transportation for years.
		At this point a date for a repeat of the validation test has not been established as we have to access the time it will take to be fully prepared.
	www.tilleyfoundation.com /vehicle.htm (1550 words)

	Wing-in-Ground-Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Otherwise known as WIG, these vehicles resemble an aircraft that flies dangerously low over water or land, and are related to hovercraft.
		The ground effect arises from the cushion of air trapped between the wing and the ground, and works better with larger wing surfaces.
		It needed 10 jet engines on cannards and another two on the fin just to get it airborne, but once it achieved ground effect, it was quite efficient.
	sfwrg.org /w002.html (161 words)

	Russian Sea Plane - Ekranoplan - Gizmo Highway Technology Guide
		The Ekranoplan is what is known as a Ground Effect Vehicle, it operates on the principle of wing in ground effect, where the air gap between a wing and the ground is small enough for the air to be compressed.
		The benefit of Ground Effect Vehicles is they can carry very heavy payloads economically at fast speeds.
		The term ground effect vehicle is often misapplied to hovercrafts, which use fans to form an air cushion (hence the correct term air cushion vehicle) rather than relying on true ground effect.
	www.gizmohighway.com /transport/ekranoplan.htm (594 words)

	Michigan Appellate Digest - 92069 Nelson v Transamerica Insurance Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Under the no fault insurance act, a motorcycle is a vehicle with a saddle or seat, designed to travel with not more than three wheels in contact with the ground, and equipped with a motor that exceeds 50 cubic centimeters' piston displacement.
		Under the off-road recreation vehicles act, an ORV is a motor driven off-road recreation vehicle capable of cross-country travel over land, snow, ice, marsh, swampland, or other natural terrain.
		It includes, but is not limited to, a multitrack or multiwheel drive four-wheel vehicle, an amphibious machine, a ground effect air cushion vehicle, or other means of transportation deriving motive power from a source other than muscle or wind.
	courtofappeals.mijud.net /Digest/newHTML/9206911.htm (665 words)

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