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Topic: Ground water

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Groundwater

Water table

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Hydrogeology

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	Ground water, Water Science for Schools
		Water at very shallow depths might be just a few hours old; at moderate depth, it may be 100 years old; and at great depth or after having flowed long distances from places of entry, water may be several thousands of years old.
		Ground water is an important part of the water cycle.
		Ground water is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/earthgw.html (959 words)

	Groundwater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Groundwater can be a long-term 'reservoir' of the natural water cycle (with residence times from days to millennia), as opposed to short-term water reservoirs like the atmosphere and fresh surface water (which have residence times from minutes to years).
		When the usage of water is greater than the recharge, it is referred to as mining water (the water is often called fossil water, due to its geologic age).
		Water table conditions are of great importance to agricultural irrigation, waste disposal (including nuclear waste), and other ecological issues.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ground_water (1005 words)

	EEK! - Water Cycle - Underground Water = Ground Water
		Ground water is simply water under the ground where the soil is completely filled or saturated with water.
		This water is also called an "aquifer." Ground water moves underground from areas where the elevation is high, like a hilltop, to places that are lowland areas.
		Water movement is slow and might move anywhere from less than a millimeter up to a mile in a day.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/caer/ce/eek/earth/groundwater/gwater.htm (120 words)

	Ground Water and Well Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		As water seeps into the ground, it settles in the pores and cracks of underground rocks and into the spaces between grains of sand and pieces of gravel.
		The water in the earth that these wells obtain is at a place in the ground known as the water table.The water table is the level of the ground water below the earth's surface.
		Salt water intrusion occurs when the water table is low and the ground water lacks sufficient water pressure to prevent the ocean from backing up into the ground water.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/ES/WS/groundwater.html (531 words)

	Ground Water
		Ground water is a result of precipitation falling on porous ground where spaces between the soil particles allows water to seep and then flow beneath Earth's surface.
		Ground water is found under the Earth's surface within the Zone of Saturation.
		Ground water is held in these aquifers which become so saturated that the water can be pumped out onto the surface.
	imnh.isu.edu /waterdiscoverybox/SubMenu3/content_groundwater_temp.htm (299 words)

	Appendix 1 - Glossary of Terms
		The ground water in a confined aquifer is under pressure that is significantly greater than that existing in the atmosphere.
		GROUND WATER DIVIDE — The uppermost boundary of a ground water basin.
		Water can be pumped down the pipe and it passes out the check valve at the bottom and washes the sand up the hole to the ground surface.
	wlapwww.gov.bc.ca /wat/gws/gwbc/appendices/glossary.html (3535 words)

	Groundwater -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Groundwater is naturally replenished by surface water from (The falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)) precipitation, streams, and (A large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)) rivers when this recharge reaches the water table.
		Usable groundwater is contained in (Underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc) aquifers, which are subterranean areas (or layers) of permeable material that channel the groundwater's flow.
		When the usage of water is greater than the recharge, it is referred to as mining water (the water is often called (Click link for more info and facts about fossil water) fossil water, due to its geologic age.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/groundwater.htm (1119 words)

	Wellowner.org - Ground Water Quality Basics/ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The National Ground Water Association recommends that water well owners have their wells checked and tested by a certified and/or licensed contractor every year to ensure water safety.
		The most common problem associated with ground water may be hardness, generally associated with an abundance of calcium and/or magnesium dissolved in the water.
		Hard water is considered bad for your plumbing, but people with heart or circulatory problems may want to consult their physician about drinking softened water, because the softening process removes calcium and magnesium, and adds sodium to the water.
	www.wellowner.org /awaterquality/basics.shtml (915 words)

	Ground Water Pollution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Contaminated ground water was also encountered in new excavations where it appeared as high concentrations of sulfate in 1958 and as oily waters im 1961.
		Although the chemical quality of water in surficial or shallow aquifers may range within fairly wide limits from one time to the next, deeper ground water is characterized by nearly constant chemical and physical properties, at least on a local scale where the aquifer is unstressed by pumping.
		Ground water is also polluted by the disposal of fluids through wells and, in limestone terrains, through sinkholes directly into aquifers.
	www.cepis.ops-oms.org /muwww/fulltext/repind46/ground/ground.html (14936 words)

	Wayne County Ground-Water Resources, AEX-490.85
		Sandstone aquifers, which underlie much of Wayne County, are composed of layers of fine-grained to conglomerate sandstone, and are the principal source of ground water in east central to northeastern Ohio.
		Another source of ground water in some areas of northeastern Ohio and the county are unconsolidated formations consisting of coarse- and fine-grained sand and gravel.
		Ground water is obtained from limited sand and gravel deposits interbedded with thick, clayey glacial till.
	ohioline.osu.edu /aex-fact/0490_85.html (2481 words)

	Ground Water Rule \| Safewater \| Water \| EPA Home
		EPA is particularly concerned about ground water systems that are susceptible to fecal contamination since disease-causing pathogens may be found in fecal contamination.
		The rule also applies to any system that mixes surface and ground water if the ground water is added directly to the distribution system and provided to consumers without treatment.
		The Final Ground Water Rule was published in the Federal Register November 08, 2006.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/disinfection/gwr (234 words)

	Ground Water in Colorado
		Ground Water administration and enforcement is one of the primary responsibilities of the Division of Water Resources, led by the State Engineer.
		Over 1,500 wells are measured to assist in projecting ground water levels and to aid in the administration of ground water.
		The State Engineer also provides staff to assist in technical support to the Colorado Ground Water Commission, in the exercise of its duties in the Designated Basins, generally located on the eastern plains of Colorado.
	water.state.co.us /groundwater/groundwater.asp (413 words)

	New Mexico Environment Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ground water is replenished, or recharged, by rain, snow melt, streams and other surface water seeping into the earth.
		Water recharges as it infiltrates down to where all the spaces between particles of soil and rock are filled with water, the saturated zone.
		Some ground water in the southern part of the state is too salty to be used for drinking.
	www.nmenv.state.nm.us /gwb/buried_treasure.htm (2108 words)

	Ground-water Program
		In some areas, however, enough water may be applied at the surface (irrigation, etc.) to carry contaminants down to the water table, or a well-construction problem may provide a transport pathway to the ground water.
		Ground water from this subbasin was sampled by the USGS and the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality in 1996.
		Ground water is predominantly a calcium bicarbonate type near the mountain fronts and trends toward a mixed anion or sodium bicarbonate type at lower elevations near the river.
	az.water.usgs.gov /cazb/Ground-water.html (2276 words)

	Ross County Ground-Water Resources, AEX-490.71-97
		The major source of ground water in south-central Ohio, and Ross County, is the unconsolidated aquifer composed of coarse-grained sand and gravel.
		Other sources of ground water are the lenses (or pockets) of sand and gravel that are interbedded in the glacial deposits of clay, silt, and fine sand.
		Limestone formations usually are adequate sources of ground water because of their naturally formed solution channels, joints, and fractures, which provide water storage capacity and pathways for water movement.
	ohioline.osu.edu /aex-fact/0490_71.html (3193 words)

	Highest Concentration Of Specific Ground Water Contamination In Northeast U.S.
		Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey examined the occurrence of MTBE and gasoline hydrocarbons in ground water throughout the United States and found that nationwide, MTBE was detected as frequently as some other chemicals that have been used for longer periods of time.
		Ground Water is the leading international journal focused exclusively on ground water.
		Since 1963, Ground Water has published a dynamic mix of papers on topics related to ground water including ground water flow and well hydraulics, hydrogeochemistry and contaminant hydrogeology, application of geophysics, groundwater management and policy, and history of ground water hydrology.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/07/050720065010.htm (618 words)

	Freshwater Website: Publications - FSA-5: Groundwater
		Water for most industrial uses, for instance, must not be corrosive and must not contain dissolved solids that might precipitate on the surfaces of machinery and equipment.
		Water had to be pumped from a well 10 kilometres away to replace the area's supply.
		Water flowed so efficiently through the rock formations surrounding the reservoir that the dam would hold no water, even though it was structurally sound.
	www.ec.gc.ca /water/en/info/pubs/FS/e_FSA5.htm (4489 words)

	NRIS : Water Information System : Montana's Ground-Water Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ground water is an important resource in Montana and it will become more important in the future as the state's population and industries continue to grow.
		Ground water provides 94 percent of Montana's rural domestic-water supply and 39 percent of the public-water supply.
		Every day approximately 90 million gallons of ground water are used for irrigation, 16 million gallons are used to supply water for livestock, and 20 million gallons per day are used to support industry (Solley and others, 1990).
	www.nris.state.mt.us /wis/mtgwres.htm (551 words)

	High Plains Regional Ground-Water Study - High Plains aquifer system
		Approximately 20 percent of the irrigated land in the United States is in the High Plains and about 30 percent of the ground water used for irrigation in the U.S. is pumped from the High Plains aquifer.
		In 1990, 2.2 million people were supplied by ground water from the High Plains aquifer with total public-supply withdrawals of 332 million gallons per day.
		The quality of water in the High Plains aquifer generally is suitable for irrigation use but, in many places, the water does not meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards with respect to several dissolved constituents (dissolved solids/salinity, fluoride, chloride, and sulfate).
	co.water.usgs.gov /nawqa/hpgw/HPGW_home.html (308 words)

	USGS Ground Water Information
		New Release: Ground water is an important part of water budgets for water-resources management.
		USGS Water Science Centers are located in each state.
		Water Use in the U.S. Ground Water Atlas of the U.S. National Atlas - Principal Aquifers
	water.usgs.gov /ogw (126 words)

	What is Groundwater?
		The water moves down into the ground because of gravity, passing between particles of soil, sand, gravel, or rock until it reaches a depth where the ground is filled, or saturated, with water.
		The water in lakes, rivers, or oceans is called surface water...it's on the surface.
		Because it is deep in the ground, groundwater pollution is generally difficult and expensive to clean up.
	www.groundwater.org /kc/whatis.html (423 words)

	National Non-Profit Education Organization - American Ground Water Trust
		The integrity of the Trust's information and the effectiveness of our ground water awareness programs are the foundation of our partnerships with local, state and national organizations and agencies.
		Each one of us has a role and a responsibility when it comes to ensuring that ground water resources will be available for future generations.
		The American Ground Water Trust is a non-profit 501(c)(3) education organization dedicated to providing accurate information about water resources and water wells to homeowners, teachers, water users, managers, planners, and community and state leader.
	www.agwt.org (198 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: "Ground Force" Water Garden Workbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ground Force is a popular BBC television programme where viewers' gardens get a makeover, and this book was written to accompany the series.
		Water features add a whole new dimension to even the smallest of gardens, but constructing them can seem daunting.
		Plenty of pictures of nice water gardens of various types, but pretty sketchy on the construction details and not much of a guidance as to the degree of difficulty posed in building the gardens.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0563551135 (1002 words)

	Ground Water Home Page
		A ground water investigation was conducted in the community of Wasa Lake in 2003 to determine the suitability of drinking water from the Wasa IA aquifer.
		This interface to ground water aquifers and water well locations is under development, and now replaces other methods of delivering ground water data to the public, consultants and water well drillers.
		With this system, water well drillers will be able to organize and maintain their own water well data, print water well records for customers, and export data selected by the driller to the WELL database.
	wlapwww.gov.bc.ca /wat/gws (933 words)

	Ground Water Adventurers
		In fact, ground water makes up more than 90 percent of all available fresh water in the world.
		Life as we know it would not exist without ground water.
		© 2005 by the National Ground Water Association
	www.groundwateradventurers.org (96 words)

	Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP)
		Additionally, over 50% of all other water needs including agricultural, industry, mining, and electric power generation are supplied by ground water resources.
		This protection is achieved through rules that govern the construction and operation of injection wells in such a way that the injected fluid remains in the injection zone, and that unapproved interchange of water between aquifers is prohibited.
		In Florida the ground water standards are equivalent to the drinking water standards.
	www.dep.state.fl.us /water/groundwater (223 words)

	CLU-IN.ORG \| Publications and Studio > Ground Water Currents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ground Water Currents has been replaced by Technology News and Trends, a technology newsletter for environmental professionals published by EPA's Technology Innovation Program (TIP).
		Both Tech Trends and Ground Water Currents, which have been published for the past 10 years, have been combined to form Technology News and Trends.
		The new newsletter features a combination of articles on innovative, in-situ technologies for the characterization and treatment of soil, sediment, and ground water.
	www.clu-in.org /products/newsltrs/gwc (72 words)

	Ground Water
		I like this activity because it gives the children a chance to see how the earth works and why it is important to consider what we pour onto the ground.
		Three 2-liter bottles in the bottoms removed, three containers of water (about the same amount in each), enough sand, clay, and stones to half-fill each 2-litter bottle.
		Hand each child a container of water and, at the same time, let each child pour the water into the container.
	www.naturely.com /GroundWater.htm (316 words)

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